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The aim of this study was to assess costs and health service use associated with tendon injuries after the use of fluoroquinolone antimicrobials in Finland during 2002-2012. This retrospective observational study included data from the Finnish Pharmaceutical Insurance Pool's pharmaceutical injury claims. In total, 145 compensated claimants aged ≥18 years presenting tendon injuries after the use of fluoroquinolones (FQs) were included in the study. Outcomes of interest were the number of outpatient visits to primary, secondary, tertiary, and private healthcare services, hospital days, rehabilitation and their costs. Regression models were used to analyze the impact of patient characteristics on hospital days, as well as the relationship between patient characteristics and tendon ruptures. Direct costs of a tendon injury averaged 14,800€ and indirect costs were estimated to be 9,077€ for employed claimants. Fifty-one percent of the claimants were hospitalized, with an average duration of 21 days. Hospitalization was the costliest form of health service use with an average of 9,915€ per hospital episode. Hospital days and direct costs increased with the severity of the injury. Tendon ruptures, in particular bilateral ruptures, required substantially more hospital days and their direct costs were significantly higher than those of uncomplicated tendinitis. Concurrent use of oral corticosteroids and increasing age were associated with a higher likelihood of tendon ruptures. Although rare, FQ-related tendon injuries can result in considerable costs and health service use. Medical staff should remain vigilant when prescribing FQs, especially in groups at increased risk for tendon injuries., (© 2021 The Authors. Pharmacology Research & Perspectives published by British Pharmacological Society and American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Background: Given the similar outcomes of various fixation constructs for single-incision distal biceps repair, a critical evaluation of the factors that drive the cost of the procedure is the key to optimizing treatment value. The purpose of this study was to quantify variation in costs for surgical treatment of complete distal biceps ruptures, as well as identify factors affecting costs., Methods: We retrospectively identified adult patients consecutively treated surgically for complete distal biceps ruptures between July 2011 and January 2018 at a single academic medical center. Using our institution's information technology value tool, we recorded the surgical encounter total direct costs (SETDCs) for each patient. Univariate and multivariate gamma regression models were used to determine factors affecting SETDCs., Results: Of 121 included patients, 102 (86%), 7 (6%), and 12 (10%) underwent primary repair, revision, and reconstruction. SETDCs varied widely, with a standard deviation of 40% and a range of 58% to 276% of the average SETDC. The main contributors to SETDCs were facility utilization costs (53%) and implant costs (29%). Implant costs also varied, with a standard deviation of 16%, ranging up to 121% of the mean SETDC. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that reconstructions were 72% more costly than primary repairs (P < .001). No significant cost differences were found between cortical button and dual-suture anchor fixation (P = .058). American Society of Anesthesiologists class, body mass index, revision surgery, time to surgery, location, administration of postoperative block, and surgeon performing the procedure did not significantly affect the SETDC., Conclusion: Surgical encounter and implant costs vary widely for distal biceps rupture treatment. However, no significant difference in SETDC was identified between repair with a cortical button vs. dual-suture anchor repair. The greater costs associated with reconstruction surgery should be taken into consideration., (Copyright © 2020 Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery Board of Trustees. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: Flexor tendon lacerations are a common and debilitating injury for thousands of Americans annually. Despite this, no study has attempted to estimate the economic impact of these injuries. The objective of this study was to estimate the economic impact of flexor tendon lacerations in America., Methods: The cost of flexor tendon lacerations to society was estimated using a validated prevalence-based cost of illness model. The primary cohort was defined as all patients in the United States presenting with complete flexor tendon lacerations who underwent surgical repair. The secondary cohort was defined by all patients who required reoperation within 1 year of their initial operation. For these groups, both direct and indirect costs (lost income, missed workdays, and disability payments) were measured., Results: Flexor tendon lacerations incur an estimated cost of between US $240.8 and US $409.1 million annually to the American medical system. The total direct cost per injury is estimated to be US $13,725, whereas estimates to the indirect costs range from US $60,786 to US $112,888., Conclusions: Flexor tendon lacerations represent an important economic burden to our health care system, even when compared with other common hand conditions. Specifically, indirect costs, such as missed workdays, are the major contributor toward the total cost these injuries incur on society, accounting for upward of 89% of the total cost. This suggests that we should focus our efforts to improve treatments and rehabilitation protocols which decrease these indirect costs.

Background: Achilles tendon rupture (ATR) is a common sports injury, with a rising incidence and significant impairments. Due to the lack of treatment guidelines, there is no consensus about diagnostic methods, primary treatment (non-surgical or surgical) and rehabilitation. It is hypothesized that this lack of consensus and guidelines leads to sub-optimal recovery and higher societal costs. The primary aim of this study is to give a broad insight into the recovery after ATR. Secondarily this study aims to explore factors contributing to recovery and gain insight into the cost-effectiveness of ATR management., Methods: This multicenter prospective cohort study will include all adult (≥ 18 years) patients with an ATR treated at the three main hospitals in the Northern Netherlands: University Medical Center Groningen, Martini Hospital Groningen and Medical Center Leeuwarden. All subjects will be invited for three visits at 3, 6 and 12 months post-injury. The following data will be collected: patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs), physical tests, imaging and economic questionnaires. At 3 months post-injury personal, injury, and treatment data will be collected through a baseline questionnaire and assessment of the medical file. The PROMs concern the Dutch version of the Achilles Tendon Total Rupture Score, EQ-5D-5 L, Oslo Sport Trauma Research Center Overuse Injury Questionnaire, Injury Psychological Readiness Return to Sport Scale, Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia, Expectations, Motivation and Satisfaction questionnaire and a ranking of reasons for not returning to sport. The administered physical tests are the heel-rise test, standing dorsiflexion range of motion, resting tendon length and single leg hop for distance. Ultrasound Tissue Characterization will be used for imaging. Finally, economic data will be collected using the Productivity Cost Questionnaire and Medical Consumption Questionnaire., Discussion: This prospective cohort study will contribute to optimal decision making in the primary treatment and rehabilitation of ATRs by providing insight into (1) ATR recovery (2) novel imaging for monitoring recovery (3) (barriers to) return to sport and (4) cost-effectiveness of management. The analysis of these data strives to give a broad insight into the recovery after ATR as well as provide data on novel imaging and costs, contributing to individualized ATR management., Trial Registration: Trialregister.nl. NTR6484 . 20/06/2017. 20/07/2017.

Purpose: An Achilles tendon rupture is a common injury that typically affects people in the middle of their working lives. The injury has a negative impact in terms of both morbidity for the individual and the risk of substantial sick leave. The aim of this study was to investigate the cost-effectiveness of surgical compared with non-surgical management in patients with an acute Achilles tendon rupture., Methods: One hundred patients (86 men, 14 women; mean age, 40 years) with an acute Achilles tendon rupture were randomised (1:1) to either surgical treatment or non-surgical treatment, both with an accelerated rehabilitation protocol (surgical n = 49, non-surgical n = 51). One of the surgical patients was excluded due to a partial re-rupture and five surgical patients were lost to the 1-year economic follow-up. One patient was excluded due to incorrect inclusion and one was lost to the 1-year follow-up in the non-surgical group. The cost was divided into direct and indirect costs. The direct cost is the actual cost of health care, whereas the indirect cost is the production loss related to the impact of the patient's injury in terms of lost ability to work. The health benefits were assessed using quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). Sampling uncertainty was assessed by means of non-parametric boot-strapping., Results: Pre-injury, the groups were comparable in terms of demographic data and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). The mean cost of surgical management was €7332 compared with €6008 for non-surgical management (p = 0.024). The mean number of QALYs during the 1-year time period was 0.89 and 0.86 in the surgical and non-surgical groups respectively. The (incremental) cost-effectiveness ratio was €45,855. Based on bootstrapping, the cost-effectiveness acceptability curve shows that the surgical treatment is 57% likely to be cost-effective at a threshold value of €50,000 per QALY., Conclusions: Surgical treatment was more expensive compared with non-surgical management. The cost-effectiveness results give a weak support (57% likelihood) for the surgical treatment to be cost-effective at a willingness to pay per QALY threshold of €50,000. This is support for surgical treatment; however, additionally cost-effectiveness studies alongside RCTs are important to clarify which treatment option is preferred from a cost-effectiveness perspective., Level of Evidence: I.

Background: Outcomes of nonsurgical management of acute Achilles tendon rupture have been demonstrated to be noninferior to those of surgical management. We performed a cost-minimization analysis of surgical and nonsurgical management of acute Achilles tendon rupture., Methods: We used a claims database to identify patients who underwent surgical (n = 1,979) and nonsurgical (n = 3,065) management of acute Achilles tendon rupture and compared overall costs of treatment (surgical procedure, follow-up care, physical therapy, and management of complications). Complication rates were also calculated. Patients were followed for 1 year after injury., Results: Average treatment costs in the year after initial diagnosis were higher for patients who underwent initial surgical treatment than for patients who underwent nonsurgical treatment ($4,292 for surgical treatment versus $2,432 for nonsurgical treatment; P < 0.001). However, surgical treatment required fewer office visits (4.52 versus 10.98; P < 0.001) and less spending on physical therapy ($595 versus $928; P < 0.001). Rates of rerupture requiring subsequent treatment (2.1% versus 2.4%; P = 0.34) and additional costs ($2,950 versus $2,515; P = 0.34) were not significantly different regardless whether initial treatment was surgical or nonsurgical. In both cohorts, management of complications contributed to approximately 5% of the total cost., Conclusion: From the payer's perspective, the overall costs of nonsurgical management of acute Achilles tendon rupture were significantly lower than the overall costs of surgical management., Level of Evidence: III, Economic Decision Analysis.

Introduction: Acute Achilles tendon rupture (ATR) can be treated either surgically or non-surgically. High-quality meta-analyses show a lower re-rupture rate, but a higher overall complication rate among surgically treated patients. No studies have evaluated the socio-economic impact of different complications. The aim of this study was to investigate: 1) the socio-economic impact of complications after ATR through the utilisation of the Danish Patient Insurance Association (DPIA) database, 2) correlations between treatment and complications., Methods: A total of 324 patients with ATR reported in the period from 1992 to 2010 in the DPIA database were identified and patient records were reviewed manually., Results: The compensation awarded for the 18-year period totalled 18,147,202 DKK with 41% of patient claims being recognised. Out of 180 surgically treated patients, 79 received a total compensation of 14,051,377 DKK, median 47,637 (range: 5,000-3,577,043). Of 114 non-surgically treated patients, 40 received 3,715,224 DKK in compensation, with a median amount of 35,788 DKK (range: 5,000-830,073)., Conclusion: Compensation after surgical treatment was 3.8 times higher than compensation after non-surgical treatment. It is noteworthy that 34.5% of patients had an overlooked diagnosis which underlines the importance of a correct primary diagnosis., Funding: not relevant., Trial Registration: not relevant.

Background: The purpose of this study is to report on cost, outcomes, reliability, and safety of reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) in patients with symptomatic advanced rotator cuff deficiency., Methods: Fifty-five primary RSA patients operated on at a single institution by a single surgeon were prospectively studied for a mean of 48 months (range, 31-71 months). For each patient, validated subjective and independently evaluated objective outcome data were collected to determine clinical reliability. In addition, safety, defined as major complications, as well as direct costs specific to each patient, were collected and analyzed., Results: There were significant improvements (P < .05) in all clinical measures with the exception of the general health and vitality components as well as the mental component summary scores of the Short Form 36 version 2 (SF-36v2). In addition, the majority of the patients met the criteria set forth for clinical reliability (53 of 55 [96%]) and safety (49 of 55 [89%]). The mean total 4-year cost was $24,661, with the hospitalization accounting for 92% of this cost. Fiscal year was found to be responsible for the greatest fluctuation in total cost (P < .001). In addition, a lower comorbidity burden (P < .001), a higher preoperative extremity impairment rating (P < .001), higher postoperative role-emotional component scores on the SF-36v2 (P = .001), and lower postoperative social functioning component scores on the SF-36v2 (P = .005) were correlated with less cost., Conclusion: The mean 4-year total cost of $24,661 allowed the purchase of treatment with RSA, leading to a greater than 5-fold reduction in pain and a 70% improvement in shoulder function with a small risk of harm., (Copyright © 2013. Published by Mosby, Inc.)

Background: Access to orthopaedic care for pediatric patients has been shown in previous studies to be decreased for patients with Medicaid compared with those with private insurance. The relationship between type of insurance and access to care for adult patients with acute rotator cuff tears has not yet been examined. This study aimed to determine if type of health insurance would have an impact on access to care for an adult patient with an acute rotator cuff tear., Methods: Seventy-one orthopaedic surgery practices within the state of North Carolina were randomly selected and contacted on 2 different occasions separated by 3 weeks. The practices were presented with an appointment request for a fictitious 42-year-old man with an acute rotator cuff tear. Insurance status was reported as Medicaid for the first call and as private insurance during the second call., Results: Of the 71 practices contacted, 51 (72%) offered the patient with Medicaid an appointment, whereas 68 (96%) offered the patient with private insurance an appointment. The difference in these rates was statistically significant (P < .001). The likelihood of patients with private insurance obtaining an appointment was 8.8 times higher than that of patients with Medicaid (95% CI: 2.5, 31.5)., Conclusion: For patients with acute rotator cuff tears, access to care is decreased for those with Medicaid compared with those with private insurance. Patients with private insurance are 8.8 times more likely than those with Medicaid to obtain an appointment., Level of Evidence: Basic science, survey study., (Copyright © 2013 Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery Board of Trustees. Published by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Patients undergoing rotator cuff repair typically have a diagnostic evaluation and trial of nonoperative therapy before surgery. Recent studies have evaluated the cost-effectiveness of surgery, but none have attempted to estimate the costs associated with the preoperative evaluation. This study used available data to examine major expenditures during the preoperative period., Materials and Methods: We conducted a search using an insurance company database to identify patients undergoing rotator cuff repair from 2004 to 2009. Patients were identified by the common Current Procedural Terminology codes for rotator cuff repair. The associated charge codes for the 90-day period before surgery were categorized as outpatient physician visits, diagnostic imaging studies, injections, physical therapy, laboratory and other preoperative studies, prior surgeries, and miscellaneous. The frequency of each code and the associated charges were noted., Results: In total, 92,688 patients were identified in the study period. A total of $161,993,100 was charged during the preoperative period, for an average of $1,748 per patient. Diagnostic imaging charges totaled $104,510,646 (65%); injections, $5,145,227 (3%); outpatient visits, $29,723,751 (18%); physical therapy, $13,844,270 (8.5%); preoperative studies, $6,792,245 (4.2%); and miscellaneous, $1,164,688 (<1%)., Conclusions: The costs for preoperative evaluation of rotator cuff tears are substantial, and the majority of the costs are associated with magnetic resonance imaging. To help reduce costs, future studies should attempt to identify the factors that predict which patients might not respond to nonoperative management and might benefit from early surgical intervention. In addition, magnetic resonance imaging should perhaps be reserved for patients in whom the diagnosis cannot be achieved by other modalities., (Copyright © 2013 Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery Board of Trustees. Published by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Although rotator cuff disease is a common musculoskeletal problem in the United States, the impact of this condition on earnings, missed workdays, and disability payments is largely unknown. This study examines the value of surgical treatment for full-thickness rotator cuff tears from a societal perspective., Methods: A Markov decision model was constructed to estimate lifetime direct and indirect costs associated with surgical and continued nonoperative treatment for symptomatic full-thickness rotator cuff tears. All patients were assumed to have been unresponsive to one six-week trial of nonoperative treatment prior to entering the model. Model assumptions were obtained from the literature and data analysis. We obtained estimates of indirect costs using national survey data and patient-reported outcomes. Four indirect costs were modeled: probability of employment, household income, missed workdays, and disability payments. Direct cost estimates were based on average Medicare reimbursements with adjustments to an all-payer population. Effectiveness was expressed in quality-adjusted life years (QALYs)., Results: The age-weighted mean total societal savings from rotator cuff repair compared with nonoperative treatment was $13,771 over a patient's lifetime. Savings ranged from $77,662 for patients who are thirty to thirty-nine years old to a net cost to society of $11,997 for those who are seventy to seventy-nine years old. In addition, surgical treatment results in an average improvement of 0.62 QALY. Societal savings were highly sensitive to age, with savings being positive at the age of sixty-one years and younger. The estimated lifetime societal savings of the approximately 250,000 rotator cuff repairs performed in the U.S. each year was $3.44 billion., Conclusions: Rotator cuff repair for full-thickness tears produces net societal cost savings for patients under the age of sixty-one years and greater QALYs for all patients. Rotator cuff repair is cost-effective for all populations. The results of this study should not be interpreted as suggesting that all rotator cuff tears require surgery. Rather, the results show that rotator cuff repair has an important role in minimizing the societal burden of rotator cuff disease.

Purpose: Recent meta-analyses have shown reduced re-rupture rates for the surgical management of Achilles ruptures. However, percutaneous repair has been demonstrated to lead to improved function and patient satisfaction but greater complications than open repair. In the current economic climate, it is reasonable to consider the financial cost of rupture management for both the patient and the provider. The cost-effectiveness of operative treatment of ruptures of the Achilles tendon was determined based upon theatre occupancy, clinic attendance and cast changes, operative complications and functional assessment score., Methods: The cost-effectiveness of the surgical management of Achilles tendon ruptures between 2005 and 2011 in our unit was audited by comparing 49 patients receiving percutaneous repair to 35 patients whom had open repairs., Results: There was no significant difference in complications between the two surgical techniques: (Open vs. Percutaneous) overall rates 14.3 versus 10.4 %: infection; 2.7 versus 2.0 %, transient sural nerve damage: 5.6 versus 8.1 %, wound breakdown: 2.8 versus 0.0 %, re-rupture: 2.8 versus 2.0 %. Achilles Total Rupture Scores (ATRS) were comparable [Open 89 (65-100) at 49 months vs. Percutaneous 88.8 (33-100) at 12 months (n.s.)]. Theatre occupancy (P < 0.00) and hospital stay (P < 0.00) were significantly longer with open repair [43 min (26-70) and 2.9 days (0-4)] compared to percutaneous repair [15 min (12-43) and 1.2 days (0-2)]. Excluding the costs of running the operating theatre, we have estimated the costs of surgery for open repair to be £ 935 and percutaneous repair to be £ 574., Conclusions: This study suggests that percutaneous repair of the Achilles tendon resulted in reduced costs and yet had comparable outcome and complications rates to open repair in surgical management of the Achilles tendon. Percutaneous repair should be considered as the primary method of cost-effective surgical management of Achilles tendon rupture.

Background: Treatment of rotator cuff tears in injured workers is associated with poorer outcomes and abnormally high utilization of clinical services. This study evaluates the effect on impairment and disability rates after the implementation of an accelerated independent rehabilitation protocol on injured workers undergoing mini-open rotator cuff repair., Materials and Methods: Seventy-one primary rotator cuff repairs in injured workers were reviewed at least 1 year after claim closure. Outcomes based on permanent partial disability and impairment were compared among 28 patients using traditional outpatient physical therapy (group A) and 43 patients using an accelerated protocol-driven independent exercise program (group B). The number of physical therapy visits attended, disability, and impairment rates were compared between the 2 groups., Results: Group B used a median of 16 physical therapy visits, which were 9 fewer visits per patient than group A (P < .001). This constituted a 36% reduction in the median number of physical therapy visits without negatively affecting disability and impairment rates. The difference between the 2 groups in time to release to work or time to claim closure was not significant., Conclusions: The implementation of an accelerated, independent, exercise protocol reduced physical therapy utilization to levels below national best-practices benchmarks without negatively affecting impairment or disability rates in Workers' Compensation patients undergoing mini-open rotator cuff repair., Level of Evidence: Level IV, Retrospective Case Series, Prognostic Study., (Copyright © 2013 Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery Board of Trustees. Published by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: The purpose of this study was to review the results of a single anterior incision distal biceps tendon repair that reattaches the tendon to its posterior anatomic insertion site. We hypothesize this repair maximizes the supination torque of the biceps muscle throughout the full arc of forearm rotation., Methods: A consecutive series of patients with distal biceps tears were treated using a technique that reattaches the distal biceps tendon to the posterior radial surface similar to a 2-incision repair, which optimizes the biceps moment arm in all forearm positions including maximum supination. This method of distal biceps reattachment has been utilized in our practice since December 2008 on 40 distal biceps tendon repairs. Biodex testing was used to quantify the peak supination torque, the supination work, and the power of supination at each degree of forearm rotation and included on patients with a minimum clinical follow up of 12 months. Range of motion was also recorded., Results: Thirty patients met the inclusion criteria. Three patients, 2 of whom were lost to follow-up and 1 with bilateral repairs, were not included in this study. Seventeen of the remaining 27 patients completed strength testing using a Biodex Isokinetic Testing machine. Supination strength averaged 91% and 91% of the uninjured side at 60 and 120 deg/sec, respectively. Twenty-five (93%) patients reported no pain and had returned to work or normal activities., Conclusion: A single anterior incision distal biceps tendon repair that maximizes supination torque throughout full forearm rotation has been utilized. No specialized anchors or equipment are required., Level of Evidence: Level IV, Case Series, Treatment Study., (Copyright © 2013 Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery Board of Trustees. Published by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.)

The suture anchor and transosseous drill hole techniques for reattachment of the distal biceps tendon to the radius have been found to have similar clinical and biomechanical outcomes. However, a comparison of the cost effectiveness of these techniques is lacking. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the use of suture anchors decreases operative time enough to offset the additional cost of the implants. The records of all patients undergoing a distal biceps tendon reattachment were reviewed to determine the method of fixation, operative time, and associated surgical costs. Two surgeons used a technique of fixing the tendon directly to the bone (transosseous group), whereas 3 surgeons used suture anchors. Given the standard nature of the surgical procedure (other than the fixation technique), only the costs that differed between the 2 groups were included. Surgical center costs were obtained from the local outpatient surgical center in 2011 US dollars. Five surgeons treated 70 men (mean age, 45.9±9.2 years). Mean time from injury to surgery was 14 days. Mean operative times for the transosseous and suture anchor groups were 97.6±14.9 and 95.8±25.8 minutes, respectively (P=.74). Two anchors were used in 79% of the anchor cases. The use of anchors cost $474.33 more per patient. However, this value is sensitive to the cost of the individual anchors, intersurgeon variation in operative time, and per-minute value of saved operative time. No operative time was saved with the use of suture anchors. This cost comparison framework can be used to evaluate the balance in surgical resource use due to implant cost vs savings in operative time., (Copyright 2012, SLACK Incorporated.)

Background: Physician-owned specialty hospitals and ambulatory surgery centers have become commonplace in many markets throughout the United States. Little is known about whether the financial incentives linked to ownership affect frequency of outpatient surgery., Objective: To evaluate if financial incentives linked to physician ownership influence frequency of outpatient orthopedic surgical procedures., Design and Setting: We analyzed 5 years of claims data from a large private insurer in Idaho to compare frequency by orthopedic surgeon owners and nonowners of surgical procedures that could be performed in either ambulatory surgery centers or hospital outpatient surgery departments., Main Outcome Measure: Frequency of use, calculated as number of patients treated with the specific diagnoses who received the surgical procedure of interest divided by the number of patients with such diagnoses treated by each physician., Results: Age- and sex-adjusted odds ratios indicate that the likelihood of having carpal tunnel repair was 54% to 129% higher for patients of surgeon owners compared with surgeon nonowners. For rotator cuff repair, the adjusted odds ratios of having surgery were 33% to 100% higher for patients treated by physician owners. The age- and sex-adjusted probability of arthroscopic surgery was 27% to 78% higher for patients of surgeon owners compared with surgeon nonowners., Conclusion: The consistent finding of higher use rates by physician owners across time clearly suggests that financial incentives linked to ownership of either specialty hospitals or ambulatory surgery centers influence physicians' practice patterns.

Expert assessment of tendon injuries depends on differences between private and public insurance providers in the way preexisting conditions have to be taken into account. In most cases degenerative and injury-dependent factors have to be balanced. Common tendon injuries such as Achilles and biceps tendon ruptures as well as rotator cuff tears are discussed.

The epidemiology and costs of repair and rehabilitation of zone II flexor tendon injuries in 135 patients from the southern part of Sweden were analysed. The little finger was most frequently injured (43%), usually with a knife (46%), and 30% of the injuries were work related. Total median costs within the health-care sector for the injuries were SEK 48,500 (1 EURO=9.23 SEK, 4/1/2002). Costs in other sectors were SEK 93,000. Active mobilization or mobilization with rubber band traction increased costs within the health-care sector (SEK 7400 or SEK 6000, respectively) but improved range of movement (5-7%). Immobilization had a higher complication rate (rupture or need for secondary procedures), which in itself increased total costs by 57%. Non-linear effects were found between age and costs within the health-care sector and the outcome.

Background and Aims: The incidence of achilles tendon (AT) ruptures is increasing. The aim of the present study was to evaluate annual incidence, aetiology, operative complications and direct hospital costs of AT ruptures., Material and Methods: A retrospective study of 93 consecutive patients operated on for AT rupture from January 1986 to December 1996 at Kuusankoski District Hospital (area with 92,500 inhabitants) was performed. During the observation period no patient with an AT rupture was treated conservatively., Results: 95 AT ruptures were treated including one rerupture (1%) and one patient with two ruptures. There were 7 (7%) patients with an open AT rupture. The total annual incidence in the hospital area was 8.6 (+/- 4.3) and for closed AT ruptures 8.0 (+/- 3.8). The total incidence was 9.3 (+/- 4.6)/10(5) and for closed AT ruptures 8.6 (+/- 4.1)/10(5) inhabitants per year. Most of the injuries were sport related, the most frequent sport being volleyball. Patients operated for closed AT rupture had major surgical complications in 4.5% of the cases and the total complication rate was 11%. The average direct hospital costs per patient was USD 1375., Conclusions: The incidence of AT ruptures is increasing in South-East Finland. The rate of major surgical complication was low (4.5%) and comparable with earlier studies.

The aim of this investigation was to show how the Danish National Social Security Office, (the department of industrial injuries insurance (NSS)), handles the cases and makes the final decisions concerning the diseases in tendons in the upper extremity belonging to the list of occupational disorders in the Danish Workers' Compensation Act. Five hundred and nineteen notified cases were followed-up until the final solution and eventual compensation for permanent injury and loss of earning capacity. Two hundred and twenty-six cases had to be excluded because the criteria in the list of Occupational Disorders concerning unusual work and complete or partial inability to work were not fulfilled. Sixty-seven commenced work again after the notification and forty four did not reply to the NSS correspondence. One hundred twenty-seven had to be eliminated for other reasons. Fifty-five cases could be further investigated according to the workload criteria. fourteen were accepted and forty-one were rejected. Eight of these were paid a total compensation for permanent injuries amounting to 200,000 DDK and a capitalized compensation for loss of earning capacity amounting to 1,000,000 DDK. The notified diseases occurred among unskilled workers in their forties, equally frequently in men and women. It takes a long time to obtain the answers to NSS correspondence from doctors as well as the injured persons and therefore a total handling time of up to one year has to be expected. Our conclusion is that it is difficult to have these diseases accepted as being caused by the work because the criteria on the list about "unusual work" and "complete or partial inability to do normal work" exclude many cases from acceptance. Probably the criteria for workload should be changed so that it is based on an objective goal for the workload and the movements to a greater extent compared with the exposure time. Doctors who report the diseases should be more precise in the notified diagnosis, symptoms and the workload responsible.