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The physiological consequences of varying in vivo CO(2) levels point to a general mechanism for CO(2) to influence cellular homeostasis beyond regulating pH. Aside from a few instances where CO(2) has been observed to cause post-translational protein modification, by forming long-lived carbamates, little is known about how transitory and ubiquitous carbamylation events could induce a physiological response. Ubiquitin is a versatile protein involved in a multitude of cellular signaling pathways as polymeric chains of various lengths formed through one of the seven lysines or N-terminal amine. Unique polyubiquitin compositions present recognition signals for specific ubiquitin-receptors which enables this one protein to be involved in many different cellular processes. Advances in proteomic methods have allowed capture and identification of protein carbamates in vivo, and Ub was found carbamylated at lysines K48 and K33. This was shown to negatively regulate ubiquitin-mediated signaling by inhibiting polyubiquitin chain formation. Here we expand upon these observations by characterizing the carbamylation susceptibility for all Ub amines simultaneously. Using NMR methods which directly probe (15)N resonances we determined carbamylation rates under various environmental conditions and related them to the intrinsic pK(a)s. Our results show that the relatively low pK(a)s for half of the Ub amines are correlated with enhanced susceptibility to carbamylation under physiological conditions. Two of these carbamylated amines, not observed by chemical capture, appear to be physiologically relevant post-translational modifications. These findings point to a mechanism for varying levels of CO(2) due to intracellular localization, cellular stresses, and metabolism to affect certain polyubiquitin-mediated signaling pathways.

Phosphorus (P) in animal manure compost (AMC) is one of the most important resources of P for crop production. The P characteristics in AMC are affected by animal type, feed, additive, and composting method, among others. Clarifying the P characteristics in AMC is necessary to utilize P effectively and eco-sustainably. Several approaches exist for characterizing P in AMC. The chemical method (extraction) is widely used and can evaluate P according to solubility. Other methods include non-destructive methods like X-ray diffraction (XRD), 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), which can determine P compounds or speciation in AMC. In this paper, we review recent studies relating to the P characteristics in AMC. The chemical P composition or solubility was differed by animal types. The ratio of labile P (water and 0.5M NaHCO3 soluble P) to total P (T-P) was highest in cattle manure compost, followed by swine and poultry. This difference in P solubil...

Animal manure contains significant amounts of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) that can be utilized as fertilizer. However, manure application rates are generally set to meet crop N demand, which results in excess P application which increases the risk of P loss into bodies of water. We examined the application method of manure compost based on crop P demand on the dry matter yield of silage corn (Zea mays L. var. indentata), on nutrient uptake and on soil P accumulation in an upland Andosol with a high P-fixing capacity. Cattle and poultry manure composts (CMC and PMC) with different P solubility were applied to meet the crop’s N requirements (N-based application) or P requirements (P-based application) in 3 consecutive years. Supplemental N was applied using polyolefin-coated urea in the P-based treatments. The dry matter yields and nutrient uptakes of silage corn in the P-based CMC and PMC application systems were similar to those in the corresponding N-based systems. The average relative effici...

Five new 12-oxygenated eremophilane sesquiterpenoids bearing a B-ring enone system were isolated from Ligularia lingiana S.W. Liu (Asteraceae) collected in China. Compound 5 was a Diels-Alder adduct of 3 alpha-angeloyloxy-7 beta H-8-oxoeremophila-9,11(13)-dien-12-al and the monoterpene, ocimene. Compound I showed cytotoxic activities against HeLa, HL60, Jurkat, and NIH-3T3 cells at IC50 0.0407, 0.440, 0.313, and 3.48 mu M, respectively. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Measuring the phosphorus (P) solubility in animal manure compost (AMC) is important to estimate both the risk of P loss from agricultural land and the P availability for crops in agriculture that use AMC as fertilizer. Water-extractable phosphorus (WEP) has most often been used to estimate P solubility in AMC. A single water extraction with a high ratio of compost to water is usually used to determine WEP, but in many cases, this may not evaluate the maximum WEP. In this study, we extracted the P included in AMC by using a continuous extraction method with a large amount of water, and tested this approach for 16 AMCs: four cattle manure composts, five swine manure composts, five layer (chicken) manure composts, and two broiler (chicken) litter composts. The P dissolution patterns were fitted to kinetic models, and the maximum WEP (WEPmax) was determined by the coefficient of the non-linear regression equation. The WEPmax values corresponded to the sum of H2O- and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)-extrac...

Four new compounds, rearranged noreremophilan-8,6-olide, rearranged dinoreremophilanone, epoxy gamma-lactone, and 2 alpha-hydroxyermophil-11-en-9-one, along with eremophilenolides related to ligularol and other known terpenoids, were isolated from Ligularia virgaurea (ligularol type) collected from the northern Sichuan Province of China. Three of the new compounds had degraded and unique structures. The absolute configuration of 2 alpha-hydroxyermophil-11-en-9-one was determined on the basis of density functional theory calculation. The back octant rule cannot be applied to this compound because of the contribution of the hydroxy group to the front octant. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Swine manure compost (SMC) contains a significant amount of phosphorus (P). In this study, the characteristics of P compounds in SMC were investigated by the nondestructive X-ray diffraction (XRD) method, chemical extraction, and a cultivation experiment. Only magnesium ammonium phosphate hexahydrate (MAP or struvite, MgNH4PO4·6H2O) was detected as crystal P compound by XRD in most SMC. Furthermore, MAP crystal was observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) image. The amount of ammonium nitrogen in MAP (MAP-NH4-N) was 3.38 ± 2.24 mg-N g−1 on average, equivalent to 54% of total NH4-N (hydrochloric acid-extractable NH4-N) in SMC. The content of P in MAP (MAP-P) in SMC calculated backward from MAP-NH4-N was 7.5 ± 4.5 mg-P g−1. Sequential water extraction demonstrated that MAP in SMC was dissolved in water. The ratio of MAP-P to water-extractable P (WEP) was 66%, indicating that the amount of WEP was controlled by MAP existence in SMC. The amount of P uptake by the Japanese mustard spinach (Komat...

Animal manure is waste that contains large amounts of fertilizer resources. Incineration technology is effective in decreasing the volume of animal manure and concentrating the nutrients. In this study, the nutrient concentration and chemical compounds of several types of animal manure ash were examined to promote their recycling for agriculture. The nutrient concentration of manure ash was dependent on the reduction rate of solid materials by incineration. The phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) of cattle and layer manure were not concentrated greatly because of high silicon (Si) and calcium (Ca) concentrations, respectively. On the other hand, the P concentration of swine manure and broiler litter was increased to 10.1–12.0 % (3.6–4.6 times compared with original materials), equivalent to that of phosphate rock used as fertilizer material. The K concentration of broiler litter ash (16.1 %) was highest of all. The phosphate compounds of cattle and swine manure ashes were determined as Ca9Fe(PO4)7 or Ca9MgK(PO4)7. Hydroxyapatite (Ca5(PO4)3(OH)) was detected in layer manure and broiler litter ashes. By acid treatment of ash, P and K availability of the fertilizer made from layer manure ash (33 % of materials) was equivalent to that of conventional chemical fertilizer.

山形県の農家および堆肥製造センターでつくられた家畜ふん堆肥87点 (牛ふん堆肥77点，豚ぷん堆肥6点，鶏ふん堆肥4点) のケイ素含量とその簡易推定法を検討した。1) 牛ふん堆肥のケイ素含量は，12.1～307.8g kg−1乾物 (以下DW)，平均が95.4g kg−1DWであった。豚ぷん堆肥のケイ素含量は，9.5～79.6g kg−1DWで平均34.1g kg−1DW，鶏ふん堆肥のケイ素含量は，2.4～36.1g kg−1DWで平均16.8g kg−1DWであった。2) 牛ふん堆肥の炭素含量 (x) とケイ素含量 (y) の間には，y = −0.75x + 354 (r = −0.904) で両者の間に0.1％で有意な負の関係が得られた。また，牛ふん堆肥の灰分含量 (x) とケイ素含量 (y) の間においても，y = 0.44x −39.8(r = 0.970) で0.1%で有意な正の関係が得られた。よって，敷料や副資材に籾殻，わら類，もどし堆肥が使用されている牛ふん堆肥のケイ素含量は，炭素や灰分含量から推定することができると考えられた。

Two new norursane-type triterpenoids were isolated from Dipsacus chinensis (Dipsacaceae) collected in China. The structures were determined based on the spectroscopic data to have enol forms of ene-dione and dione structures in ring A, respectively.

Two new norursane-type triterpenoids were isolated from Dipsacus chinensis (Dipsacaceae) collected in China. The structures were determined based on the spectroscopic data to have enol forms of ene-dione and dione structures in ring A, respectively.