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In this review, particular attention is focused on the atomic degradation mechanisms of Mn-based layered oxide materials induced by the Jahn–Teller effect and the manipulative strategies for structural stability are highlighted.

Two new trinuclear Pt(ii) complexes {[Pt(dien)]3(tib)}(NO3)6 (1) and {[Pt(dpa)]3(tib)}(NO3)6 (2) (dien: diethylenetriamine, dpa: bis-(2-pyridylmethyl)amine, tib: 1,3,5-tris(1H-imidazol-1-yl)benzene) have been designed, synthesized, characterized and applied to a series of biochemical studies. We found that both of the Pt(ii) complexes exhibited much better selectivity for human telomeric G-quadruplex sequence than promoter G-quadruplexes (c-kit, c-myc, and bcl2) or duplex DNA. Both complexes displayed comparative stability and affinity towards human telomeric G-quadruplex by the studies from surface plasmon resonance, fluorescence resonance energy transfer and polymerase chain reaction stop assays. The circular dichroism indicated that both complexes could induce and stabilize anti-parallel G-quadruplex structures. Molecule docking presented that Pt(ii) complex intercalated into the large groove of human telomeric G-quadruplex (PDB ID: 143D). Furthermore, telomeric repeat amplification protocol assays quantitatively evaluated the inhibition of telomerase activity caused by the Pt(ii) complexes. The obtained IC50 values of 6.41 ± 0.042 μM and 2.67 ± 0.035 μM for 1 and 2, respectively, exhibited strong telomerase inhibitions. All results suggest that such fan-shaped trinuclear Pt(ii) complexes are effective and selective G-quadruplex binders, as well as strong telomerase inhibitors. This study provides insight into the development of human telomeric G-quadruplex targeted anticancer drugs based on the metal complex.

Hereditary gingival fibromatosis (HGF) is the most common genetic form of gingival fibromatosis which is featured as a localized or generalized overgrowth of gingivae. Currently two genes (

Owing to the limited charge storage capability of transitional metal oxides in aqueous electrolytes, the use of redox electrolytes (RE) represents a promising strategy to further increase the energy density of aqueous batteries or pseudocapacitors. The usual coupling of an electrode and an RE possesses weak electrode/RE interaction and weak adsorption of redox moieties on the electrode, resulting in a low capacity contribution and fast self-discharge. In this work, Fe(CN)6 4- groups are grafted on the surface of Co3 O4 electrode via formation of CoN bonds, creating a synergistic interface between the electrode and the RE. With such an interface, the coupled Co3 O4 -RE system exhibits greatly enhanced charge storage from both Co3 O4 and RE, delivering a large reversible capacity of ≈1000 mC cm-2 together with greatly reduced self-discharge. The significantly improved electrochemical activity of Co3 O4 can be attributed to the tuned work function via charge injection from Fe(CN)6 4- , while the greatly enhanced adsorption of K3 Fe(CN)6 molecules is achieved by the interface induced dipole-dipole interaction on the liquid side. Furthermore, this enhanced electrode-electrolyte coupling is also applicable in the NiO-RE system, demonstrating that the synergistic interface design can be a general strategy to integrate electrode and electrolyte for high-performance energy storage devices.

Recently, Li-O2 batteries have been considered to be promising next-generation energy storage devices owing to their high theoretical specific energy. However, due to the sluggish reaction kinetics of oxygen conversion, practical applications cannot achieve the desired results. By introducing vacancies in the MoS2 basal plane and using an in-situ synthesis method, we demonstrated the excellent catalysis of MoS2−x for oxygen redox kinetics, which can improve Li-O2 battery performance. The prepared MoS2−x displays little polarization, with a potential gap of 0.59 V and a high discharge capacity of 8,851 mA h g−1 at a current density of 500 mA g−1. The improved performance is mainly attributable to abundant S defects and plentiful diffusion channels in the MoS2−x/carbon 3D structural cathodes, which enable the adsorption of gaseous oxygen, reaction intermediates, and discharge products. To the best of our knowledge, these structures fabricated through 3D network design and surface modulation are among the best oxygen conversion catalysts developed so far, offering a new vista for the design of Li-O2 catalysts and beyond.

Hereditary gingival fibromatosis (HGF) is the most common genetic form of gingival fibromatosis which is featured as a localized or generalized overgrowth of gingivae. HGF is genetically heterogeneous and usually be transmitted as an autosomal-dominant inheritance pattern, also can be as autosomal-recessive or occur sporadically. Currently only two genes (SOS1 and REST), as well as four loci (2p22.1, 2p23.3-p22.3, 5q13-q22, and 11p15), have been identified as associated with HGF in a dominant inheritance pattern. Here we report thirteen individuals with autosomal-dominant non-syndromic HGF from a large four-generation Chinese family. Whole-exome sequencing followed by further genetic co-segregation analysis was performed for the family members across three generations. A novel heterozygous missense mutation (NM_001099220.3: c.2812G>A) in zinc finger protein 862 gene (ZNF862) was identified, and it is absent among the population as reported from the Genome Aggregation Database, Exome Aggregation Consortium (ExAC) and 1000 Genomes. ZNF862 is a predicted intracellular protein which function is not yet identified, as a zinc finger protein it may be involved in transcriptional regulation. ZNF862 is expressed ubiquitously across tissues, it may play various roles under different physiological condition. Here for the first time we identify the physiological role of ZNF862 for the association with the HGF trait.

Herein, ZnS nanoparticles on Nitrogen (N) and Sulphur (S) co-doped carbon nanosheets (ZnS@NSC) are prepared through a highly efficient sol-gel synthesis. Interestingly, the ZnS nanoparticles are encapsulated in ultrathin carbon shells, which are crucial to buffer the volume changes of ZnS during sodium ion intercalation/de-intercalation. Meanwhile, the nanosheets and ultrafine carbon shells together constitute the N, S co-doped carbon framework, which not only can give rise to abundant active sites for sodium storage but also greatly enhance the electrical conductivity. As a result, the ZnS@NSC achieves a reversible capacity of 734 mAh g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 and excellent cycling stability (73.6% capacity retention after 380 cycles at 0.5 A g−1).

Although SnO2 is theoretically a high capacity anode material for lithium-ion batteries, it suffers from poor cycle performance and poor rate capability due to structural instability and sluggish electrode kinetics. To mitigate these problems, here, an oxygen-deficient SnO2-δ/C composite with rationally designed nanoarchitecure comprising carbon shelled porous SnO2-δ nanosheet arrays is prepared as anode for lithium-ion batteries. It is found that crystalline and amorphous domains coexist in the SnO2-δ phase, which is beneficial for improved structural stability and enhanced Li+ diffusion. The as-prepared porous SnO2-δ/C nanosheet arrays can deliver a large reversible specific capacity of 1378.6 mA h g−1 with a high initial Coulombic efficiency of about 74.3% at a current density of 0.1 A g−1. In addition to large reversible capacity, the porous SnO2-δ/C nanosheet arrays also exhibit superior rate performance and cycle performance, outperforming those of SnO2, porous SnO2, and SnO2-δ/C nanosheet arrays, demonstrating robust structural stability, high reversibility, and fast charge transport for the rational nanoarchitecture design. Finally, a full cell consisting of porous SnO2-δ/C nanosheet arrays as anode and LiMn2O4 nanosheet arrays as cathode is constructed and exhibits promising battery performance, demonstrating the potential application of porous SnO2-δ/C nanosheet arrays in high-performance lithium-ion batteries.

Poor electronic conductivity and sluggish ion diffusion are the two main obstacles that limit the pseudocapacitive performance of Fe2O3. In this work, oxygen-deficient Fe2O3-δ nanorod arrays with a unique crystalline core/amorphous shell heterostructure are prepared via a facile and controllable method. The tunable amorphous layer facilitates the Li+ diffusion while introduced oxygen defects in Fe2O3 can be effectively tuned to improve electronic conductivity. More importantly, the resultant crystalline/amorphous interface greatly increases charge storage sites for improved specific capacitance. Consequently, the crystalline core/amorphous shell Fe2O3-δ integrated on graphene delivers a large capacitance of 701 F g−1 (701 mF cm−2) at 1 A g−1, which is almost double the capacitance of the conventional Fe2O3-δ nanorods without amorphous surface layer on graphene. Besides large capacitance, the electrode also exhibits greatly improved rate capability and cycle performance. To construct asymmetric supercapacitor, similar strategy is implemented to prepare Co3O4-δ nanosheet arrays with superior pseudocapacitive performance compared to its pristine counterpart. Importantly, flexible and large-scale (10 × 10 cm2) asymmetric supercapacitors are fabricated with promising device performance, demonstrating the smart electrode design is promising for practical application.

In this article, we report the synthesis of highly packed graphene oxide-based electrodes (1.25 g/cm3) with a three-dimensional multiscale porous structure (denoted as MPGP) through the ZnO nanodisk (100–500 nm) template and subsequent H2O2 treatment. Consequently, MPGP with a macropore diameter of 100 nm and a mesopore diameter of 2–3 nm was fabricated as the electrode for supercapacitors (SCs). Significantly, the MPGP achieves a high-volumetric capacitance of 327 F/cm3 (262 F/g) at a current density of 1 A/g and retains 240 F/cm3 (192 F/g) at a current density of 16 A/g in 3 M KOH solution. More importantly, it was also capable of delivering a high-volumetric energy density as well as power density in a SC device. Our work shows that the capability of preparing highly packed graphene-based electrodes with high-volumetric as well as specific capacitance is critical for the application of SCs.

By extending the charge storage from solid to liquid side, carbon materials together with redox electrolytes are recently considered to bring new opportunities for effective energy storage with high energy as well as high output power. Accordingly, intensive efforts have been separately devoted to the development of various carbon materials and redox electrolytes (RE). However, to integrate the carbon electrode and RE to a highly cooperated system with boosted performance, it is critical to focus on the interaction and corresponding enhancement between carbon electrodes and RE species. Hence, we comprehensively highlight the recent strategies for the construction and optimization of the coupled carbon-based electrode-electrolyte system, particularly paying attention to the underlying interaction mechanism and effects on the charge/discharge procedure. Specific concerns are dedicated to the synergistic effects especially on the interfaces.

Carbon materials together with various redox electrolytes have been developed intensively in recent years to assemble large-capacitance and high-rate supercapacitors. However, the weak interactions between carbon electrodes and redox electrolytes result in the severe shuttle of redox ions in electrolytes, causing critical self-discharge performance. Here we report a functional interface to establish strong adhesion of redox ions on the liquid side towards carbon nanotube arrays, leading to efficient confinement of redox ions around carbon electrode and enhanced electronic transfer between the electrode and redox electrolyte. Benefiting from the interface, the coupling carbon nanotube arrays-K3Fe(CN)6 system exhibits a substantially boosted self-discharge rate with no decay after 32 h under the open-circuit stage, as well as a large areal capacitance up to 3.048 F cm−2. The introduction of functionalized interface suggests a general and versatile concept for carbon-based electrodes to achieve battery-like charge storage with reliable features.

Development of high-energy and high-power asymmetric supercapacitors (ASCs) is still a great challenge due to the low specific capacitance of anode materials (carbon materials of about 100–200 F g−1) and limited voltage window (

Most of the variation in the human genome is a single nucleotide variation (SNV) based on a single base or small fragment insertions and deletions and genomic copy number variation (CNV). Both types of mutations are involved in many human diseases. Such diseases often have complex clinical symptoms and difficult clinical diagnosis, so an effective detection method is needed to help clinical diagnosis and prevent birth defects. With the development of sequencing technology, the method of chip capture combined with high-throughput sequencing has been extensively used because of its high throughput, high accuracy, high speed and low cost. This study designed a chip that captures the coding region of 3043 genes associated with 4013 monogenic diseases. In addition, 148 chromosomal abnormalities can be identified by setting targets in specific regions. Compared with the whole exon chip, the chip can detect 4013 monogenic diseases and 148 chromosomal abnormalities at a lower cost, including SNV, intra-gene CNV and genomic copy number variation. This study utilized a strategy of combining the BGISEQ500 sequencing platform with the chip to identify 102 disease-associated mutations in 63 patients, 69 of which were new mutations. The evaluation test results also show that this combination complies with the requirements of clinical testing and has good clinical application value.

Potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) are one of the emerging energy-storage technologies due to the low cost of potassium and theoretically high energy density. However, the development of PIBs is hindered by the poor K+ transport kinetics and the structural instability of the cathode materials during K+ intercalation/deintercalation. In this work, birnessite nanosheet arrays with high K content (K0.77 MnO2 ⋅0.23H2 O) are prepared by "hydrothermal potassiation" as a potential cathode for PIBs, demonstrating ultrahigh reversible specific capacity of about 134 mAh g-1 at a current density of 100 mA g-1 , as well as great rate capability (77 mAh g-1 at 1000 mA g-1 ) and superior cycling stability (80.5% capacity retention after 1000 cycles at 1000 mA g-1 ). With the introduction of adequate K+ ions in the interlayer, the K-birnessite exhibits highly stabilized layered structure with highly reversible structure variation upon K+ intercalation/deintercalation. The practical feasibility of the K-birnessite cathode in PIBs is further demonstrated by constructing full cells with a hard-soft composite carbon anode. This study highlights effective K+ -intercalation for birnessite to achieve superior K-storage performance for PIBs, making it a general strategy for developing high-performance cathodes in rechargeable batteries beyond lithium-ion batteries.

We report a strategy for efficient suppression of electron-hole recombination in hematite photoanodes. Acid-treated hematite showed a substantially enhanced photocurrent density compared to untreated samples. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy studies revealed that the enhanced photocurrent is partly due to improved efficiency of charge separation. Transient absorption spectroscopic studies coupled to electrochemical measurements indicate that, in addition to improved bulk electrochemical properties, acid-treated hematite has significantly decreased surface electron-hole recombination losses owing to a greater yield of the trapped photoelectrons being extracted to the external circuit.

Increasing power and energy demands for next-generation portable and flexible electronics have raised critical requirements (flexibility, stretch-ability, environmental friendliness, lightweight, etc.) for the energy storage devices. Flexible supercapacitors (SCs), as one of the most promising next-generation energy storage devices, have stimulated intensive interest owing to their outstanding features including small size, low weight, ease of handling, excellent reliability, and high power density. Manganese oxide (MnO2), has attracted much interest in the development of flexible SCs with high electrochemical performance. Yet, the poor electronic and ionic transport in MnO2 electrodes still limits its promotion in practical applications. This review aims to describe the recent progress in the application of MnO2 materials in the development of flexible SCs and summarizes the intrinsic modification of MnO2via crystallinity, crystal structure, and oxygen vacancy introduction and the extrinsic modification of MnO2via non-three-dimensional (3D) and 3D flexible conductive scaffolds for high performance flexible SCs. Moreover, we also discuss briefly on the current challenges, future directions, and opportunities for the development of high-performance MnO2 based flexible SCs.

Anode materials with relatively low capacitance remain a great challenge for asymmetric supercapacitors (ASCs) to pursue high energy density. Hematite (α-Fe2O3) has attracted intensive attention as anode material for ASCs, because of its suitable reversible redox reactions in a negative potential window (from 0 V to −1 V vs Ag/AgCl), high theoretical capacitance, rich abundance, and nontoxic features. Nevertheless, the Fe2O3 electrode cannot deliver large volumetric capacitance at a high rate, because of its poor electrical conductivity (∼10–14 S/cm), resulting in low power density and low energy density. In this work, a hierarchical heterostructure comprising Fe3O4@Fe2O3 core–shell nanorod arrays (NRAs) is presented and investigated as the negative electrode for ASCs. Consequently, the Fe3O4@Fe2O3 electrode exhibits superior supercapacitive performance, compared to the bare Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 NRAs electrodes, demonstrating large volumetric capacitance (up to 1206 F/cm3 with a mass loading of 1.25 mg/cm2), a...

Correction for ‘Facile synthesis of titanium nitride nanowires on carbon fabric for flexible and high-rate lithium ion batteries’ by Muhammad-Sadeeq Balogun et al., J. Mater. Chem. A, 2014, 2, 10825–10829, DOI: 10.1039/C4TA00987H.

The insertion/deinsertion mechanism enables plenty of charge-storage sites in the bulk phase to be accessible to intercalated ions, giving rise to at least one more order of magnitude higher energy density than the adsorption/desorption mechanism. However, the sluggish ion diffusion in the bulk phase leads to several orders of magnitude slower charge-transport kinetics. An ideal energy-storage device should possess high power density and large energy density simultaneously. Herein, surface-modified Fe2 O3 quantum dots anchored on graphene nanosheets are developed and exhibit greatly enhanced pseudocapacitance via fast dual-ion-involved redox reactions with both large specific capacity and fast charge/discharge capability. By using an aqueous Na2 SO3 electrolyte, the oxygen-vacancy-tuned Fe2 O3 surface greatly enhances the absorption of SO32- anions that majorly increase the surface pseudocapacitance. Significantly, the Fe2 O3 -based electrode delivers a high specific capacity of 749 C g-1 at 5 mV s-1 and retains 290 C g-1 at an ultrahigh scan rate of 3.2 V s-1 . With a novel dual-electrolyte design, a 2 V Fe2 O3 /Na2 SO3 //MnO2 /Na2 SO4 asymmetric supercapacitor is constructed, delivering a high energy density of 75 W h kg-1 at a power density of 3125 W kg-1 .

Here we report for the first time of synthesizing ultrathin hematite nanoflakes (NFs) through an electrochemically induced morphological transformation from hematite nanorods (NRs). The NR–NF structural transformation was induced electrochemically at a negative potential (−1.2 V vs. Ag/AgCl). The synthesized NFs have an average thickness of 10 nm and an average diameter of 100 nm. In comparison to NR, NF exhibits enhanced surface area and reduced charge transfer resistance, which are highly desirable for electrode materials of electrochemical devices. In this work, we investigated the mechanism of structural transformation and tested the performance of NR and NF electrodes for electrochemical capacitors and photoelectrochemical cells. Significantly, the NF electrode achieved an order of magnitude larger capacitance than NR electrode. The NF electrode also exhibited approximately three times higher photocurrent than NR electrode. This work opens up a new strategy to fabricate hematite electrodes with enhanced performance for electrochemical capacitors and photoelectrochemical cells, and can be potentially extended to other applications such as fuel cells and lithium-ion batteries.

The toxicity of four zinc oxide nanoparticles (i.e., spheric ZnO-30, spheric ZnO-50, columnar ZnO-90, and hexagon rod-like ZnO-150) to the seed germination of Chinese cabbage (Brassica pekinensis L.) was investigated in this study. The results showed that zinc oxide nanoparticles (nano-ZnOs) did not affect germination rates at concentrations of 1-80 mg/L but significantly inhibited the root and shoot elongation of Chinese cabbage seedlings, with the roots being more sensitive. The inhibition was evident mainly during seed incubation rather than the seed soaking process. Both the production of free hydroxyl groups (·OH) and the Zn bioaccumulation in roots or shoots resulted in toxicity of nano-ZnOs to Chinese cabbage seedlings. The toxicity of nano-ZnOs was affected significantly by their primary particle sizes in the minimum dimensionality, but large columnar ZnO-90 and small spherical ZnO-50 had comparable toxicities. Therefore, both the particle size and morphology affected the toxicity of nano-ZnOs.

Currently, supercapacitors (SCs) are considered to be one of the most promising energy storage devices, mainly due to their unique properties such as high output power, long cycling stability, and fast charge/discharge capability. Nevertheless, the low energy density of SCs still limits their promotion in practical applications. Given this, designing three dimensional (3D) architectures for SC electrodes is perceived as an efficient strategy because well-constructed 3D structures could enable reduced “dead surface”, good electron transport kinetics, hierarchical porous channels and short ionic diffusion distances. This review aims to describe the current progress of different synthetic processes with respect to the preparation of 3D SC electrodes and focuses on both template-assisted strategies and non-template strategies. We summarize recently proposed methods, novel structures, and electrochemical performances for these 3D electrodes. The advantages and disadvantages accompanying them are also analyzed. Finally, we discuss the challenges and prospects of the fabrication of 3D SC electrodes.

The introduction of surface disorders (Ti3+ or oxygen vacancies) is reported to be an effective way to improve the photoelectrochemical property of TiO2 nanomaterials. Herein, we demonstrate for the first time that the surface disorders of TiO2 nanorods can be effectively achieved by introducing Au nanoparticles on the surface of TiO2 (Au/TiO2). The XPS and EPR results display the existence of Ti3+ and oxygen vacancies in the hydrogenated Au/TiO2 nanorods. Moreover, this is the first experimental demonstration that hydrogenation of Au/TiO2 outperforms saturation photocurrent of the total of hydrogenated TiO2 and Au/TiO2 for photoelectrochemical water splitting. Such significant performance enhancement can be attributed to the strong effort between the Au and the hydrogen molecular, which would enhance the effective generation of the surface disorders.

Conducting polymers such as polyaniline and polypyrrole have been widely used as pseudocapacitive electrode materials for supercapacitors. However, their structural instability resulting from repeated volumetric swelling and shrinking during charge/discharge process has been a major hurdle for their practical applications. This work demonstrates a simple and general strategy to substantially enhance the cycling stability of conductive polymer electrodes by deposition of a thin carbonaceous shell onto their surface. Significantly, carbonaceous shell-coated polyaniline and polypyrrole electrodes achieved remarkable capacitance retentions of ∼95 and ∼85% after 10,000 cycles. Electron microscopy studies revealed that the presence of ∼5 nm thick carbonaceous shell can effective prevent the structural breakdown of polymer electrodes during charge/discharge process. Importantly, the polymer electrodes with a ∼5 nm thick carbonaceous shell exhibited comparable specific capacitance and pseudocapacitive behavior as the bare polymer electrodes. We anticipate that the same strategy can be applied for stabilizing other polymer electrode materials. The capability of fabricating stable polymer electrodes could open up new opportunities for pseudocapacitive devices.

Photoelectrochemical water splitting has attracted increasing attention recently in the perspective of clean and sustainable energy economy. Herein, we reported the synthesis of NiO functionalized Mo doped BiVO4 (denoted as NiO/Mo:BiVO4) nanobelts and their enhanced photoelectrochemical activity for efficient water oxidation. The prepared NiO/Mo:BiVO4 p–n junction structure showed much higher water splitting activity than the pristine BiVO4 and Mo:BiVO4. Such obvious enhancement are due to the increased donor density by doping with Mo and fast separation of the photoexcited electron–hole pairs by the novel p–n junction composite structure. Under light irradiation, photoexcited holes in the conduction band (CB) of Mo:BiVO4 will conveniently transfer to the p-type NiO with the effect of the inner electric field. Meanwhile, the holes would oxidize the water into oxygen and the electrons transfer to the counter electrode (Pt electrode) to produce hydrogen. This novel p–n junction structure could open up new opportunities to develop high-performance photoanode for water splitting.

In this work, we report the facile synthesis of Fe3O4/reduced graphene oxide (RGO) nanocomposites and their improved lithium storage capability. Fe3O4/RGO composites synthesized by a facile co-precipitation method exhibited outstanding electrochemical performance with good cycling stability. As an anode material for lithium ion batteries (LIBs), the Fe3O4/RGO composites achieved a high reversible capacity of 1637 mA h g−1 (0.1 A g−1) at the 10th cycle, which still remained at 1397 mA h g−1 after 100 cycles. Moreover, the Fe3O4/RGO composites have excellent rate capability. Characterization results reveal that such a large reversible capacity is attributed to the synergistic effect between Fe3O4 and RGO, with the Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) with surface step atoms offering abundant electrochemical active sites for lithium storage. In addition, RGO acts as a volume buffer and electron conductor, and more importantly preserves the electrochemically active surface and avoids the aggregation of the Fe3O4 NPs.

We demonstrate the good performance of TiN nanowires as anodes for lithium-ion batteries. TiN nanowires exhibit a high cycling performance with 80% capacity retention after 100 cycles at 335 mA g−1. Additionally, a full battery was fabricated with attractive flexibility and electrochemical performance.

We reported the synthesis of large-area manganese oxide nanorods (MONRAs) on carbon fabric and their implementation as flexible supercapacitors. Electrochemical measurements demonstrated that MONRAs exhibited a high capacitance (678 F g −1 at a current density of 0.3 A g −1 ) with high flexibility and excellent cycle performance (less than 3% capacitance loss after 10,000 cycles). Furthermore, the fabricated solid-state devices based on these MONRAs electrodes exhibited good electrochemical performance and could power a red LED well for about 5 min after charging at 0.5 mA cm −2 for 30 s, with an energy utilization efficiency of about 80%. These findings show that MONRAs are a kind of very promising electrode material for flexible supercapacitors.

A novel class of flexible carbon black and carbon nanotube filled ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers (ExByCz) were designed and fabricated as substrates for high-performance flexible supercapacitors' electrodes. The electrodes that employed these substrates exhibited good rate capability, high specific capacitance (214.6 F g−1), high specific power density (10 950 W Kg−1) and high energy density (30.4 W h Kg−1).

A flexible and solid-state supercapacitor device based on TiO2@C core–shell nanowires has been developed and exhibited excellent flexibility—it can even be folded and twisted without sacrificing electrochemical properties—and good electrochemical performance with a maximum energy density of 0.011 mW h cm−3.