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Introduction: Interstitial lung disease (ILD) or pneumonitis remains an important adverse event identified with treatment with antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). Drug-induced ILD (DILD) accounts for 3%-5% of common ILD cases and is a significant problem in clinical practice. Hence, with the anticipation of the widespread use of ADCs, it will be important for guidelines and recommendations to be established to direct and standardize the management of DILD by a multidisciplinary team (MDT)., Areas Covered: A thorough literature search was conducted using PubMed to identify relevant articles related to ADCs published between 1 January 2010 and 31 November 2022. Based on the review of the literature combined with expert opinions, this review article offers an overview of incidences of ILDs associated with the use of newer anticancer therapies, specifically ADCs, and discusses local-regional best practices in optimal monitoring, early diagnosis, and management of DILD involving an MDT., Expert Opinion: Multidisciplinary input and consensus are crucial in the accurate diagnosis of DILD. The core group of essential attendees in the MDT are oncologists, pulmonologists, thoracic radiologists, and pathologists. This allows for the integration of expertise from different specialists to achieve a 'best fit' diagnosis and management.

BACKGROUNDMatrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are key regulators of tissue destruction in tuberculosis (TB) and may be targets for host-directed therapy. We conducted a phase II double-blind, randomized, controlled trial investigating doxycycline, a licensed broad-spectrum MMP inhibitor, in patients with pulmonary TB.METHODSThirty patients with pulmonary TB were enrolled within 7 days of initiating anti-TB treatment and randomly assigned to receive either 100 mg doxycycline or placebo twice a day for 14 days, in addition to standard care.RESULTSWhole blood RNA-sequencing demonstrated that doxycycline accelerated restoration of dysregulated gene expression in TB towards normality, rapidly down-regulating type I and II interferon and innate immune response genes, and up-regulating B-cell modules relative to placebo. The effects persisted for 6 weeks after doxycycline discontinuation, concurrent with suppressed plasma MMP-1. Doxycycline significantly reduced sputum MMP-1, -8, -9, -12 and -13, suppressed type I collagen and elastin destruction, reduced pulmonary cavity volume without altering sputum mycobacterial loads, and was safe.CONCLUSIONAdjunctive doxycycline with standard anti-TB treatment suppressed pathological MMPs in PTB patients. Larger studies on adjunctive doxycycline to limit TB immunopathology are merited.TRIAL REGISTRATIONClinicalTrials.gov NCT02774993.FUNDINGSingapore National Medical Research Council (NMRC/CNIG/1120/2014, NMRC/Seedfunding/0010/2014, NMRC/CISSP/2015/009a); the Singapore Infectious Diseases Initiative (SIDI/2013/013); National University Health System (PFFR-28 January 14, NUHSRO/2014/039/BSL3-SeedFunding/Jul/01); the Singapore Immunology Network Immunomonitoring platform (BMRC/IAF/311006, H16/99/b0/011, NRF2017_SISFP09); an ExxonMobil Research Fellowship, NUHS Clinician Scientist Program (NMRC/TA/0042/2015, CSAINV17nov014); the UK Medical Research Council (MR/P023754/1, MR/N006631/1); a NUS Postdoctoral Fellowship (NUHSRO/2017/073/PDF/03); The Royal Society Challenge Grant (CHG\R1\170084); the Sir Henry Dale Fellowship, Wellcome Trust (109377/Z/15/Z); and A*STAR.

A 61-year-old Chinese man with long-standing, stable Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (EGPA) and asthma, presented with acute hypoxemia and declining obstructive pulmonary function. Elevated serum IgE levels, positive Aspergillus fumigatus specific IgE and CT findings of central bronchiectasis with small airway mucoid impaction confirmed new development of Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis (ABPA). The maintenance therapy for EGPA, azathioprine, was discontinued. Prednisolone 0.5 mg/kg/day and Itraconazole improved his symptoms and IgE levels. To our knowledge, ABPA occurring in a patient with EGPA has not been reported. Differentiation of EGPA with asthmatic flare vs ABPA vs asthma with aspergillus hypersensitivity is discussed. Heightened Th2 immunity where eosinophils play a central role may link these conditions.

Introduction: Injecting drug abusers are vulnerable to many infectious complications. We describe a case of tetanus in a Singaporean who regularly abused buprenorphine., Clinical Picture: A 49-year-old male was hospitalised for progressive generalised spasms associated with dysarthria and opisthotonus. Tetanus was diagnosed clinically., Treatment: Supportive management was instituted in the intensive care unit (ICU). Toxicology samples tested positive for buprenorphine., Outcome: He recovered rapidly and was transferred out of the ICU after 8 days. Retrospective questioning confirmed parenteral abuse of buprenorphine., Conclusion: This case highlights an uncommon and potentially lethal complication of parenteral drug abuse.