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Abstract Prediction of glioma is crucial to provide a precise treatment plan to optimize the prognosis of children with glioma. However, studies on the grading of pediatric gliomas using radiomics are limited. Meanwhile, existing methods are mainly based on only radiomics features, ignoring intuitive information about tumor morphology on traditional imaging features. This study aims to utilize multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to identify high-grade and low-grade gliomas in children and establish a classification model based on radiomics features and clinical features. A total of 85 children with gliomas underwent tumor resection, and part of the tumor tissue was examined pathologically. Patients were categorized into high-grade and low-grade groups according to World Health Organization guidelines. Preoperative multiparametric MRI data, including contrast-enhanced T1-weighted imaging, T2-weighted imaging, T2-weighted fluid-attenuated inversion recovery, diffusion-weighted images, and apparent diffusion coefficient sequences, were obtained and labeled by two radiologists. The images were preprocessed, and radiomics features were extracted for each MRI sequence. Feature selection methods were used to select radiomics features, and statistically significant clinical features were identified using t-tests. The selected radiomics features and conventional MRI features were used to train the AutoGluon models. The improved model, based on radiomics features and conventional MRI features, achieved a balanced classification accuracy of 66.59%. The cross-validated areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the classifier of AutoGluon frame were 0.8071 on the test dataset. The results indicate that the performance of AutoGluon models can be improved by incorporating conventional MRI features, highlighting the importance of the experience of radiologists in accurately grading pediatric gliomas. This method can help predict the grade of pediatric glioma before pathological examination and assist in determining the appropriate treatment plan, including radiotherapy, chemotherapy, drugs, and gene surgery.

Stem cell spheroid is a promising graft substitute for bone tissue engineering. Spheroids obtained by 3D culture of STRO1+ Gingival Mesenchymal Stem Cells (sGMSCs) (sGMSC spheroids, GS) seldom express angiogenic factors, limiting their angiogenic differentiation in vivo. This study introduced a novel stem cell spheroid with osteogenic and angiogenic potential through 3D co-culture of sGMSCs and Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs) (sGMSC/HUVEC spheroids, GHS). GHS with varying seeding ratios of sGMSCs to HUVECs (GHR) were developed. Cell fusion within the GHS system was observed via immunofluorescence. Calcein-AM/PI staining and chemiluminescence assay indicated cellular viability within the GHS. Furthermore, osteogenic and angiogenic markers, including ALP, OCN, RUNX2, CD31, and VEGFA, were quantified and compared with the control group comprising solely of sGMSCs (GS). Incorporating HUVECs into GHS extended cell viability and stability, initiated the expression of angiogenic factors CD31 and VEGFA, and upregulated the expression of osteogenic factors ALP, OCN, and RUNX2, especially when GHS with a GHR of 1:1. Taken together, GHS, derived from the 3D co-culture of sGMSCs and HUVECs, enhanced osteogenic and angiogenic capacities in vitro, extending the application of cell therapy in bone tissue engineering.

Abstract Background Guided bone regeneration (GBR) involves collecting bone autografts with high bio-quality and efficiency. The current non-irrigated low-speed drilling has been limited for broader application in bone autograft harvest due to its low efficiency, inability to conduct buccal cortical perforation, and dependence on simultaneous implant placement. Increasing the drilling speed helps improve the efficiency but may incur thermal-mechanical bone damage. Most studies have addressed thermal reactions during bone drilling on non-vital models, which is irrelevant to clinical scenarios. Little has been known about bone’s in vivo thermal profiles under non-irrigated higher-speed drilling and its influences on the resulting bone chips. Aim A novel technique for bone harvest and cortical perforation via in-situ non-irrigated higher-speed drilling was proposed and investigated for the first time. Methods The third mandible premolars of eight beagles were extracted and healed for three months. Sixteen partial edentulous sites (left and right) were randomized into four groups for bone autograft harvest without irrigation: chisel, 50 rpm drilling, 500 rpm drilling, and 1000 rpm drilling. Bone chips were harvested on the buccal plates of the missing tooth. An infrared camera and an implantable thermocouple collaboratively monitored in vivo real-time bone temperature at the drilling sites. In vitro performances of cells from bone chips, including cell number, viability, proliferation, migration, ALP activity, in vitro mineralization, mRNA transcriptional level of osteogenic genes and heat shock protein 70 (HSP-70), and HSP-70 expression at the protein level were also studied. Results 500 rpm produced mild local hyperthermia with a 2–6 °C temperature rise both on the cortical surface and inside the cortical bone. It also held comparable or enhanced cell performances such as cell number, viability, proliferation, migration, ALP activity, in vitro mineralization, and osteogenic genes expression. Conclusions In-situ non-irrigated higher-speed drilling at 500 rpm using a screw drill is versatile, efficient, and thermal friendly and improves the bio-quality of bone chips. Our novel technique holds clinical translational potential in GBR application.

Background: Previous single-center studies have demonstrated that drug-coated balloons (DCBs) may reduce restenosis rates, which is an important factor affecting the prognosis for intracranial interventional therapy. However, currently available cardiac DCBs are not always suitable for the treatment of intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis (ICAS). This study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a novel DCB catheter designed for patients with severely symptomatic ICAS. Methods: This prospective, multicenter, single-arm, target-value clinical trial was conducted in 9 Chinese stroke centers to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a novel DCB catheter for treating symptomatic severe ICAS. Primary metrics and other indicators were collected and analyzed using SAS version 9.4 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA). Results: A total of 155 patients were enrolled in this study. The preliminary collection of follow-up data has been completed, while data quality control is ongoing. Conclusion: Results of this study demonstrated the patency rate, safety, and effectiveness of a novel on-label paclitaxel DCB designed for the treatment of ICAS. Trial registration: ChiCTR, ChiCTR2100047223. Registered June 11, 2021-Prospective registration, https://www.chictr.org.cn/ChiCTR2100047223.

Abstract Background Aedes albopictus is an invasive vector of serious Aedes-borne diseases of global concern. Habitat management remains a critical factor for establishing a cost-effective systematic strategy for sustainable vector control. However, the community-based characteristics of Ae. albopictus habitats in complex urbanization ecosystems are still not well understood. Methods A large-scale investigation of aquatic habitats, involving 12 sites selected as representative of four land use categories at three urbanization levels, was performed in Guangzhou, China during 2015–2017. The characteristics and dynamics of these Ae. albopictus habitats were assessed using habitat-type composition, habitat preference, diversity indexes and the Route index (RI), and the temporal patterns of these indexes were evaluated by locally weighted scatterplot smoothing models. The associations of RI with urbanization levels, land use categories and climatic variables were inferred using generalized additive mixed models. Results A total of 1994 potential habitats and 474 Ae. albopictus-positive habitats were inspected. The majority of these habitats were container-type habitats, with Ae. albopictus showing a particularly higher habitat preference for plastic containers, metal containers and ceramic vessels. Unexpectedly, some non-container-type habitats, especially ornamental ponds and surface water, were found to have fairly high Ae. albopictus positivity rates. Regarding habitats, the land use category residential and rural in Jiangpu (Conghua District, Guangzhou) had the highest number of Ae. albopictus habitats with the highest positive rates. The type diversity of total habitats (H-total) showed a quick increase from February to April and peaked in April, while the H-total of positive habitats (H-positive) and RIs peaked in May. RIs mainly increased with the monthly average daily mean temperature and monthly cumulative rainfall. We also observed the accumulation of diapause eggs in the winter and diapause termination in the following March. Conclusions Ecological heterogeneity of habitat preferences of Ae. albopictus was demonstrated in four land use categories at three urbanization levels. The results reveal diversified habitat-type compositions and significant seasonal variations, indicating an ongoing adaptation of Ae. albopictus to the urbanization ecosystem. H-positivity and RIs were inferred as affected by climatic variables and diapause behavior of Ae. albopictus, suggesting that an effective control of overwintering diapause eggs is crucial. Our findings lay a foundation for establishing a stratified systematic management strategy of Ae. albopictus habitats in cities that is expected to complement and improve community-based interventions and sustainable vector management. Graphical Abstract

ABSTRACTRecent research have shown that influenza C virus (ICV) has a possible higher clinical impact than previously thought. But knowledge about ICV is limited compared with influenza A and B viruses, due to poor systematic surveillance and inability to propagate. Herein, a case infected with triple reassortant ICV was identified during an influenza A(H3N2) outbreak, which was the first report of ICV infection in mainland China. Phylogenetic analysis showed that this ICV was triple reassortant. Serological evidence revealed that the index case might be related to family-clustering infection. Therefore, it is essential to heighten surveillance for the prevalence and variation of ICV in China, during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Background and purpose: Stent retriever thrombectomy is the standard therapeutic approach for ischemic stroke with acute large-vessel occlusion. This study evaluated the safety and efficacy of a new thrombectomy device (Skyflow) in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. Methods: After an arterial occlusion model was established, stent-retriever thrombectomy was performed. Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) and autopsy were carried out immediately after thrombectomy in six animals in the acute experimental group. Simulated stent-retriever thrombectomy was performed for three animals in the subacute experimental group, and follow-up angiography and vascular pathological examination were assessed 90 days after the operation. In the clinical trial, 192 patients with intracranial anterior circulation large vessel occlusion, within 8 ​h of symptom onset, were included to undergo thrombectomy with either Skyflow or Solitaire FR stent retriever. Efficacy and safety endpoints were recorded (including successful reperfusion, favorable clinical outcomes, time from puncture to reperfusion, instrument operation success rates and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores at 7 days for efficacy endpoints, and symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH), subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and all-cause mortality rates for safety endpoints). Results: All blood vessels achieved successful recanalization in the animal models. In the clinical trial, successful recanalization was attained in 88.4% of patients of the Skyflow group, which was comparable to that of the Solitaire FR group (82.5%) in the full analysis set of the clinical trial. There were no severe complications on DSA, an animal autopsy, or vessel pathological examination in animal experiments. Additionally, no statistically significant difference was observed between the Skyflow and Solitaire FR groups in the clinical trial regarding the safety endpoints. Conclusion: This study showed that the new Skyflow stent retriever is safe and effective for the treatment of acute large vessel occlusion, as demonstrated in our animal study and human trial.

Abstract Flexible energy storage devices have the advantages of portability and safety, and have great potential for developing electronic materials in the future. In flexible batteries, the electrolyte presents an essential role in the electrochemical performance and safety of the batteries. Hydrogel electrolyte materials are considered to be one of the ideal electrolyte materials due to their environmental friendliness, high safety, maneuverability, and innocuity. However, ordinary hydrogels often suffer some defects, such as insufficient ductility and poor water retention. Currently, many researchers report cellulose materials as reinforcing agents to improve the performance of hydrogels. In this paper, we review the recent application of cellulose in hydrogel‐based materials for energy storage technology and summarize the functions and properties of cellulose. In addition, we analyze the shortcomings of cellulose used in hydrogels and briefly describe the prospects of cellulose materials, hoping to contribute to the research in this field.

Objective: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of the SeparGate™ balloon-guiding catheter (BGC) for blocking flow and delivering devices in neurointerventional surgery. Method: This prospective multicenter single-arm trial enrolled patients who received BGC adjuvant therapy to provide temporary blood flow arrest of the supra-aortic arch arteries and their branch vessels in interventional therapy. The primary endpoint was immediate procedural success rate in flow arrest, device delivery, and withdrawal. The efficacy endpoints were intraoperative product performance, including rigidity, smoothness, fracture resistance of the catheter wall, catheter push performance, compatibility and radiopaque display, integrity, adhesion thrombus after withdrawal and balloon rupture. The safety endpoints were adverse and serious adverse events associated with the test device and serious adverse events resulting in death or serious health deterioration. Result: A total of 129 patients were included; of them, 128 were analyzed in the full analysis set (FAS) and per protocol set (PPS). Immediate procedural success was achieved in 97.7% of patients with FAS and PPS. The lower bound of the 95% confidence interval was 94.6%, higher than the preset efficacy margin of 94%. Device-related adverse events occurred in 2 (1.6%) cases. One was mild adverse event of vasospasm, which resolved spontaneously. The other was serious adverse event of dissection aggravation, which was treated with stenting angioplasty. No device defects were observed. Conclusion: In neurointerventional surgery, the SeparGate™ BGC can be used to temporarily block the flow of the supra-aortic arch arteries and their branch vessels and guide the interventional device to the target vascular position.

Abstract Inhibition of DNA binding proteins 1 and 3 (ID1 and ID3) are important downstream targets of BMP signalling that are necessary for embryonic development. However, their specific roles in regulating the pluripotency of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) remain unclear. Here, we examined the roles of ID1 and ID3 in primed and naive-like hESCs and showed that ID1 and ID3 knockout lines (IDs KO) exhibited decreased survival in both primed and naive-like state. IDs KO lines in the primed state also tended to undergo pluripotent dissolution and ectodermal differentiation. IDs KO impeded the primed-to-naive transition (PNT) of hESCs, and overexpression of ID1 in primed hESCs promoted PNT. Furthermore, single-cell RNA sequencing demonstrated that ID1 and ID3 regulated the survival and pluripotency of hESCs through the AKT signalling pathway. Finally, we showed that TCF3 mediated transcriptional inhibition of MCL1 promotes AKT phosphorylation, which was confirmed by TCF3 knockdown in KO lines. Our study suggests that IDs/TCF3 acts through AKT signalling to promote survival and maintain pluripotency of both primed and naive-like hESCs.

A robust three-dimensional (3D) interconnected sulfur host and a polysulfide-proof interlayer are key components in high-performance Li–S batteries. Herein, cellulose-based 3D hierarchical porous carbon (HPC) and two-dimensional (2D) lamellar porous carbon (LPC) are employed as the sulfur host and polysulfide-proof interlayer, respectively, for a Li–S battery. The 3D HPC displays a cross-linked macroporous structure, which allows high sulfur loading and restriction capability and provides unobstructed electrolyte diffusion channels. With a stackable carbon sheet of 2D LPC that has a large plane view size and is ultrathin and porous, the LPC-coated separator effectively inhibits polysulfides. An optimized combination of the HPC and LPC yields an electrode structure that effectively protects the lithium anode against corrosion by polysulfides, giving the cell a high capacity of 1339.4 mAh g−1 and high stability, with a capacity decay rate of 0.021% per cycle at 0.2C. This work provides a new understanding of biomaterials and offers a novel strategy to improve the performance of Li–S batteries for practical applications.

Background and purposeClinical outcome in patients who received thrombectomy treatment is time-dependent. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the one-stop stroke management (OSSM) platform in reducing in-hospital workflow times in patients receiving thrombectomy compared with the traditional model.MethodsThe data of patients who received thrombectomy treatment through the OSSM platform and traditional protocol transshipment pathway were retrospectively analyzed and compared. The treatment-related time interval and the clinical outcome of the two groups were also assessed and compared. The primary efficacy endpoint was the time from door to groin puncture (DPT).ResultsThere were 196 patients in the OSSM group and 210 patients in the control group, in which they were treated by the traditional approach. The mean DPT was significantly shorter in the OSSM group than in the control group (76 vs. 122 min; P < 0.001). The percentages of good clinical outcomes at the 90-day time point of the two groups were comparable (P = 0.110). A total of 121 patients in the OSSM group and 124 patients in the control group arrived at the hospital within 360 min from symptom onset. The mean DPT and time from symptom onset to recanalization (ORT) were significantly shorter in the OSSM group than in the control group. Finally, a higher rate of good functional outcomes was achieved in the OSSM group than in the control group (53.71 vs. 40.32%; P = 0.036).ConclusionCompared to the traditional transfer model, the OSSM transfer model significantly reduced the in-hospital delay in patients with acute stroke receiving thrombectomy treatment. This novel model significantly improved the clinical outcomes of patients presenting within the first 6 h after symptom onset.

Objective: To monitor severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA contamination in samples linked to imported cold-chain food and assess the situation from the implementation of a centralized supervision warehouse system in Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China. Methods: Swabs of workers and frozen-food-related samples were collected between July 2020 and December 2023 in Guangzhou, Guangdong Province. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was extracted and analyzed by a real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction using the commercially available SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid test kit. The risk level and food source were monitored simultaneously. Results: A total of 283 positive cold-chain events were found in Guangzhou since the first cold-chain-related event of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic was identified in July 2020. Most positive samples were a low-to-medium risk, and the cycle threshold value was >30. No live virus was detected, and no staff came into direct contact with a live virus. In total, 87.63% of positive events were identified through sampling and testing at the centralized food warehouse. Conclusion: Cold-chain food has a relatively low risk of transmitting SARS-CoV-2. Centralized food storage can be used as an effective method to control this risk, and this measure can also be used for other food-related, contact-transmitted diseases.

The measurement accuracy of the Mobile Mapping System (MMS) is the main problem, which restricts its development and application, so how to calibrate the MMS to improve its measurement accuracy has always been a research hotspot in the industry. This paper proposes a position and attitude calibration method with error correction based on the combination of the feature point and feature surface. First, the initial value of the spatial position relationship between each sensor of MMS is obtained by close-range photogrammetry. Second, the optimal solution for error correction is calculated by feature points in global coordinates jointly measured with International GNSS Service (IGS) stations. Then, the final transformation parameters are solved by combining the initial values obtained originally, thereby realizing the rapid calibration of the MMS. Finally, it analyzed the RMSE of MMS point cloud after calibration, and the results demonstrate the feasibility of the calibration approach proposed by this method. Under the condition of a single measurement sensor accuracy is low, the plane and elevation absolute accuracy of the point cloud after calibration can reach 0.043 m and 0.072 m, respectively, and the relative accuracy is smaller than 0.02 m. It meets the precision requirements of data acquisition for MMS. It is of great significance for promoting the development of MMS technology and the application of some novel techniques in the future, such as autonomous driving, digital twin city, urban brain et al.

Introduction Endovascular treatment is the standard of care for acute large vessel occlusion (LVO) in the anterior circulation. However, successful complete recanalisation is considerably difficult when the vessels are severely tortuous. At the bend, the stent retriever can distort, collapse and lose its ability to capture the clot due to structural change. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the new thrombectomy device multisegment Mechanical Thrombectomy (MT) System for endovascular treatment of acute ischaemic stroke (AIS).Methods and analysis The present study is a prospective, multicentre, randomised controlled trial conducted in 11 stroke centres in China. The safety and efficacy of vascular recanalisation in patients with AIS who will be treated with a new thrombectomy device-multi-segment MT System or with Solitare FR within 8 hours of symptom onset will be compared. A total of 238 subjects who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria will be randomised into either a treatment group or a control group by an internet-based Central Random System in a 1:1 manner, and 30 subjects will be recruited into the small sample study. SAS V.9.4 statistical software will be used for statistical analysis of the primary endpoint indicators and other indicators.Ethics and dissemination The study involving human participants was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of Drugs (devices) Clinical Experiment in Henan Provincial People’s Hospital (reference number: AF/SC-07/04.0) and other research centres participating in the clinical trial. The results yielded from this study will be presented at international conferences and sent to a peer-review journal to be considered for publication. The Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials checklist was utilised when drafting the study protocol.Trial registration number Registry on 10 September 2021 with Chinese clinical trial registry: ChiCTR2100051048.

With the ever-growing availability of massive geo-data, deep learning has been widely applied to geoscientific questions such as sedimentary provenance analysis. However, randomly selected initial weights (and also biases) and possible loss of population diversity in traditional neural network learning remain problematic. To address this issue, in this study, we proposed a new deep neural network model by incorporating genetic algorithm (GA) and simulated annealing algorithm into the BP neural network, i.e., the GA-SA-BP model. We then applied this new model to rare earth element (REE) geochemical data of the Liuling Group of the East Qinling Orogen to investigate its provenance. Our results showed that among other deep learning algorithms, the new model presents the best performance with good measuring metrics (e.g., over 85% of accuracy, over 0.82 of F1-macro-average, F1-micro-average, and Kappa coefficient, and smallest (

A rhyolitic tuff-mudstone interbedded rock outcrop with a good rhythm is found in the Yangjiaodong area of Lingshan Island, eastern Shandong Province. The volcanic eruption dynamics process was investigated by using the rhythm of volcanic accumulation method. Combined with the geologic setting of the study area, the parameter deposition rate is 6.5 m/Ma, and the mudstone compaction factor is 0.3 because the study area is the Ri-Qing-Wei Basin, which is the volcanic back-arc basin with insufficient source supply. Based on this, the time span of the analyzed sample was calculated to be 2.24 Ma, which represents the duration of this eruption event. We used software called Acycle to finish this research. The result shows cyclicity of 2.296, 5.78, 8.475, and 15.625 kyr and the scales of 2.17, 2.94, 3.12, and 18.87 m repeatability. Considering that magma eruption is affected by changing melt conditions, the crystallinity, water content, temperature, and pressure are comprehensively considered “activation conditions” to predict the dynamic process within the near-surface magma chamber, which is characterized using a pulsed volcanic eruption model.

The Xinghongpu Formation is very important for understanding the Devonian tectonic evolution of the South Qinling orogenic belt. Geochemical, detrital zircon U-Pb-Hf isotopic studies were carried out on the Late Devonian metasedimentary rocks of the Xinghongpu Formation to constrain the depositional age, the provenance, and the tectonic setting. The detrital zircon U-Pb dating results revealed that the depositional age of the Xinghongpu Formation of the Late Devonian was not earlier than 363.2 Ma. The whole-rock geochemistry suggested that (1) this suite of metasedimentary rocks was mainly derived from quartzose sediments of mature continental provenance, with a small contribution from mafic and intermediate igneous provenance, and (2) the metasedimentary sandstone of the Xinghongpu Formation from the Late Devonian was deposited in an active continental margin to continental arc setting. The detailed detrital zircon U-Pb dating showed that the age spectra of detrital zircon could be divided into four groups: (1) 416–480 Ma, accounting for about 23%; (2) 740–850 Ma, accounting for about 19%; (3) 889–1017 Ma, accounting for about 19%; and (4) 1072–1146 Ma, accounting for about 12%. It also contained a group of Early Proterozoic zircons. The age and Hf isotope of the detrital zircons suggested that the clastic sediment deposited in the Xinghongpu Formation mainly came from the South Qinling Orogenic Belt and the North Qinling Orogenic Belt. The detrital zircon Lu-Hf isotopes indicated that most zircons were the products of the ancient crustal remelting, and the mantle-derived magmatic sources contributed to the provenance. The Xinghongpu Fm. formed in an oceanic basin in a continental margin environment with arc systems.

Total organic carbon (TOC) and hydrocarbon generation potential (Pg) are essential parameters for the qualitative evaluation of source rock and the basis for evaluating hydrocarbon resources in petroliferous basins. However, there will be some deviations in evaluating hydrocarbon resources of overmature source rock by using TOC and Pg. The super-thick overmature source rock of the Early Cretaceous Laiyang Formation was found in well LK-1, the Riqingwei Basin. To accurately understand the oil and gas potential of the Riqingwei Basin, this paper conducted a systematic organic geochemical analysis of the overmature source rock of the Early Cretaceous Laiyang Formation found in well LK-1. Combined with the results of previous thermal simulation tests on hydrocarbon generation of low-maturity samples in the Jiaolai Basin, the original total organic carbon (TOC0) content of source rock in well LK-1 was recovered and the evaluation criteria of overmature source rock was established. Results: (1) The average TOC content of well LK-1 source-rock samples is 1.25 wt.%, and the average Pg content is 0.11 mg/g. The type of organic matter is mainly type II2, including a small amount of type II1 and type III. The average reflectance of vitrinite (Ro) is 4.35%, which belongs to overmature source rock of a poor–fair level and mixed kerogen. (2) After recovery calculation, these samples’ original hydrocarbon generation potential (Pg0) contents ranged from 0.63 to 108.1 mg/g, with an average value of 6.76 mg/g. Furthermore, the TOC0 contents of the analyzed source-rock samples ranged from 0.62 to 30.6 wt.%, with an average value of 2.01 wt.%. It belongs to fair–good source rock, showing better hydrocarbon generation potential. (3) According to the relationship between the Pg0, Pg and TOC content, the evaluation standard for overmature source rock in well LK-1 was established. Under the evaluation standard of overmature source rock, a source rock with a TOC content exceeding 0.6% and a Pg content greater than 0.1 mg/g can be identified as a good source rock. This paper provides a foundation for the fine classification and evaluation of the overmature source rock of the Riqingwei Basin.

Fundamental systematic errors in point cloud data are inevitable due to a variety of factors, ranging from the external environment during scanning or observation by a terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) to the assembly of the instrument. For low-cost scanners, error terms may be further accentuated and included, in addition to systematic errors, random or even serious errors that directly affect the coordinates of each point in the point cloud, which are directly related to the quality of the point cloud data and subsequent processing. To address the above issues, we attempted to propose a robust target-based self-calibration method for TLS at the algorithmic level without considering the network design and measurement configuration, and derived its solution by normalizing the residual vector and calculating an equivalent covariance matrix based on the IGG III function. After validating the simulated and measured data, the experimental results showed that the proposed self-calibration method could effectively eliminate the random and gross errors associated with the observations; improved the accuracy of the points from centimeter to millimeter level; and increased the accuracy of the corrected checkpoints by 58%, 47%, and 33%, respectively, compared to the three existing methods. However, the proposed method was unable to take into account the attenuation of parameter correlations and further refinement in terms of measurement configurations would be subsequently required.

Abstract Hepatocyte nuclear factor 3γ (HNF3γ) is a hepatocyte nuclear factor, but its role and clinical significance in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain unclear. Herein, we report that HNF3γ expression is downregulated in patient HCC and inversely correlated with HCC malignancy and patient survival. Moreover, our data suggested that the HNF3γ reduction in HCC could be mediated by METTL14-dependent m6A methylation of HNF3γ mRNA. HNF3γ expression was increased during hepatic differentiation and decreased in dedifferentiated HCC cells. Interestingly, HNF3γ delivery promoted differentiation of not only HCC cells but also liver CSCs, which led to suppression of HCC growth. Mechanistic analysis suggested an HNF3γ-centered regulatory network that includes essential liver differentiation-associated transcription factors and functional molecules, which could synergistically facilitate HCC cell differentiation. More importantly, enforced HNF3γ expression sensitized HCC cells to sorafenib-induced growth inhibition and cell apoptosis through transactivation of OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 expression, which are major membrane transporters for sorafenib uptake. Clinical investigation showed that patient-derived HCC xenografts with high HNF3γ expression exhibited a sorafenib response and patients with high HCC HNF3γ levels benefited from sorafenib therapy. Together, these results suggest that HNF3γ plays an essential role in HCC differentiation and may serve as a therapeutic target and predictor of sorafenib benefit in patients.

A suite of source rock consists of mudstone and shale, with great thickness and continuous deposition was found in the well LK-1 in Lingshan island in Ri-Qing-Wei basin. In order to evaluate the hydrocarbon generation prospects of these source rock and find the mechanism of organic matter enrichment, shale samples were selected from the core for TOC (total organic carbon) and element geochemistry analysis. The results show that organic matter abundance of the source rocks are generally high with average TOC content of 1.26 wt%, suggesting they are good source rocks. The geochemical features show that the sedimentary environment is mostly anoxic brackish water to salt water environment with arid to semiarid climate condition. The enrichment mechanism of organic matter varied with the evolution of the basin, which was divided into three stages according to the sedimentary characteristics. In the initial-middle period of rifting evolution (stage 1 and early stage 2), paleoproductivity is the major factor of OM-enrichment reflecting by high positive correlation between the TOC contents and paleoproductivity proxies. While with the evolution of the rift basin, redox condition and terrigenous clastic input became more and more important until they became the major factor of OM enrichment in the middle stage of rift evolution (stage 2). In the later stage of rift evolution (latest stage 2 and stage 3), besides terrigenous clastic input, the effect of paleoclimate on OM-enrichment increased gradually from a minor factor to a major factor.

Abstract Potassium‐based energy storage technologies, especially potassium ion batteries (PIBs), have received great interest over the past decade. A pivotal challenge facing high‐performance PIBs is to identify advanced electrode materials that can store the large‐radius K+ ions, as well as to tailor the various thermodynamic parameters. Metal chalcogenides are one of the most promising anode materials, having a high theoretical specific capacity, high in‐plane electrical conductivity, and relatively small volume change on charge/discharge. However, the development of metal chalcogenides for PIBs is still in its infancy because of the limited choice of high‐performance electrode materials. However, numerous efforts have been made to conquer this challenge. In this article, we overview potassium storage mechanisms, the technical hurdles, and the optimization strategies for metal chalcogenides and highlight how the adjustment of the crystalline structure and choice of the electrolyte affect the electrochemical performance of metal‐chalcogenide‐based electrode materials. Other potential potassium‐based energy storage systems to which metal chalcogenides can be applied are also discussed. Finally, future research directions focusing on metal chalcogenides for potassium storage are proposed.

The number of fragments and the variety of primitive cultural relics unearthed in archaeology, especially the mixed fragments of several dynasties unearthed in Qinglong town, Shanghai, pose a great challenge to the manual splicing. The traditional manual comparison method is easy to cause the second damage to the cultural relics. In this paper, the edge feature is extracted based on removing the noise of point cloud, a bilateral filtering point cloud denoising algorithm based on salient features is proposed. By changing the step size and field of view, the Improved Artificial Fish Swarm Algorithm is used to get the matching strategy, and the point cloud is used to reconstruct 3D model by the Dual Quaternion Transformation method. The pairing of fragments and virtual reconstruction can effectively avoid the secondary damage of cultural relic fragments. It provides a feasible artificial intelligence solution for the protection and restoration of similar archaeological excavations.

The Ri-Qing-Wei basin is located in the central Sulu Orogeny on the eastern side of the Tanlu fault zone in eastern Shandong province. To the north, the Jiaonan uplift separates it from the Jiaolai basin, where drilling in the lower Cretaceous sedimentary rock of the Laiyang group has indicated good oil and gas reserves. Drilling in the Ri-Qing-Wei basin, in contrast, is in the preliminary exploration stage. Lingke 1, the only scientific well, is on Lingshan Island on the basin boundary, and it encountered a large set of source rocks 700 m thick. The two basins were comprehensively compared and analyzed based on comprehensive fieldwork, drilling, core data, seismic profiling, sedimentary filling sequence, tectonic evolution history, basin burial history, geothermal history, and geochemical characteristics of the source rocks. The results showed three things: (1) from the late Jurassic to the early Cretaceous (the Laiyang period), subduction of the paleo-Pacific plate under the Eurasian plate delaminated the lithospheric mantle of the Sulu Orogeny, thus forming a series of passive continental rift basins. Of these, the Ri-Qing-Wei is central and the Jiaolai is its branch. After the active rift stage in the Qingshan period and the depression stage in the Wangshi period, the burial depth of the source rocks in the Ri-Qing-Wei basin was up to 6000 m, while the maximum burial depth in the Jiaolai basin was about 3000 m. The paleogeotemperature of both basins exceeded 125 °C, indicating that the source rocks were very mature. (2) A comprehensive comparison of their geochemical characteristics—organic matter abundance, type, and maturity—showed that both basins have oil-generating potential. It is worth noting that the magmatic activity in the Qingshan period had a positive effect on the evolution of the source rocks but was not the key factor: burial depth was. (3) Oil and gas failed to accumulate in the Jiaolai basin because they were destroyed by the lateral tectonic activities. During the right-lateral strike-slip stage (50 ± 5 Ma) during the late Wangshi, the Jiaolai basin was strongly uplifted over a range of more than 1000 m by the Tanlu and Wulian-Mouji fault zones along the boundary. The Wangshi group, as a cap rock, was eroded, and oil and gas overflowed along the fault that reached the surface. The late Wangshi period uplift of the Ri-Qing-Wei basin was less than 1000 m because the source rock was deeper, and the reverse faults in the basin were sealed well. The uplift did little damage to the oil in the Ri-Qing-Wei basin. Above all, tectonic evolution was the main controlling factor of oil accumulation in the study area, and the layers of the Laiyang group in the Ri-Qing-Wei basin have oil and gas potential, making it a prospective target for unconventional offshore oil and gas exploration.

Background: Stent retriever thrombectomy is the standard treatment for acute ischemic stroke (AIS) with large vessel occlusion (LVO) in anterior circulation. The aim of the trial is to evaluate whether the new thrombectomy device-Skyflow can achieve the same safety and efficacy as Solitaire FR in the treatment.Method: This study is a prospective, multicenter, stratified randomized, single blind, paralleled, positive controlled, non-inferiority clinical trial. The safety and efficacy of vascular recanalization in AIS patients who are treated with either a new thrombectomy device-Skyflow or with Solitaire FR and within 8 h of symptom onset will be compared. A total of 192 patients will be enrolled, each group with 96 patients. The primary endpoint is successful recanalization rate after the operation. The secondary efficacy endpoints are the time from artery puncture to successful recanalization (mTICI 2b-3), NIHSS scores of 24 h (18–36 h), and 7 ± 2 days after the operation, mRS scores, and the rate of patients with mRS 0–2 scores 90 ± 14 days after the operation, and the success rate of instrument operation. The safety endpoints are the rate of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH) and subarachnoid hemorrhage at 24 h (18–36 h) post-operation, incidence of adverse events (AE) and serious adverse events (SAE), all-cause mortality, and incidence of device defects.Discussion: This trial will provide information on the safety and efficacy of Sky-flow stent retriever in the treatment of AIS patients with anterior circulation LVO. The success of this trial will be the basis for the product to be finally officially listed and applied in China.Trial registration: Registered on 11 March 2018 with Chinese clinical trial registry. Registration number is ChiCTR1800015166.

BackgroundZika virus (ZIKV) is an arthropod-borne flavivirus transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. Aedes albopictus is an important vector of ZIKV worldwide. To date, most experiments have focused on the vertical transmission of ZIKV in Ae. aegypti, while studies on Ae. albopictus are very limited. To explore vertical transmission in Ae. albopictus, a series of laboratory studies were carried out.Methodology/principal findingsIn this study, Ae. albopictus were blood-fed with ZIKV-infectious blood, and the ovaries and offspring viral infection rates were analyzed by reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR), real-time reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). ZIKV was detected in the ovaries and oviposited eggs in two gonotrophic cycles. The minimum filial egg infection rates in two gonotrophic cycles were 2.06% and 0.69%, and the effective population transmission rate was 1.87%. The hatching, pupation, and emergence rates of infected offspring were not significantly different from those of uninfected offspring, indicating that ZIKV did not prevent the offspring from completing the growth and development process. ZIKV was detected in three of thirteen C57BL/6 suckling mice bitten by ZIKV-positive F1 females, and the viremia persisted for at least seven days.Conclusions/significanceZIKV can be vertically transmitted in Ae. albopictus via transovarial transmission. The vertical transmission rates in F1 eggs and adults were 2.06% and 1.87%, respectively. Even though the vertical transmission rates were low, the female mosquitoes infected via the congenital route horizontally transmitted ZIKV to suckling mice through bloodsucking. This is the first experimental evidence of offspring with vertically transmitted ZIKV initiating new horizontal transmission. The present study deepens the understanding of the vertical transmission of flaviviruses in Aedes mosquitoes and sheds light on the prevention and control of mosquito-borne diseases.

The cleaning performance of the cleaning shoe of a multi-rotor combine harvester has proven to be poor owing to the threshed output entering the cleaning section in an uneven manner. Experimental results indicated that the arrangement of the guide blades on the return plate surface has a significant effect on the threshed output distribution. In this paper, DEM (discrete element method) simulations were carried out in the EDEM software to examine the effect of the height of the guide blade, the installation angle, and the number of guide blades on threshed output distribution before entering the cleaning shoe. Based on the simulated results under different guide blades arrangements, the optimum arrangement location was obtained. The simulation’s results were verified by a field experiment and were consistent with the experimental results. The field experiment results indicate that the cleaning performance significantly improved with the proper guide blade arrangement. The corresponding grain impurity ratio declined significantly from 1.26% to 0.67%, and the grain sieve loss ratio, with a decrease of 53.2%, was reduced from 1.11% to 0.52%.

The fluctuations of economic and financial time series are influenced by various kinds of factors and usually demonstrate strong nonstationary and high complexity. Therefore, accurately forecasting economic and financial time series is always a challenging research topic. In this study, a novel multidecomposition and self-optimizing hybrid approach integrating multiple improved complete ensemble empirical mode decompositions with adaptive noise (ICEEMDANs), whale optimization algorithm (WOA), and random vector functional link (RVFL) neural networks, namely, MICEEMDAN-WOA-RVFL, is developed to predict economic and financial time series. First, we employ ICEEMDAN with random parameters to separate the original time series into a group of comparatively simple subseries multiple times. Second, we construct RVFL networks to individually forecast each subseries. Considering the complex parameter settings of RVFL networks, we utilize WOA to search the optimal parameters for RVFL networks simultaneously. Then, we aggregate the prediction results of individual decomposed subseries as the prediction results of each decomposition, respectively, and finally integrate these prediction results of all the decompositions as the final ensemble prediction results. The proposed MICEEMDAN-WOA-RVFL remarkably outperforms the compared single and ensemble benchmark models in terms of forecasting accuracy and stability, as demonstrated by the experiments conducted using various economic and financial time series, including West Texas Intermediate (WTI) crude oil prices, US dollar/Euro foreign exchange rate (USD/EUR), US industrial production (IP), and Shanghai stock exchange composite index (SSEC).

Engineering design of battery configurations and new battery system development are alternative approaches to achieve high performance batteries. A novel flexible and ultra-light graphite anode is fabricated by simple friction drawing on filter paper with a commercial 8B pencil. Compared with the traditional anode using copper foil as current collector, this innovative current-collector-free design presents capacity improvement of over 200% by reducing the inert weight of the electrode. The as-prepared pencil-trace electrode exhibits excellent rate performance in potassium-ion batteries (KIBs), significantly better than in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), with capacity retention of 66% for the KIB vs. 28% for the LIB from 0.1 to 0.5 A gâ1. It also shows a high reversible capacity of â¼230 mAh gâ1 at 0.2 A gâ1, 75% capacity retention over 350 cycles at 0.4 A gâ1and the highest rate performance (based on the total electrode weight) among graphite electrodes for K+ storage reported so far. Keywords: Current-collector-free, Flexible pencil-trace electrode, Potassium-ion battery, Lithium-ion battery, Layer-by-layer interconnected architecture

In China, the prevention and control of Zika virus disease has been a public health threat since the first imported case was reported in February 2016. To determine the vector competence of potential vector mosquito species, we experimentally infected Aedes aegypti, Ae. albopictus, and Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes and determined infection rates, dissemination rates, and transmission rates. We found the highest vector competence for the imported Zika virus in Ae. aegypti mosquitoes, some susceptibility of Ae. albopictus mosquitoes, but no transmission ability for Cx. quinquefasciatus mosquitoes. Considering that, in China, Ae. albopictus mosquitoes are widely distributed but Ae. aegypti mosquito distribution is limited, Ae. albopictus mosquitoes are a potential primary vector for Zika virus and should be targeted in vector control strategies.

Dengue is one of the most serious mosquito-borne infectious diseases in the world. Aedes albopictus is the most invasive mosquito and one of the primary vectors of dengue. Vector control using insecticides is the only viable strategy to prevent dengue virus transmission. In Guangzhou, after the 2014 pandemic, massive insecticides have been implemented. Massive insecticide use may lead to the development of resistance, but few reports are available on the status of insecticide resistance in Guangzhou after 2014. In this study, Ae. albopictus were collected from four districts with varied dengue virus transmission intensity in Guangzhou from 2015 to 2017. Adult Ae. albopictus insecticide susceptibility to deltamethrin (0.03%), permethrin(0.25%), DDT(4%), malathion (0.8%) and bendiocarb (0.1%) was determined by the standard WHO tube test, and larval resistance bioassays were conducted using temephos, Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti), pyriproxyfen (PPF) and hexaflumuron. Mutations at the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) gene and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) gene were analyzed. The effect of cytochrome P450s on the resistance of Ae. albopictus to deltamethrin was tested using the synergistic agent piperonyl butoxide (PBO). The results showed that Ae. albopictus populations have rapidly developed very high resistances to multiple commonly used insecticides at all study areas except malathion, Bti and hexaflumuron. We found 1534 codon mutations in the VGSC gene that were significantly correlated with the resistance to pyrethroids and DDT, and 11 synonymous mutations were also found in the gene. The resistance to deltamethrin can be significantly reduced by PBO but may generated cross-resistance to PPF. Fast emerging resistance in Ae. albopictus may affect mosquito management and threaten the prevention and control of dengue, similar to the resistance in Anopheles mosquitoes has prevented the elimination of malaria and call for timely and guided insecticide management.

The BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) features a heterogeneous constellation so that it is difficult to mitigate the multipath in the coordinate-domain. Therefore, mitigating the multipath in the observation-domain becomes more important. Sidereal filtering is commonly used for multipath mitigation, which needs to calculate the orbit repeat time of each satellite. However, that poses a computational challenge and damages the integrity at the end of the multipath model. Therefore, this paper proposes a single-difference model based on the multipath hemispherical map (SD-MHM) to mitigate the BDS-2/BDS-3 multipath in a short baseline. The proposed method is converted from double-difference residuals to single-difference residuals, which is not restricted by the pivot satellite transformation. Moreover, it takes the elevation and the azimuth angles of the satellite as the independent variables of the multipath model. The SD-MHM overcomes the unequal observation time of some satellites and does not require specific hardware. The experimental results show that the SD-MHM reduces the root mean square of the positioning errors by 56.4%, 63.9%, and 67.4% in the east, north, and vertical directions; moreover, it contributes to an increase in the baseline accuracy from 1.97 to 0.84 mm. The proposed SD-MHM has significant advantages in multipath mitigation compared with the advanced sidereal filtering method. Besides, the SD-MHM also features an excellent multipath correction capability for observation data with a period of more than seven days. Therefore, the SD-MHM provides a universal strategy for BDS multipath mitigation.

Due to the existence of environmental or human factors, and because of the instrument itself, there are many uncertainties in point clouds, which directly affect the data quality and the accuracy of subsequent processing, such as point cloud segmentation, 3D modeling, etc. In this paper, to address this problem, stochastic information of point cloud coordinates is taken into account, and on the basis of the scanner observation principle within the Gauss–Helmert model, a novel general point-based self-calibration method is developed for terrestrial laser scanners, incorporating both five additional parameters and six exterior orientation parameters. For cases where the instrument accuracy is different from the nominal ones, the variance component estimation algorithm is implemented for reweighting the outliers after the residual errors of observations obtained. Considering that the proposed method essentially is a nonlinear model, the Gauss–Newton iteration method is applied to derive the solutions of additional parameters and exterior orientation parameters. We conducted experiments using simulated and real data and compared them with those two existing methods. The experimental results showed that the proposed method could improve the point accuracy from 10−4 to 10−8 (a priori known) and 10−7 (a priori unknown), and reduced the correlation among the parameters (approximately 60% of volume). However, it is undeniable that some correlations increased instead, which is the limitation of the general method.

Epilepsy is a common nervous system disease that is characterized by recurrent seizures. An electroencephalogram (EEG) records neural activity, and it is commonly used for the diagnosis of epilepsy. To achieve accurate detection of epileptic seizures, an automatic detection approach of epileptic seizures, integrating complementary ensemble empirical mode decomposition (CEEMD) and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), named CEEMD-XGBoost, is proposed. Firstly, the decomposition method, CEEMD, which is capable of effectively reducing the influence of mode mixing and end effects, was utilized to divide raw EEG signals into a set of intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) and residues. Secondly, the multi-domain features were extracted from raw signals and the decomposed components, and they were further selected according to the importance scores of the extracted features. Finally, XGBoost was applied to develop the epileptic seizure detection model. Experiments were conducted on two benchmark epilepsy EEG datasets, named the Bonn dataset and the CHB-MIT (Children’s Hospital Boston and Massachusetts Institute of Technology) dataset, to evaluate the performance of our proposed CEEMD-XGBoost. The extensive experimental results indicated that, compared with some previous EEG classification models, CEEMD-XGBoost can significantly enhance the detection performance of epileptic seizures in terms of sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy.

Dengue is a mosquito-borne disease that has been an epidemic in China for many years. Aedes albopictus is the dominant Aedes mosquito species and the main vector of dengue in China. Epidemiologically, dengue mainly occurs in Guangdong Province; it does not occur or rarely occurs in other areas of mainland China. This distribution may be associated with climate, mosquito density, and other factors in different regions; however, the effect of temperature on the vector competence of Ae. albopictus for dengue viruses (DENV) remains unclear. In this study, Ae. albopictus was orally infected with dengue virus 2 (DENV-2) and reared at constant temperatures (18, 23, 28, and 32°C) and a fluctuating temperature (28–23–18°C). The infection status of the midguts, ovaries, and salivary glands of each mosquito was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) at 0, 5, 10, and 15 days post-infection (dpi). DENV-2 RNA copies from positive tissues were quantified by quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR). At 18°C, DENV-2 proliferated slowly in the midgut of Ae. albopictus, and the virus could not spread to the salivary glands. At 23 and 28°C, DENV-2 was detected in the ovaries and salivary glands at 10 dpi. The rates of infection, dissemination, population transmission, and DENV-2 copies at 28°C were higher than those at 23°C at any time point. At 32°C, the extrinsic incubation period (EIP) for DENV-2 in Ae. albopictus was only 5 dpi, and the vector competence was the highest among all the temperatures. Compared with 28°C, at 28–23–18°C, the positive rate and the amount of DENV-2 in the salivary glands were significantly lower. Therefore, temperature is an important factor affecting the vector competence of Ae. albopictus for DENV-2. Within the suitable temperature range, the replication of DENV-2 in Ae. albopictus accelerated, and the EIP was shorter with a higher temperature. Our results provide a guide for vector control and an experimental basis for differences in the spatial distribution of dengue cases.

Crude oil is one of the main energy sources and its prices have gained increasing attention due to its important role in the world economy. Accurate prediction of crude oil prices is an important issue not only for ordinary investors, but also for the whole society. To achieve the accurate prediction of nonstationary and nonlinear crude oil price time series, an adaptive hybrid ensemble learning paradigm integrating complementary ensemble empirical mode decomposition (CEEMD), autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) and sparse Bayesian learning (SBL), namely CEEMD-ARIMA&SBL-SBL (CEEMD-A&S-SBL), is developed in this study. Firstly, the decomposition method CEEMD, which can reduce the end effects and mode mixing, was employed to decompose the original crude oil price time series into intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) and one residue. Then, ARIMA and SBL with combined kernels were applied to predict target values for the residue and each single IMF independently. Finally, the predicted values of the above two models for each component were adaptively selected based on the training precision, and then aggregated as the final forecasting results using SBL without kernel-tricks. Experiments were conducted on the crude oil spot prices of the West Texas Intermediate (WTI) and Brent crude oil to evaluate the performance of the proposed CEEMD-A&S-SBL. The experimental results demonstrated that, compared with some state-of-the-art prediction models, CEEMD-A&S-SBL can significantly improve the prediction accuracy of crude oil prices in terms of the root mean squared error (RMSE), the mean absolute percent error (MAPE), and the directional statistic (Dstat).

Cold regional tunnels have been encountering numerous frost damages as a result of dynamic changes in hydrothermal conditions of tunnel structural layers. The climate change is recognized as a major contributor for the problems. In this study, the hydrothermal conditions of a high speed railway tunnel are evaluated under different climate scenarios based on in-situ data and numerical analysis. Subsequently, the effect of different thicknesses of insulation board on hydrothermal conditions inside the tunnel is compared and the reasonable thickness is obtained. The main findings are: The temperature and unfrozen water content gradually decreased and the ice content gradually increased with the service time of the tunnel in the early 15 years; the maximum frozen depth occurs at the tunnel sidewall and it with a depth of 1.64 m within 30 years after the construction. The hydrothermal conditions inside the tunnel are significantly affected by annual mean air temperature (AMAT) and annual range of air temperature (ARAT); the maximum frozen depth decreases with AMAT, but increases with ARAT. After the XPS board with a thickness of 5 cm is laid in tunnel structural layers, the temperature at the most unfavorable position is 0.55 °C in the cold season, which suggests that frost damages disappeared and this method can be used to protect the tunnel against the frost damages. This paper can provide a basis for heat insulation design of the cold regional tunnels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]