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BackgroundAimsMethods & proceduresOutcomes & resultsConclusionsPersons with aphasia (PWAs) are often impaired in time reference/tense production. It has been suggested that this impairment is due to encoding or/and retrieval deficits. However, to the best of our knowledge, no experimental design that enables teasing apart selective encoding and retrieval deficits has been proposed thus far.This study aims at disentangling time reference-related encoding deficits from time reference-related retrieval deficits in PWAs.Two sentence completion tasks tapping production of time reference and subject-verb agreement (control condition) were administered to eight Greek-speaking PWAs, eight Russian-speaking PWAs, six Italian-speaking PWAs, seven English-speaking PWAs and four groups of language-, age- and education-matched healthy controls. Task 1 tapped encoding and retrieval processes to a similar extent. Task 2 predominantly tapped retrieval processes. Comparisons between each PWA and the corresponding control group, as well as within-participant comparisons were performed.All four control groups performed at ceiling. Twenty-eight out of 29 PWAs were impaired in time reference in at least one of the two completion tasks, and all but three PWAs were impaired in production of subject-verb agreement in at least one of the two tasks. In all language groups, there were PWAs exhibiting between-task dissociations. A double dissociation emerged in the time reference condition, as some Greek-, Russian- and English-speaking PWAs performed better on Task 1 than on Task 2, whereas other Greek- and Italian-speaking PWAs performed worse on Task 1 than on Task 2. In the agreement condition, in each language group, there were PWAs performing better on Task 1 than on Task 2. However, none PWA exhibited the opposite pattern. Based on the results, we identified both PWAs with selective time reference-related encoding deficits and PWAs with selective time reference-related retrieval deficits.The present experimental design provides a sound basis for teasing apart selective time reference-related encoding deficits and time reference-related retrieval deficits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundAimsMethods & proceduresOutcomes & resultsConclusionsTense production is often impaired in people with aphasia (PWA). Interestingly, the literature suggests that not all tenses are affected in the same way, although the pattern of dissociation is still debated in the literature. The heterogeneity of tense production deficits in PWA might partly explain this lack of consensus in the literature. While this heterogeneity has been demonstrated by descriptive statistics or double dissociations in several studies, no study has used cluster analyses to highlight the main patterns of tense dissociation. Furthermore, the factors underlying this heterogeneity have been little explored.Our study aimed to use cluster analyses on tense production performance to (1) identify the main patterns of dissociation between tenses in PWA and (2) explore the clinical (aphasia type and severity) and cognitive (executive disorders and temporality) factors that may underlie these patterns.Twenty-one French-speaking participants with fluent and non-fluent aphasia completed a verb inflection production task, as well as language and cognitive tests. Cluster analyses were performed on the differences in performance between the tenses on the verb inflection production task. Generalized linear mixed models and nonparametric statistics were used to analyze the effect of tense and its interaction with the clusters, and to compare the clusters on the clinical and cognitive variables.Cluster analyses revealed two main clusters, one with worse performances in the past and future than in the present (PWA_1 – 70% of the PWA), and the other with worse performances in the past and present than in the future (PWA_2 – 30%). The type and severity of aphasia, and cognitive test performance did not differ between the two clusters. On the other hand, the PWA_2 cluster had a longer time post-onset than the PWA_1 cluster.Our results confirm the heterogeneity of verb inflection deficits in PWA. They suggest that most PWA would have difficulties with past and future tenses, questioning the presence of discourse linking in these two tenses. However, a minority of PWA, who are clinically and cognitively indistinguishable from the others, do not follow this pattern. Adopting the strategy of producing a morphologically simple tense in French – future – could explain the high performance in the future tense and the errors in substituting other tenses with the future in this subgroup. Finally, the clinical and research implications of this heterogeneity, in relation to therapies and the lack of consensus in the literature, are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundAimsMethods & proceduresOutcomes & resultsConclusionsPeople with fluent and non-fluent aphasia frequently have time reference deficits, which could be more pronounced for the past than for the present and future tenses. However, this performance pattern (past < non-past) is not consensual and might depend on the type of task used. Furthermore, the influence of cognitive processes on time reference deficits remains little explored, as does the origin of these difficulties (e.g. pre-phonological, morpho-phonological).The primary aims of the study were (1) to identify time reference deficits and (2) dissociations between tenses in French speakers with fluent and non-fluent aphasia and (3) to specify the effect of tasks on performance and tense dissociations. Secondly, our study also aimed to determine whether time reference deficits were (4) influenced by cognitive functions and (5) explained by pre-phonological or morpho-phonological deficits.Twenty-one French-speaking participants with fluent and non-fluent aphasia and 21 matched control subjects performed three tasks assessing time reference (verb inflection production, verb inflection selection, and adverb selection) and five neuropsychological tests (verbal and non-verbal working memory, inhibition, flexibility, and temporality). Quantitative and qualitative analyses were conducted.Participants with fluent and non-fluent aphasia had worse performances than controls on the three time-reference tasks. The performance of the participants with fluent and non-fluent aphasia was quantitatively similar but qualitatively different on the verb inflection production task (i.e. different error types). A main task effect was also found: the verb inflection production task was the only one to show worse performances in the past than in the present and future. Regarding cognitive predictors, verbal working memory and temporality were linked to the three tasks assessing time reference. In contrast, non-verbal working memory was associated only with the two selection tasks, possibly related to the mental timeline. Finally, task analysis suggested a pre-phonological (encoding of diacritic features deficit) rather than a morpho-phonological origin.Our study is the first to replicate time reference deficit in French speakers with aphasia. It suggests that the type of task might influence the performance profiles observed and help to shed light on the origin of the difficulties. Cognitive functions that have rarely been investigated before may also influence performance. These results have important clinical implications by questioning the tasks used to assess time reference. They also underline the importance of identifying the origin of difficulties in proposing targeted treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children with developmental language disorder (DLD) experience difficulties with a range of morphosyntactic skills, particularly with tense and subject – verb agreement. Many studies have examined verb-morphology production in children with DLD. We extend this line of research by profiling verb-morphology comprehension in 67 monolingual Saudi Arabic-speaking children, comprising 33 with DLD (M = 61 months, SD = 10.70), and 34 age-matched typically developing (TD) children (M = 63 months, SD = 8.94). Children completed a novel picture selection task developed to assess their comprehension of verb tense, gender agreement, and number agreement. Children with DLD scored significantly lower than TD children on the verb morphology comprehension task. They showed greater difficulty identifying verb tense forms, particularly future tense. They also demonstrated lower accuracy in identifying subject-verb agreement in general, with specific difficulty in comprehending masculine verbs, and singular verbs. These findings were compared with production verb-morphology data from previous Arabic studies. Overall, this study highlights the challenges experienced by Arabic-speaking children with DLD in comprehending verb morphology, particularly tense and subject-verb agreement inflections. These findings can be used to tailor appropriate assessment designs and interventions for an Arabic-speaking DLD population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates the role of situational context in differential case marking. Evidence from conversation data in Korean demonstrates that caseless subjects are predominantly found in event-reporting clauses that have an agent directly identifiable in the here and now, while case-marked subjects are not similarly restricted. Based on this evidence, I propose a new account of differential subject marking in terms of an efficiency principle of negative correlation between length/complexity and cue reliability. I argue that the association of caseless subjects with seemingly unrelated features such as grounding in the here and now, nonstativity, and definiteness follows from speakers' efficient use of case marking motivated by the availability of strong situational cues to the intended role interpretation of a subject referent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asur / Asuri is a North Munda language of the Kherwarian branch; a sister language to Mundari and Ho. The Munda verb morphology in general and especially the tense and aspect marking on verbs have been complex and hard to analyze; this is also the case with the Asur language. The study is a preliminary investigation into the verb morphology of the Asur language. Asur language has remained largely undocumented and undescribed by documentary linguistics and therefore, the study along with analysis of verb morphology also provides primary data. It attempts to delve into the complex tense-aspect encoding system of Asur verbs and the need to consider the presence and absence of transitivity markers -n and -d̪ alongside tenseaspect markers. Within the scope of the study, tense aspect encoding, passivation, narrativization, reciprocal marking, serial verb construction, copula and auxiliary in the Asur language have been investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper delves into the temporal interpretation of fronting constructions in English, a topic that has received limited attention in the literature on tense semantics. It presents new empirical findings revealing that specific fronting configurations, involving present tense morphology in a complement CP under a matrix past tense, can yield a theoretically unexpected simultaneous interpretation. A novel theoretical framework for understanding English tense is proposed, which accounts for the temporal interpretation of both fronting and non-fronting versions of attitude reports. The framework introduces a null simultaneous tense as a replacement for the conventional indexical present and the Sequence-of-Tense (SOT) de se tense. It is argued that in complement CPs the null simultaneous tense, as well as past tense, can be anchored either to the attitude time or to the utterance time. In either case, each tense receives a de re interpretation. Moreover, the paper contends that evidence from fronting constructions supports Kratzer's (Proceedings of semantics and linguistic theory 8, pp. 92–110, 1998) proposal that the transmission of temporal features (as part of the mechanism of SOT) occurs at PF. Finally, the proposed revision of the English tense system contributes to a more unified cross-linguistic perspective on tense. It is demonstrated how the temporal readings of attitude reports arising in such non-SOT languages as Russian, Japanese, and Hebrew can be captured within the system developed for English, with known contrasts attributed to the absence of Feature Transmission in those languages. Further known and new data from English, Modern Greek, and German are examined, revealing variations in SOT effects across SOT languages. These data are used as additional evidence supporting the claim that cross-linguistic variation in the interpretation of complement tense stems solely from differences in Feature Transmission. Regarding the semantic profile of tenses, it can be considered largely invariant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agrammatic aphasia has been widely associated with impairments with functional words and complex sentences. Speech errors of people with aphasia (PWA) have been reported to be selective, with patterns of omissions in functional words, most notably in the domain of tense inflection on verbs compared to agreement in morphologically rich languages. In languages like English, where tense and agreement are hard to disentangle in their inflectional paradigms, investigations of the inflectional domain in PWA are rare. In this study, we introduce a novel approach that allows the disentangling of inflectional errors in English through the patterns of copula omission of the verb to be. The inflectional system of the functional verb to be is richer, and its distribution in the sentence is based on the semantics of its predicate (stage-level vs. individual-level). Spontaneous productions of 16 PWA collated from AphasiaBank transcripts were analysed for violations of tense alongside other patterns of error that could suggest an impairment in the inflectional domain. Copula deletion was found to be modulated by the semantics of the predicate, showing a selective pattern of omission in stage-level predicates. Incorrect case assignment (accusative in place of nominative) was also observed as an indicator of impaired tense. The results confirm the effectiveness of copula to be to investigate the English inflectional system and substantiate previous studies on selective errors in the verbal domain in PWA in English. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article demonstrates how the Implicational Complementation Hierarchy (ICH) is manifested in Mandarin and accounts for the data with a synthesis model of complementation (Wurmbrand and Lohninger, in: Hartmann, Wöllstein (eds) Propositional arguments in cross-linguistic research: theoretical and empirical issues, Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin, 2023. https://doi.org/10.24053/9783823394105). In line with proposals linking tense to finiteness in Mandarin (A. Li in Abstract case in Chinese, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 1985, A. Li in Order and constituency in Mandarin Chinese, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 1990. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1898-6; Sybesma in Linguistic Inquiry 38:580–587, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1162/ling.2007.38.3.580; T.-H. Lin in Syntax 18:320–342, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1111/synt.12032; He in Time in Mandarin: the fingerprints of tense and finiteness, Harvard University, Cambridge, 2020; J. Huang in: Simpson (ed) New explorations in Chinese theoretical syntax: studies in honor of Yen-Hui Audrey Li, John Benjamins Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1075/la.272.02hua etc.), I argue that the postulation is not only reasonable given independent evidence supporting a covert tense in the language, but also productive since the distribution of future modals and overt embedded subjects can be properly addressed with little theoretical cost. The finiteness preference in Mandarin complementation also aligns with ICH: Proposition com-plements only select finite clauses while Event complements are non-finite. Situation complements mostly choose the non-finite version, but some cases can or must choose the finite form. The complements to the left on the ICH are always 'equally or more finite' than those to the right. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study shows that the Turkish expression hani exhibits interesting properties for the study of the semantics and pragmatics interface, because, on the one hand, its function is merely pragmatic, but on the other hand, it is subject to the truth-conditional effect of other constituents at LF. This notwithstanding, studies on this expression are remarkably scarce. The only attempts to describe its properties are Erguvanlı-Taylan (Studies on Turkish and Turkic languages; proceedings of the ninth international conference on Turkish linguistics, 133–143, 2000), Akar et al. (Discourse meaning, 57–78, 2020), and Akar and Öztürk (Information-structural perspectives on discourse particles, 251–276, 2020). In the present study, we introduce the first formal semantic and pragmatic treatment of clauses containing hani. Unlike previous accounts, we claim that hani can have one of the following two major pragmatic functions: making salient a proposition in the Common Ground or challenging one in a past Common Ground, therefore requiring a Common Ground revision. Despite its variety of occurrences, we argue that hani has a uniform interpretation and provide a compositional analysis of the different construals that it is associated with. Furthermore, we show that a formally explicit and accurate characterization of hani clauses requires operating on indexical parameters, in particular the context time. Therefore, if our proposal is on the right track, hani clauses may provide indirect empirical evidence in favour of the existence of "monstrous" phenomena, adding to the accumulating cross-linguistic evidence in this domain (see Schlenker in Linguistics and Philosophy 26(1):29–120, 2003 and much work since then). The definition of monsters is intended as in Kaplan (Themes from Kaplan, 481–563, 1989). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

DOI: https://doi.org/10.26333/sts.xxxvii2.06 In this paper, I endorse and discuss “desire temporalism”—the view that desire contents are temporal. Though it makes a claim limited to desire contents, it is considerably stronger than standard temporalism (at least, when it comes to desires), which is simply the view that there are temporal contents. Having introduced desire temporalism, I focus on a potential objection to it. The objection proceeds from the plausible observation that desire ascriptions with certain kinds of temporal adverbials can serve as counterexamples to desire temporalism. This is so if temporal adverbials denote times which correspond to the time indications in the ascribed attitude content. I respond to this objection by arguing that these temporal adverbials do not play such a role—instead of corresponding to time indications in the desire content, we can see them as contributing to the circumstance of evaluation relative to which the content is assessed. This would allow desire temporalism to evade the objection. Looking for a way to implement this idea, I consider Brogaard’s (2012) composite tense operators as a promising avenue to explore, but opt instead for an approach to tense more popular in formal semantics, according to which tenses are temporal pronouns. In the final section of the paper, I show how this pronominal theory of tense can be pressed into service of just such a claim as advanced earlier, so we have a way of evading the challenge posed by these time-denoting temporal adverbials.

The objective of this work is to examine the extent to which learners -whose L1 is the Rioplatense variety of Spanish- learning English as an L2 at B1 level of language proficiency (CEFR) are able to use the perfect aspect appropriately to convey its expected prototypical meanings. Specifically, it focuses on analyzing learners’ use of the perfect aspect in English from the perspective of crosslinguistic influence and on determining if the differences found constitute impeding mistakes or imply a distinct perspectivization leading to other linguistic realizations when construing an event. Results demonstrate that conceptual and linguistic transfer from L1 is observed in students’ L2 productions. Despite crosslinguistic influence, a limited number of samples can be considered incorrect: although students do not choose the present perfect, communication is achieved. From these results, additional research lines such as the implications of CLI for teaching, learning and assessment arise.

Mood affects an individual's performance, whether relaxed/tense or alert/fatigued. This article was based on research to study a correlation between the lighting setting with relaxed-tense and alert/fatigued moods in the workplace by observing the illuminance level, the correlated color temperature (CCT), and the overhead/peripheral placement of lighting. The research was conducted with two online image-based questionnaire evaluations of 7 different lighting settings specifying their illuminance level, CCT, and placement as overhead or peripheral lighting depicted in images from the DIALux simulation. In the first questionnaire, subjects were asked to rate the difference between the two lighting displays being compared and the combination of the seven lighting settings. In the second questionnaire, subjects were also asked to rate their relaxed-tense and alert-fatigued perceptions of the lighting diplayed in the image. The results of these two questionnaires were analyzed by multidimensional scaling and correlation analysis. This image-based research concluded that a relaxed/tense perceived mood correlated negatively with the CCT, and an alert/fatigued perceived mood correlated negatively with the illuminance level and the CCT.

This paper discusses the contemporary use of the Portuguese simple and two compound pluperfect forms (with the auxiliary verbs ter, and haver) of the indicative mood in written texts. Four topics are addressed. First, the claim that the simple pluperfect is currently a defective paradigm lacking the third person plural; this claim is confirmed and substantiated by looking at specific distinguishing contexts in corpora. Secondly, the competition between the three pluperfect forms, in written contemporary European and Brazilian Portuguese; it is shown that – contrary to some frequent comments in the literature – all three forms still have widespread usage, and occur in a relatively balanced way, in the type of registers considered (newspaper writing, modern literary texts, modern literary translations), in both varieties of the language. Thirdly, as regards semantic polyvalence, the possible existence of a deictic rather than anaphoric (temporal) pluperfect; it is argued that this type of pluperfect does indeed exist, and deserves separate grammatical recognition. Fourthly, the well-known cases of ambiguity in structures with pluperfect and temporal locating adjuncts, where the latter can act either as markers of the past perspective point required by the pluperfect, or as markers of the location time of the described eventualities; facts in English and Portuguese are compared, with some differences highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the use of verbal tense forms in Wangerooge Frisian, a West Germanic language spoken on the Wadden Sea island Wangerooge until the early twentieth century. Specifically, the use of the present, past, and perfect constructions is investigated in a corpus of texts from the nineteenth century. It is argued that the Wangerooge Frisian perfect could be used as a non-firsthand evidential strategy marking the propositional content as hearsay or inferred. While such evidential perfects are cross-linguistically well attested, they are generally thought to be uncommon in Western European languages. The Wangerooge Frisian case thus shows the value of lesser-studied vernaculars for the typology of European languages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study argues that many of the formalizations used in analyses employing the notion of logical scope fail to conform to natural language in important ways and lead to false predictions. This is due to the fact that they pursue the logic-driven goal of making the structure of logical arguments more transparent and mechanically calculable rather than the language-driven goal of accounting for how the linguistic signs used in an utterance and their configuration contribute to the conveying of the message being fashioned by the speaker. The focus of the study is on categories associated with the verb: tense, aspect, modality and negation. The conclusion suggests that very precise and rigid theories using logical scope relations may force the theorist to straitjacket the data so that they fit the theory, thereby obscuring rather than clarifying the nature of linguistic categories and their interactions. Informal analyses that hew closer to natural language's semantic reality can provide greater understanding of phenomena such as the purported non-negatability of must. Seeing this English modal's meaning as defined in opposition to real existence leads to the realization that it does not interact with negation the same way as the reality of the existence of the property of being necessary does. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study examined the deficits of people with aphasia in tense (past, present, and future) and agreement (person, number, and gender) in Jordanian Arabic. Forty participants were selected and two tasks were administered for this study using Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination (BDAE)-Arabic version. The first task was sentence completion in which sentences have a blank and need to be filled by the participants. The second task was grammaticality judgment, in which participants should determine whether sentences are grammatically correct or not. Results indicated significantly that the Jordanian participants with aphasia violate gender aspect more than person and number in both sentence completion task (p = 0.025) and grammaticality judgment task (p = 0.000), it was also reported that past tense was violated significantly more than present and future in sentence completion task (p = 0.000) as well as grammaticality judgment task (p = 0.012). It is concluded that Arabic speakers with agrammatism were tested with reference to time and agreement and the results showed that they performed as hypothesized, showing a selective deficit for production of inflected forms of past tense. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mood affects an individual's performance, whether relaxed/tense or alert/fatigued. This article was based on research to study a correlation between the lighting setting with relaxed-tense and alert/fatigued moods in the workplace by observing the illuminance level, the correlated color temperature (CCT), and the overhead/peripheral placement of lighting. The research was conducted with two online image-based questionnaire evaluations of 7 different lighting settings specifying their illuminance level, CCT, and placement as overhead or peripheral lighting depicted in images from the DIALux simulation. In the first questionnaire, subjects were asked to rate the difference between the two lighting displays being compared and the combination of the seven lighting settings. In the second questionnaire, subjects were also asked to rate their relaxed-tense and alert-fatigued perceptions of the lighting diplayed in the image. The results of these two questionnaires were analyzed by multidimensional scaling and correlation analysis. This image-based research concluded that a relaxed/tense perceived mood correlated negatively with the CCT, and an alert/fatigued perceived mood correlated negatively with the illuminance level and the CCT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This article presents a textual analysis of Tony Gilroy's 126-page screenplay for Michael Clayton (2006) based on the Final Shooting Script, available online and published by Newmarket Press. Screenplays, in addition to being film production documents, can reach in digital and published forms a burgeoning audience that includes critics, scholars, academics, apprentice writers and the general public. And though it is well documented in screenwriting theory that screenplays can and should be analysed in line with works of literature, they remain under-investigated as texts in their own right. The screenwriting discipline, I argue, merits a corpus of close textual analyses of screenplays. This article makes one such contribution, presenting a digest of some key features and techniques in Michael Clayton, which combine to create writerly style and remind us of the richness and educational benefits of the screenplay-as-literary-object. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability to think about nonpresent time is a crucial aspect of human cognition. Both the past and future imply a temporal displacement of an event outside the "now." They also intrinsically differ: The past refers to inalterable events; the future to alterable events, to possible worlds. Are the past and future processed similarly or differently? In this study, we addressed this question by investigating how Spanish speakers process past/future time reference violations during sentence processing, while recording eye movements. We also investigated the role of verbs (in isolation; within sentences) and adverbs (deictic; nondeictic) during time processing. Existing accounts propose that past processing, which requires a link to discourse, is more complex than future processing, which-like the present-is locally bound. Our findings show that past and future processing differs, especially at early stages of verb processing, but this difference is not limited to the presence/absence of discourse linking. We found earlier mismatch effects for past compared to future time reference in incongruous sentences, in line with previous studies. Interestingly, it took longer to categorize the past than the future tense when verbs were presented in isolation. However, it took longer to categorize the future than the past when verbs were presented in congruous sentences, arguably because the future implies alterable worlds. Finally, temporal adverbs were found to play an important role in reinspection and reanalysis triggered by the presence of undefined time frames (nondeictic adverbs) or incongruences (mismatching verbs). (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Time reference is used to build the temporal framework of discourse and is essential in ensuring efficient communication. Several studies have reported time reference deficits in fluent and non-fluent aphasia and have shown that tenses (past, present, future) are not all impaired to the same extent. However, there is little consensus on the dissociations between tenses, and the question of the influence of the type of aphasia (fluent vs. non-fluent) on time reference remains open. Therefore, a systematic review and an individual participant data meta-analysis (or mega-analysis) were conducted to determine (1) whether one tense is more impaired than another in fluent and non-fluent aphasia and, if so, (2) which task and speaker-related factors moderate tense effects. The systematic review resulted in 35 studies reporting the performance in time reference of 392 participants. The mega-analysis was then performed on 23 studies for a total of 232 participants and showed an alteration of past tense compared to present and future tenses in both types of aphasia. The analysis also showed a task and an age effect on time reference but no gender effect, independently of tenses. These results add to our knowledge of time reference in aphasia and have implications for future therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite its somewhat marginal occurrence, unattainability has been acknowledged as a genuine problematic element for the semantic analysis of modal constructions, particularly for those expressing desires (Heim in J Semant 9(3):183–221, 1992; Portner in Nat Lang Semant 5(2):167–211, 1997). However, considerably less attention has been given to unattainable duties. In this article, I suggest that just as worlds that are deemed desirable are not necessarily linked to worlds considered candidates for actuality, some circumstantial arrangements allow for obligational expressions the semantics of which evoke worlds that are deemed obligatory yet unattainable. As I will show, a careful examination of unattainable duties constructions reveals some unexplored semantic aspects of obligational ascriptions that are particularly relevant for the development of both X-marking and modal-tense interaction theories. This article provides a philosophical and linguistic account of the meaning and use of such constructions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adjectives in Japanese that describe personal evaluation of their theme argument like omosiroi 'interesting' and oisii 'tasty' can occur as secondary predicates in transitive clauses of verbs like yomu 'read' and taberu 'eat,' describing properties of the object referent perceived by someone involved in the event denoted by the verb. However, comparable adjectives in English cannot serve as such secondary predicates. It is proposed in a previous study that the experiencer argument of these adjectives, which may be implicit or overtly realized in a PP, moves to Spec,TP by LF to satisfy semantic requirements. With this in mind, the present study argues that the difference between Japanese and English is attributed to a difference in the syntactic structure of secondary predicates; it is a full clause including TP in Japanese, whereas it cannot involve TP in English; the distinction is motivated independently by examining the structure of their depictive and resultative secondary predicates. Personal-evaluation secondary predicates are then licensed in Japanese because their experiencer can move to a local Spec,TP of their own clause, whereas they are disallowed in English because their experiencer needs to move to Spec,TP of the matrix clause in violation of the adjunct condition. Furthermore, it is argued that these secondary predicates in Japanese involve a null operator as its theme argument; it establishes the predication relationship with the matrix object by moving to Spec,CP of its clause. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Tikrit University for Humanities is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

English is generally considered to lack grammaticalized evidential markers (Aikhenvald 2004. Evidentiality. Oxford: Oxford University Press). However, Mélac (2022. The grammaticalization of evidentiality in English. English Language and Linguistics 26(2). 331–359) argues that certain uses of seem and other English verbs have grammaticalized as evidentials. He also offers several other examples of what he calls “(semi-)grammaticalized” evidentials. In this article I provide evidence that English also has grammaticalized evidential strategies in the choice between the present and past tenses when either is possible in a particular context, as well as in the use of certain determiners with proper names referring to specific individuals. The relevant contexts involve representation of particular points of view relating broadly to information source through tense and determiner choices. This analysis supports the work of researchers such as Figueras-Bates and Kotwica (2020. Introduction: Evidentiality, epistemicity and mitigation in Spanish. Corpus Pragmatics 4. 1–9: 13), among others, that evidentiality is best seen as “a discursive-pragmatic phenomenon.” [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates whether forms associated with verbal inflection can be acquired in relation to two UG-based L2 acquisition hypotheses: the Full Transfer Full Access (FTFA) Hypothesis (Schwartz, Bonnie & Rex Sprouse. 1994. Word order and nominative case in nonnative language acquisition: A longitudinal study of (L1 Turkish) German interlanguage. In Teun Hoekstra & Bonnie D. Schwartz (eds.), Language acquisition Studies in generative grammar, 317–368. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, Schwartz, Bonnie & Rex Sprouse. 1996. L2 cognitive states and the ‘full transfer/full access’ model. Second Language Research 12. 40–72) and the Interpretability Hypothesis (Tsimpli, Ianthi-maria & Maria Dimitrakopoulou. 2007. The Interpretability hypothesis: Evidence from wh-interrogatives in second language acquisition. Second Language Research 23. 215–242). The former captures the insight that convergence on grammars like those of native speakers is possible, whereas the latter argues that a native/non-native divergence results from the inaccessibility of some uninterpretable syntactic features. Ninety adult L1 speakers of Chinese of different English proficiency levels were asked to interpret and produce tense and agreement in various contexts in three tasks. Results suggest that the underlying grammatical representations in the end-state grammar may not be the same as native speakers’. We speculate that the inaccessibility of the uninterpretable [uInfl:] feature of v and the uninterpretable [uInfl:*] feature of be are the potential source of difficulty in acquiring verbal inflection in L2 English. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paraguayan Guarani does not overtly mark tense in its inflectional system. Prior accounts of languages without obligatory morphological tense have posited a phonologically covert lexical tense, or have introduced tense semantics via a rule, in the post-syntactic interpretative component. We offer a more radical approach: Paraguayan Guarani does not have tense at the level of lexical or logical semantics. We propose that evaluation time shift, a mechanism independently attested in the narrative present in languages with tense, is more widely used in Paraguayan Guarani for encoding temporal meaning. The broader consequence of our proposal is that tense is not a linguistic universal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Anbar University for Languages & Literature / Magallat Gami'at Al-Anbar Li-Lugat Wa-al-Adabl is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The research investigates the system of the Indo-European verb through the lens of Gustave Guillaume's psycho-systematics theory. By employing "mental vision" and phenomenology, the linguistic concept was explored at multiple levels: the surface structure of language in speech and the deeper level within the Indo-European language system. The analysis of the tense system of the Indo-European verb starts with the ontologisation of a person in both the world and language. This perspective highlights the taxonomic relevance of philosophical factors that shape the development of the "image of time" from a prehistoric viewpoint within the Indo-European language family. The purpose of this research is to delve into the Indo-European verb system using Gustave Guillaume's psycho-systematics theory as the theoretical framework. To achieve this, the authors draw on examples from French, English, Ukrainian, and Russian languages. The study aims to examine the process of the Indo-European verb's development within the ontological opposition of space and time and the ontological status of the grammatical tense and mood categories in the Indo-European verb system. It was discovered that grammatical forms of verbs in the Indo-European language family provide insights into their formal essence. These forms represent the "positions" they occupy within the ontological dialectical relationship of space, time, language, and thinking. The research sheds light on the Indo-European verb system by applying Guillaume's psycho-systematics theory. By clarifying the relationship between space, time, language, and thinking, a deeper understanding of linguistic structures and how they reflect human cognition and conceptualization of action can be gained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Comparative studies, in addition to showing the overlap between culture and literature, can lead to the identification of national literature as much as possible and reveal the position of each work in comparison with its international examples; therefore, such studies can play a significant role in the globalization of literature and identifying the strengths and weaknesses of local works. One of the approaches that can be used for the comparative study of two works is the narratological approach. In this approach, the narrative elements of two works are measured together and the similarities and differences are determined. Various theories have been proposed in the field of narratology. One of the most important theories in this regard belongs to the French theorist Gerard Genet (1930). He considers the "story" or the main plot of the story to be one of the aspects of the narrative and considers it to be the real sequence of events. One of the approaches that can be used for the comparative study of two works is the _______________________narratological approach. In this approach, the narrative elements of two works are measured together and the similarities and differences are determined. Various theories have been proposed in the field of narratology. One of the most important theories in this regard belongs to the French theorist Gerard Genet (1930). He considers the "story" or the main plot of the story to be one of the aspects of the narrative and considers it to be the real sequence of events.. In this research, a comparative comparison of one of the narrative elements (grammatical Tense) in two novels, “Don Quixote” and “Dayi Jan Napoleon”, has been done. Tense is one of the elements that gives identity to narrative and story and is defined by three components of order, continuity and frequency. Four hundred years ago, in 1604 AD, Miguel de Cervantes published the first part of his immortal book "Don Quixote"; A work that later earned the title of the world's first fiction novel. This work is one of the oldest novels in modern European languages. Many consider it the best book written in Spanish and one of the most prominent examples of the picaresque novel. Don Quixote shows the audience the life of a person who suffers from delusions and spends his time reading forbidden story so that, according to the author of this story, he loses his sanity in an incurable way. The main character of the story sees himself in the place of one of these knights and sees imaginary enemies in front of him, which are often mountains and trees. "Don Quixote" is an imaginary and clumsy warrior who thinks he is invincible. He, accompanied by his servant, Sancho Panza, goes on long journeys and it is in the middle of these journeys that strange actions happen to him. He has no other goal but to save people from the oppression and tyranny of cruel rulers, he has an imaginative view of his surroundings and sees everything as a tool of war. Bitter humor reigns throughout this story, so that despite the strange actions of the main character, the reader feels empathy and sympathy for him. The society in which the author lives has had a great influence on the creation of such images. In 1972, Iranian writer Iraj Pezeshkzad published the book " Dayi Jan Napoleon ", which was widely accepted by book readers, and with the creation of a television series from this book, day by day. The number of people interested in this book has increased. Dayi Jan Napoleon is an eventful novel based on tale. The author pays attention to the main and essential aspect of the novel, which is narrative. It can be said that humor is the main axis in the story, as this case has left the author's hand free to express any issues far from being frank. Humor in the words and live and critical narratives of the life of the market alley people is one of the characteristics of this work, so the author has created unique and lasting characters by using nostalgic and local images, folk idioms and proverbs. The story consists of domestic episodes around a family. The driving factor of the plot is the conflict of two characters, "Dayi Jan" and "Aghajan", who act as types emerging from two social forces. Aghajan represents the urban middle class, which is taking the place of landed aristocracy in the social hierarchy. His opponent, Dayi Jan, flees into fantasy in front of the undeniable reality; Because he doesn't know what to do with the upcoming "fall", as he says. 2.MethodologyThe method of collecting information and data is based on library and analytical studies. Extracting data from the novels selected in this research has been done using the qualitative analysis method and relying on the data of Gerard Genet's narrative theory. 3.DiscussionTense is one of the elements that gives identity to narrative and story and is defined by three components: order, continuity and frequency. In general, in both novels, the sequence of events follows the chronological order. The number of irregularities and time lapses, which include future and retrospections, is not faint in both novels, and they usually come in the form of decisions and predictions of future events, expressions of memories, and reminiscences of the past. This has added to the attractiveness of the novel and the pursuit of the reader. In Don Quixote's novel, often, the narrator talks about the emotional decisions of the main character by passing from the present to the future and engages the reader's mind in how the events happened, while in Dayi Jan Napoleon's novel, the expression of memories and hindsight is a source of pride for some. The factors that increase the positive speed and acceleration in the narrative are delay and compression, which summarizes the narrative by creating a time break in the story and removing some unnecessary repetitive events. By providing detailed descriptions of characters, time and place, the author slows down the narrative speed so that the reader is more involved in the novel. The two themes of war and travel play a key role in both stories, although in both stories more of its imaginary and illusory aspects are considered. Long descriptions and events that happen during these wars and journeys in "Don Quixote" novel advance the story, but in " Dayi Jan Napoleon " novel, they help to create a humorous atmosphere and expand time. Dayi Jan Napoleon 's novel is more dialogue-oriented, so it mainly has a constant momentum and temporal similarity, but the temporal continuity in Cervantes' novel has a negative momentum due to the abundant use of ropes. The dominant frequency in the two novels is the singular frequency, which is not far from expected considering the narrative style of both works and their realism. Although other types of frequency such as frequent frequency are used in both works; however, singular frequency is the most used. 4.ConclusionThe narrative of the end of the era of aristocracy and lords and serfs in two different geographical points and the similarity of the behavior of activists such as Don Quixote and Dayi Jan on the one hand and Sancho and Mashqasem on the other hand, creates the mentality that Iraj Pezeshkzad, in The writing of Dayi Jan Napoleon has looked at Don Quixote's novel, or it has sought to present an Iranian version of this novel; however, in Iranian history and culture, there have been no shortage of such delusional people. Of course, at the end of Don Quixote's story, we witness the transformation of the character and the acceptance of reality, but in the Dayi Jan Napoleon's novel, the character of Dayi Jan does not change and remains in his delusional world.

This paper aims to examine the present and past tense-aspect constructions in Jish Arabic, an undocumented Arabic variety of Upper Galilee (Israel), and delineate their morphological, syntactic, and semantic features. Nine such constructions are identified, and the structure of each construction is discussed. In addition, using the Natural Semantic Metalanguage approach (NSM), an explication (a definition using simple words) of the meaning of each construction is presented. In discussing the Jish Arabic constructions, a comparison is made with their English counterparts, which are chosen as a familiar point of reference. The comparison with English does not make the explications prone to Anglocentrism, as the explications are built via a simple, universal language. This language ensures their translatability into Jish Arabic and their verification by native Jish Arabic speakers. In addition, it makes their meanings accessible to non-specialists, as the explications can be translated into any language. This study can be seen as a contribution to the field of theoretical linguistics, particularly descriptive linguistics, as it documents the tense-aspect constructions of an undocumented variety. In addition, it can be seen as a contribution to the field of applied linguistics, especially as it compares these constructions to their English counterparts. It is hoped that this paper will stimulate the investigation of tense-aspect constructions in other non-standard Arabic varieties, most of which are undocumented.

Due to English's global significance, it indirectly affects Indonesia's education system. In this area of study, most scholarly publications speak English. All Indonesian nationals are required by law to take English classes. Many students have trouble understanding the grammatical rules of English because they are so different from those of their native language, Indonesian. The most important distinctions are those of tense and aspect. Many students struggle with grammar because of this. This analysis aims to determine which tenses and aspects are used in the script for "Shang Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings," and which are employed most often. This research makes use of content analysis and qualitative descriptive methods. Data collection made use of record-keeping. The data was examined using the Miles and Huberman dynamic model. After the data has been compiled and presented, inferences can be made. The data shows that there are nine distinct permutations of tense and aspect. There are 33 current tenses, 37 past tenses, 6 future tenses, 35 progressive tenses, 3 past progressive tenses, 3 perfect tenses, 1 perfect tenses, 2 future perfect tenses, and 2 present perfect tenses. The present progressive is only represented by 35 occurrences, while the plain past tense is represented by 37. There are twelve permutations of tense and aspect, nine of which are used here. There is no distinction between past and future occurrences in the progressive tenses (future, past, and future perfect).

Time reference is used to build the temporal framework of discourse and is essential in ensuring efficient communication. Several studies have reported time reference deficits in fluent and non-fluent aphasia and have shown that tenses (past, present, future) are not all impaired to the same extent. However, there is little consensus on the dissociations between tenses, and the question of the influence of the type of aphasia (fluent vs. non-fluent) on time reference remains open. Therefore, a systematic review and an individual participant data meta-analysis (or mega-analysis) were conducted to determine (1) whether one tense is more impaired than another in fluent and non-fluent aphasia and, if so, (2) which task and speaker-related factors moderate tense effects. The systematic review resulted in 35 studies reporting the performance in time reference of 392 participants. The mega-analysis was then performed on 23 studies for a total of 232 participants and showed an alteration of past tense compared to present and future tenses in both types of aphasia. The analysis also showed a task and an age effect on time reference but no gender effect, independently of tenses. These results add to our knowledge of time reference in aphasia and have implications for future therapies.

This paper is the first survey of verbal affixes encoding the day period ('at night','in the morning' etc.) or the yearly seasons ('in winter' etc.) when the action takes place. It introduces the term 'periodic tense' to refer to this comparative concept, explores the attested paradigms, their interactions with other verbal categories (including the more usual deictic tense), and investigates their diachronic origins. It shows that periodic tense markers are not restricted to incorporated nouns of time period but constitute a highly grammaticalized verbal category in some languages, which can redundantly co-occur with free adverbs or nouns indicating time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Social Sciences Research / Sosyal Bilimler Arastirmalari Dergisi is the property of ODU Journal of Social Sciences Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Nesir: Journal of Literary Studies / Edebiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of Nesir: Journal of Literary Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Cross-linguistic studies on agrammatism have provided evidence that tense inflection is severely impaired while agreement inflection is relatively preserved (Friedmann & Grodzinsky 1997, Benedet et al., 1998). More recent evidence has suggested that the tense deficit is central, affecting comprehension as well. To account for this pattern of performance, a number of hypotheses have been suggested, making different predictions about the nature of the tense deficit in agrammatism. The purpose of this study was (1) to examine the centrality of a tense-agreement dissociation in Moroccan Arabic agrammatism, and (2) to determine task effects on agrammatic performance. We presented results from a picture description, two sentence completion and a grammaticality judgement task with five Moroccan Arabic-speaking agrammatic patients and five matched neurologically normal adults. Control participants performed at ceiling across all the experimental tasks used. PWAA revealed different patterns of performance. Findings from both picture description and sentence completion tasks indicated a dissociation between tense and agreement production, with tense being more error-prone than agreement. The tense-agreement dissociation found in production extended to the comprehension modality in the sense that patients were less sensitive to tense than to agreement violations. Findings indicated task effects on performance with patients performing differently across different experimental tasks. Findings of the present study argue in disfavour of a structural or representational account of the tense deficit in agrammatism. The interaction between task effects and tense accuracy suggests that the deficit can best be characterized in processing terms, particularly being a manifestation of limited working memory capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we discuss the morphosemantics of aspect and tense in the Portuguese infinitives. Specifically, within Distributed Morphology framework (Halle & Marantz, 1993), in advancing Resende & Pires de Oliveira (2022)’s recent proposal, we approach the internal constituency of Portuguese infinitives (mostly Tense and Aspect) and discuss what exactly these pieces of structure denote. Firstly, we argue that all infinitives contain AspP and that its head is featured as neutral, in the sense of Smith (1997). Secondly, we approach TP and argue for a tree-way system (T[+TENSE], T[–TENSE], T[ ]), which can be associated to two different syntactic environments (in this case, DP vs. no DP), but not to different syntactic settings (for instance, raising vs. ECM). On the sematic side, Asp[neutral] denotes a set of time intervals where the event denoted by the verbal stem has started. As regards Tense, if T is [–TENSE], then it renders a simultaneous reading in relation to the matrix verb and if it is [+TENSE], the infinitive is futurate in relation to the matrix verb. However, if T lacks a tense-value, the TP will denote a property of events, almost like the nP-denotation in the nominal domain.