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Ohara, Willian Massaharu, Tencatt, Luiz F. C., Britto, Marcelo R. (2016): Wrapped in flames: Corydoras hephaestus, a new remarkably colored species from the Rio Madeira basin (Teleostei: Callichthyidae). Zootaxa 4170 (3): 539-552, DOI: http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4170.3.7

Corydoras hephaestus, new species (Figs. 1, 5, 6) Holotype. MZUSP 119087, 22.6 mm SL. Brazil, Rond��nia, Vilhena, Rio Madeira basin, upper Rio Machado, tributary of Igarap�� Piracolina, near the road BR-364, 12��48���56���S 60��06���37���W; W. M. Ohara, F. C. P. Dagosta & V. Giovannetti, 12 Nov 2014. Paratypes. All from Brazil, Rond��nia State, Vilhena. MZUSP 117059, 3, 24.2���29.4 mm SL, same as holotype. MZUSP 118570, 6 (1 CS, 25,4 mm SL), 25.4���33.2 mm SL, W. M. Ohara, D. B. Hungria & B. S. Barros, 14 Sep 2013. MZUSP 118571, 1, 18.9 mm SL, same locality as holotype, I. D. Costa 19 Jul 2013. MNRJ 13459, 7 (1 CS, 24.7 mm SL), 12.8���34.0 mm SL, Igarap�� Piracolina, tributary of Rio Comemora����o, G. W. Nunan & W. D. Bandeira, 18 Jul 1986. INPA 53091, 2, 25.1���26.8 mm SL; MNRJ 46763, 1, 25.9 mm SL; NUP 18142, 1, 27.8 mm SL, same locality as holotype, W. M. Ohara & P. L. Cunha, 3 Sep 2014. MCP 36270, 1, 12.3 mm SL, Rond��nia, Vilhena, Igarap�� Piracolina, about 6 km to Vilhena on BR-364, 12��43���32���S 60��11���34���W; R. E. Reis, P. A. Buckup, A. R. Cardoso & E. H. L. Pereira, 17 Jul 2004. Diagnosis. Corydoras hephaestus can be distinguished from all its congeners, with exception of C. difluviatilis Britto & Castro, 2002, C. flaveolus Ihering, 1911, C. gladysae, C. gracilis, C. hastatus Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1888, C. latus, C. micracanthus, C. nanus, C. petracinii, C. pygmaeus Knaack, 1966, and C. undulatus Regan, 1912, by the absence of contact between the posterior process of the parieto-supraoccipital and the nuchal plate (vs. bones in contact). The new species can be distinguished from C. gladysae, C. gracilis, C. hastatus, C. latus, C. micracanthus, C. nanus, C. petracinii, C. pygmaeus and C. undulatus by having a ventral laminar expansion of infraorbital 1 conspicuously well-developed (vs. poorly to moderately developed); from C. difluviatilis and C. flaveolus by having a posterior margin of the pectoral-fin spine with serrations along almost its entire length, only absent on distal portion (vs. serrations, when present, restricted to the proximal portion of the spine). Description. Morphometric data presented in Table 1. Head compressed with convex dorsal profile; triangular in dorsal view. Snout moderately developed and pointed. Head profile slightly convex from tip of snout to anterior nares; ascending slightly convex or nearly straight from this point to posterior tip of parieto-supraoccipital process; slightly convex from that point to dorsal-fin origin; region between eye and posterior tip of parieto-supraoccipital slightly concave in specimens with more than 27.0 mm SL. Profile slightly convex along dorsal-fin base. Dorsal body profile posterior to dorsal fin slightly concave to adipose-fin spine; concave from that point to caudal-fin base. Ventral profile of body slightly convex from isthmus to pelvic-fin origin; nearly straight from that point to anal-fin origin; concave to caudal-fin base. Body roughly elliptical in cross section at pectoral girdle, gradually becoming more compressed toward caudal fin. Eye rounded, located dorsolaterally on head; orbit delimited dorsally by lateral ethmoid, frontal and sphenotic, ventrally by infraorbitals. Anterior and posterior nares close to each other, only separated by skin flap. Anterior naris tubular. Posterior naris close to anterodorsal margin of orbit, separated from it by distance equal to naris diameter. Mouth small, subterminal, width slightly larger than bony orbit diameter. Maxillary barbel moderate in size, generally not reaching anteroventral limit of gill opening; surpassing it in two specimens. Outer mental barbel slightly larger than maxillary barbel. Inner mental barbel fleshy, with base close to its counterpart. Lower lip moderately developed, forming small rounded fleshy flap. Small rounded papillae covering entire surface of all barbels, upper and lower lips, and isthmus. Area between junction of opercle and compound pterotic and region of lateral ethmoid with small platelets; ventral surface of trunk with scarce small platelets. Mesethmoid short; anterior tip relatively poorly developed, slightly smaller than half bone length, covered by thick layer of skin; posterior portion wide and externally visible, covered by thin layer of skin. Nasal slender, curved laterally, inner margin with moderately-developed laminar expansion; outer margin with reduced laminar expansion; mesial border contacting only frontal. Nasal and mesethmoid bones not in contact. Frontal elongated, relatively thick, with width slightly larger than half of entire length; anterior projection short, size smaller than nasal length. Frontal fontanel elongate and narrow; posterior tip surpassing anterior margin of parietosupraoccipital. Parieto-supraoccipital wide, posterior process moderately developed, not contacting nuchal plate (Fig. 2). Two laminar infraorbitals externally visible, covered by thin layer of skin with minute odontodes. Infraorbital 1 very large, ventral laminar expansion conspicuously well developed, significantly covering lateral portion of snout; anterior portion with well-developed laminar expansion, almost reaching to anterior margin of nasal capsule. Infraorbital 2 small, thickened, with posterior laminar expansion well developed; posteroventral margin contacting posterodorsal ridge of hyomandibula, dorsal tip contacting sphenotic and compound pterotic (Fig. 3). Posterodorsal ridge of hyomandibula close to its articulation with opercle oblong, externally visible, covered by thin layer of skin, relatively slender. Dorsal ridge of hyomandibula between compound pterotic and opercle covered by posterodorsal laminar expansion of infraorbital 2; exposed areas bearing small odontodes. Interopercle almost entirely exposed, somewhat triangular, anterior projection moderately developed. Preopercle approximately at 45�� angle relative to longitudinal body axis. Preopercle relatively thick, elongated, minute odontodes sparse on external surface. Opercle compact in shape, width larger than half of its length; free margin convex; posterodorsal region with smoothly concave area in some specimens. Opercle surface without serrations and covered by small odontodes. Anteroventral portion of cleithrum and posterolateral portion of scapulocoracoid exposed; minute odontodes sparse on exposed areas. Vertebral count 21(2), precaudal and caudal vertebrae 8(2) and 13(2), respectively; ribs 6(2), first pair conspicuously large; complex vertebra slender in shape. Gill membranes united to isthmus. Four branchiostegal rays decreasing in size posteriorly. Hypobranchial 2 somewhat triangular, tip ossified and directed towards anterior portion, posterior margin cartilaginous; ossified portion well developed, about twice size of cartilaginous portion. Five ceratobranchials with expansions increasing posteriorly; ceratobranchial 1 with small process on anterior margin of mesial portion; ceratobranchial 3 notched on posterolateral margin; ceratobranchial 5 toothed on posterodorsal surface, 32(1) or 34(1) teeth aligned in one row. Four epibranchials with similar size; epibranchial 2 slightly larger than others, with small pointed process on laminar expansion of posterior margin; epibranchial 3 with triangular uncinate process on laminar expansion of posterior margin. Two wide pharyngobranchials (3 and 4), pharyngobranchial 3 with triangular laminar expansion on posterior margin. Upper tooth plate oval; 29(1) or 33(1) teeth aligned in two rows on posteroventral surface. Lateral-line canal entering neurocranium through compound pterotic, branching twice before entering sphenotic: pterotic branch with single pore; preoperculomandibular branch conspicuously reduced, with single pore opening close to postotic main canal. Sensory canal continuing through compound pterotic, entering sphenotic as temporal canal, which splits into two branches: one branch giving rise to infraorbital canal, other branch entering frontal through supraorbital canal, both with single pore. Supraorbital canal branched, running through nasal bone. Epiphyseal branch of supraorbital canal reduced, pore opening close to supraorbital main canal. Nasal canal with three openings, first on posterior edge, second on posterolateral portion, fused with first pore, and third on anterior edge. Infraorbital canal running through entire second infraorbital, extending to infraorbital 1 and opening into two pores. Preoperculo-mandibular branch giving rise to preoperculo-mandibular canal, which runs through entire preopercle with three openings, leading to pores 3, 4, and 5, respectively. Dorsal fin triangular; posterior margin slightly rounded; located just posterior to third dorsolateral body plate, when adpressed tip not reaching to preadipose platelets in specimens longer than 25.1 mm SL. Dorsal-fin rays II,7*(17). Dorsal-fin spine short, approximately half-length of first branched ray, when adpressed tip reaching to middle portion of dorsal-fin base; anterior margin with small odontodes; posterior margin smooth and with medial sulcus. Nuchal plate moderately developed, not reaching to posterior process of parieto-supraoccipital, and almost entirely exposed. Dorsal spinelet short, almost entirely exposed; exposed areas with small odontodes. Pectoral fin triangular, its origin just posterior to gill opening. Pectoral-fin rays I,7(2), I,8*(14), or I,9(1). Tip of adpressed pectoral fin reaching to fourth ventrolateral plate. Pectoral-fin spine reaching to second ventrolateral plate when adpressed. Posterior margin of pectoral spine with 9 to 14 poorly-developed serrations along its entire length; absent on distal portion of spine in some specimens. Pectoral-spine serrations generally simple and directed distally; some serrations perpendicularly directed; presence of bifid serrations in some specimens (Fig. 4). Small, sharp odontodes on dorsal surface of pectoral spine just adjacent to fin membrane in males. Pelvic fin ellipsoid, located just below second ventrolateral body plate, and at vertical through first or second branched dorsal-fin ray. Pelvic-fin rays i,5*(17). Adipose fin roughly triangular, separated from base of last dorsal-fin ray by 8*(12) dorsolateral body plates. Anal fin somewhat triangular, located just posterior to 12th*(10) or 13th(2) ventrolateral body plates, and at vertical through region of preadipose platelets. Anal-fin rays i,4(1) or ii,6*(16). Caudal-fin rays i,12,i*(16), generally four dorsal and ventral procurrent rays. Caudal fin bilobed, dorsal and ventral lobes with similar size. Two (5) or three (2)* laterosensory canals on trunk; first ossicle tubular, second ossicle laminar, third lateralline canal, when present, encased in third dorsolateral body plate. Body plates with minute odontodes scattered over exposed area, conspicuous line of odontodes confined on posterior margins. Dorsolateral body plates 23*(17); ventrolateral body plates 20(11) or 21(6)*; dorsolateral body plates along dorsal-fin base 6(9) or 7*(8); dorsolateral body plates between adipose- and caudal-fin 7(3), 8*(10), or 9(5); preadipose platelets 3(4), 4*(9), 5(2), or 6(1). Small platelets covering base of caudal-fin rays, and disposed dorsally and ventrally between junctions of lateral plates on posterior portion of caudal peduncle. Juveniles description. Based on two paratypes of 12.8 mm SL (MNRJ 13459) and 12.3 mm SL (MCP 36270) in postflexion stage (Fig. 5). Body elongate. Barbels with well-developed papillae; tip not reaching anteroventral limit of gill opening. Dorso- and ventrolateral plates absent. All fins completely formed, except adipose fin. Skin membrane from base of last dorsal-fin ray to caudal-fin base, with adipose-fin spine contained within it. Pectoralfin spine formed. Dorsal-fin spine (partially damaged) possibly formed. All rays segmented. Ground color of body yellowish white. Proximal area of dorsal fin, dorsal surface of caudal peduncle and caudal-fin base reddish-brown. Body with few small dark, sparsely distributed chromatophores. All fins and barbels without dark chromatophores. Color in alcohol. Overall color of body in Fig. 1. Head entirely covered by black chromatophores, including ventral surface; chromatophores less concentrated on lateral and ventral portions of head. Region of parietosupraoccipital process reddish brown. Barbels covered by black chromatophores, more concentrated on their distal portions. Body almost entirely covered by black chromatophores, including ventral surface. Dorsolateral-body plates just posterior to dorsal-fin base with reddish brown dorsal portion, increasing in size towards caudal peduncle; remaining areas of dorsolateral plates densely covered by black chromatophores. Ventrolateral body plates on caudal peduncle reddish brown; remaining areas of ventrolateral plates with less concentrated black chromatophores. Ventral surface of trunk covered by sparse, black chromatophores. Pectoral-, pelvic- and anal-fin rays covered by black chromatophores; anal-fin base with reddish brown chromatophores, becoming sparse distally. Dorsal fin with reddish-brown chromatophores more concentrated on ventral portion, becoming sparse distally. Caudal-fin rays with reddish-brown chromatophores more concentrated ventrally, becoming sparse distally. Color in life. Observations based on field photographs of five live specimens and on field observations by WMO. Overall body coloration black and red (Fig. 6). Greenish metallic hue on opercle and cleithrum. Intense red coloration close to dorsal- and caudal-fin base, adipose fin and on dorsal portion of caudal peduncle; less intense on posterior region of dorsal and caudal fins, anal-fin base, predorsal area, and on dorsolateral portion of head. Pectoral and pelvic fins hyaline. Anal fin hyaline or red. Black on remaining parts of body, except on ventral portions of head and abdomen. Sexual dimorphism. Male specimens of C. hephaestus can exhibit a lanceolate genital papilla, feature also common to all Corydoradinae (see Nijssen & Isbr��cker, 1980; Britto, 2003). In addition, males present small, sharp odontodes on dorsal surface of pectoral spine just adjacent to fin membrane. This feature is observed in some Scleromystax G��nther, 1864 species (Britto et al. in press). Distribution. The new species is only known from its type locality, Igarap�� Piracolina, a tributary of the upper Rio Machado, Rio Madeira basin, about 9 km south of Vilhena, near the border of Rond��nia and Mato Grosso States, Brazil (Fig. 7). Ecological notes. The type locality of Corydoras hephaestus is located 585 m above sea level on the Chapada dos Parecis. It is a small terra-firme igarap�� (= highland creek) with little preserved riparian vegetation and surrounded by large plantation fields (mostly soy and corn), near Vilhena, Mato Grosso. It is a clear water stream 1.5���2.5 m wide and 0.3���0.8 m deep, with swift currents, and a bottom composed of sand and dead leaves (Fig. 8). The new species are not abundant, and specimens were collected one by one. Shoalling behavior was not observed. Syntopic species included Ancistrus verecundus Fisch-Muller, Cardoso, da Silva & Bertaco, 2005, Bryconops piracolina Wingert & Malabarba, 2011, Cetopsorhamdia sp. 3 (cf. Bockmann & Slobodian, 2013: 25), Hyphessobrycon lucenorum Ohara & Lima, 2015, Hyphessobrycon aff. melonostichos Carvalho & Bertaco, 2006, Moenkhausia parecis Ohara & Marinho, 2016 and Pyrrhulina sp. The analysis of stomach contents of one paratype (MZUSP 118570) revealed the presence of sand, algae and nematodes. Etymology. The specific epithet hephaestus is from the Greek, ���������������ς (or Hēphaistos), the Greek god of fire, metalworking, forges, and blacksmiths. Alluding to the red color of the body and fins. A noun in apposition., Published as part of Ohara, Willian Massaharu, Tencatt, Luiz F. C. & Britto, Marcelo R., 2016, Wrapped in flames: Corydoras hephaestus, a new remarkably colored species from the Rio Madeira basin (Teleostei: Callichthyidae), pp. 539-552 in Zootaxa 4170 (3) on pages 540-548, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4170.3.7, http://zenodo.org/record/256206, {"references":["Britto, M. R. & Castro, R. M. C. (2002) New corydoradine catfish (Siluriformes: Callichthyidae) from the upper Parana and Sao Francisco: the sister group of Brochis and most of Corydoras species. Copeia, 4, 1006 - 1015. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1643 / 0045 - 8511 (2002) 002 [1006: NCCSCF] 2.0. CO; 2","Ihering, R. von. (1911) Algumas especies novas de peixes d'agua doce (Nematognatha) (Corydoras, Plecostomus, Hemipsilichthys). Revista do Museo Sao Paulo, 8, 380 - 404.","Eigenmann, C. H. & Eigenmann, R. S. (1888) Preliminary notes on South American Nematognathi. I. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 1, 119 - 172.","Knaack, J. (1966) Ein Zwergpanzerwels - Corydoras pygmaeus. Aquarien und Terrarien-Zeitschrift, 19, 168 - 169.","Regan, C. T. (1912) A revision of the South-American siluroid fishes of the genus Corydoras, with a list of the specimens in the British Museum (Natural History). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 8, 10, 209 - 220.","Nijssen, H. & Isbrucker, I. J. H. (1980) A review of the genus Corydoras Lacepede, 1803 (Pisces, Siluriformes, Callichthyidae). Bijdragentot de Dierkunde, 50, 190 - 220.","Bockmann, F. A. & Slobodian, V. (2013) Heptapteridae. In: Queiroz, L. J., Torrente-Vilara, G., Ohara, W. M., Pires, T. H. S., Zuanon, J. & Doria, C. R. C. (Org.), Peixes do rio Madeira. Vol. 3. Sao Paulo, Dialeto, pp. 14 - 77.","Ohara, W. M. & Lima, F. C. T. (2015) Hyphessobrycon lucenorum (Characiformes: Characidae), a new species from the rio Madeira basin, Rondonia State, Brazil. Zootaxa, 3972 (4), 562 - 572. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3972.4.7","Ohara, W. M. & Marinho, M. M. F. (2016) A new species of Moenkhausia Eigenmann (Characiformes: Characidae) from the upper rio Machado at Chapada dos Parecis, rio Madeira basin, Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology, 14 (1), 37 - 46. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1590 / 1982 - 0224 - 20150041"]}

Zawadzki, Claudio H., Tencatt, Luiz F. C., Froehlich, Otávio (2014): A new unicuspid-toothed species of Hypostomus Lacépède, 1803 (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the rio Paraguai basin. Neotropical Ichthyology 12 (1): 97-104, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252014000100010, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1679-62252014000100097&lng=en&tlng=en

Corydoras lacrimostigmata, new species Figs. 1, 2a Corydoras flaveolus not Ihering, 1911. - Gra��a & Pavanelli, 2007: 10, 113, 114 [Brazil, Paran�� State, checklist, identification key, brief description, distribution, maximum standard length, photo in lateral view] Holotype. MNRJ 40725, 31.8 mm SL, Brazil, Paran��, C��ndido deAbreu, rio Maria Flora, tributary to rio Ubazinho, rio Iva�� basin, 24��36���32���S 51��15���32���W, 9 Mar 2013, L.F.C. Tencatt, G.C. Depr�� & F. T. Mise. Paratypes. All collected in Brazil, Paran�� State, C��ndido de Abreu, rio Iva�� basin, except when noticed. MCP 47851, 5, 25.8-29.8 mm SL, rio Nestor, 24��32���26���S 51��20���09���W, 22 Nov 1994, Nup��lia staff. MNRJ 40726, 16, 25.7-34.3 mm SL, rio Nestor, 24��28���S 50��54���W, 22 Nov 1994, Nup��lia staff. NUP 1408, 5, 26.1-31.2 mm SL, rio Nestor, 24��32���26���S 51��20���09���W, 22 Nov 1994, Nup��lia staff. NUP 1436, 9, 26.0- 27.6 mm SL, rio Nestor, 24��32���05���S 51��19���39���W, 22 Nov 1994, Nup��lia staff. NUP 1446, 26, 17.5-34.3 mm SL, rio Nestor, 24��28���S 50��54���W, 22 Nov 1994, Nup��lia staff. NUP 5484, 2, 27.2-28.3 mm SL, Prudent��polis, rio Barra Grande, 24��58���41���S 51��07���34���W, 3 Apr 2007, C. H. Zawadzi & W. J. da Gra��a. NUP 14657, 3 c&s, 30.9-34.5 mm SL, rio Nestor, 24��32���05���S 51��19���39���W, 22 Nov 1994, Nup��lia staff. ZUEC-PIS 7550, 3, 26.5-30.5 mm SL, rio Nestor, 24��32���05���S 51��19���39���W, 22 Nov 1994, Nup��lia staff. NUP 3976, 2, 26.5 -30.0 mm SL; same data as the holotype. Diagnosis. Corydoras lacrimostigmata can be distinguished from its congeners, with exception of C. carlae, C. ehrhardti, C. flaveolus, C. longipinnis, C. nattereri, C. paleatus, and C. vittatus, by the presence of three nasal pores (vs. two). The new species can be distinguished from C. carlae, C. ehrhardti, C. longipinnis, C. nattereri, C. paleatus, and C. vittatus by the presence of four to six small rounded black blotches along the midline of flank (vs. midline of flank with three large black blotches in C. carlae, C. ehrhardti, C. longipinnis, and C. paleatus; longitudinal dark stripe in C. nattereri; and anterior portion spotted and posterior portion with posterior margin of plates blackened, forming a rough dark stripe in some specimens of C. vittatus). The new species can be distinguished from C. flaveolus by the lower number of serrations on posterior margin of pectoral-fin spine (16-19 vs. 27-36) and on posterior margin of dorsal-fin spine (7-10 vs. 15-22); and by the presence of simple serrations on posterior margin of pectoral-fin spine (vs. presence of simple and bifid serrations). See additional diagnostic features in discussion. Description. Morphometric data presented in Table 1. Head compressed with slightly convex dorsal profile; triangular in dorsal view. Snout slightly pointed. Head profile convex from snout to tip of posterior process of parieto-supraoccipital. Profile slightly convex along dorsal-fin base. Postdorsal-fin body profile concave to adipose-fin spine; concave from this point to caudal-fin base. Ventral profile of body nearly straight from isthmus to pectoral girdle; slightly convex from this point until pelvic girdle. Profile nearly straight from pelvic girdle to base of first anal-fin ray; slightly concave until caudal-fin base. Body roughly elliptical in cross section at pectoral girdle, gradually becoming more compressed toward caudal fin. Eye rounded, located dorso-laterally on head; orbit delimited dorsally by frontal and sphenotic, ventrally by infraorbitals. Anterior and posterior nares close to each other, only separated by a flap of skin. Anterior naris tubular. Posterior naris close to anterodorsal margin of orbit, separated from it by a distance equal to diameter of naris. Mouth small, subterminal, width nearly equal to bony orbit diameter. Maxillary barbel short, not reaching anteroventral limit of gill opening. Outer mental barbel slightly longer than maxillary barbel. Inner mental barbel fleshy, base separated to its counterpart; insertion of barbell in middle of lower lip. Small rounded papillae covering entire surface of all barbels, upper and lower lips, and isthmus. Mesethmoid short, posterior portion partially exposed and bearing minute odontodes. Nasal slender, curved laterally, anterior portion of inner margin laminar; mesial border contacting only frontal; with three nasal pores. Frontal elongated, narrow, width less than half entire length; anterior projection short, size smaller than nasal length; epiphyseal branch of supraorbital canal short, pore opening located mesially on frontals. Frontal fontanel large, oval; posterior tip slightly entering anterior margin of parieto-supraoccipital. Parieto-supraoccipital wide, posterior process long and contacting nuchal plate. Two laminar infraorbitals with minute odontodes; infraorbital 1 large, anterior portion with very large expansion; infraorbital 2 small, postero-ventral margin contacting supra-preopercle, dorsal tip slender, contacting sphenotic. Interopercle covered by thick layer of skin, somewhat triangular, anterior projection welldeveloped. Preopercle slender, elongated; minute odontodes sparse on external surface. Opercle elongated in shape, width nearly equal or smaller than half of its length; free margin smooth, without serrations and covered by small odontodes. Anteroventral portion of cleithrum exposed; posterolateral portion of scapulocoracoid exposed; minute odontodes sparse on exposed areas. Vertebral count 23(3); ribs 5(3), first pair conspicuously large. Four branchiostegal rays decreasing in size posteriorly. Hypobranchial 2 somewhat triangular, tip ossified and directed towards anterior portion, posterior margin cartilaginous; ossified portion well developed, about twice size cartilaginous portion. Five ceratobranchials with expansions increasing posteriorly; ceratobranchial 1 with small process on anterior margin of mesial portion; ceratobranchial 3 notched on postero-lateral margin; ceratobranchial 5 toothed on postero-dorsal surface, 25-28(3) teeth aligned in one row. Four epibranchials with similar size; epibranchial 2 slightly larger than others, lacking small pointed process on laminar expansion of posterior margin; epibranchial 3 without uncinate process on laminar expansion of posterior margin. Two wide pharyngobranchials, pharyngobranchial 3 with large triangular process on posterior margin. Upper tooth plate oval; 30-37(3) teeth aligned in two rows on postero-ventral surface. Dorsal-fin rays II,8*(20), II,9(1), posterior margin of dorsalfin spine with 7-10 serrations, disposed on distal half of the spine; nuchal plate exposed with minute odontodes; spinelet short; spine short, adpressed distal tip not surpassing base of last branched dorsal-fin ray, posterior margin with small odontodes. Pectoral-fin rays I,8; posterior margin of pectoral spine with 16-19 moderate developed serrations, disposed along entire length of posterior margin or absent close to the insertion of spine (Fig. 2a). Pelvic-fin rays i,5. Anal-fin rays i,6. Caudal-fin rays i,12,i, generally three dorsal and ventral procurrent rays, respectively; bilobed, with superior lobe slightly larger than inferior one; lobes with rounded distal border. Three laterosensory canals on trunk; first ossicle tubular, second ossicle laminar and last lateral-line canal encased in third dorsolateral body plate. Body plates with minute odontodes scattered over exposed area, a conspicuous line of odontodes confined on posterior margins; dorsolateral body plates 23(3), 24*(18); ventrolateral body plates 20(2), 21*(19); dorsolateral body plates along dorsal-fin base 5(9), 6*(12); dorsolateral body plates between adipose and caudal fin 7(3), 8*(18); preadipose platelets 2(7), 3*(13), 4(1), adipose spine opposed to anal-fin insertion; small platelets covering base of caudal-fin rays; small platelets disposed dorsally and ventrally between junctions of lateral plates on posterior portion of caudal peduncle.Anterior margin of orbit with platelets, above posterior portion of lateral ethmoid and above the junction of frontal and lateral ethmoid. Ventral surface of the body without platelets. Color in alcohol. Ground color of body brownish yellow, with top of the head dark brown. Tip of the snout generally with rounded black spots; scattered chromatophores not forming conspicuous spots in some specimens; few specimens lacking spots on snout. Diffuse dark stripe between corner of mouth and anterior margin of orbit. Posterior region of infraorbital 1 with a drop-shaped dark blotch. Black spots on dorsal portion of the head in some specimens. Region of nasal bone dark brown. Opercle with clear border; anterior portion dark brown. Upper portion of dorsolateral plates black or brownish blotched. Dorsal series of four black or brownish blotches, first on anterior portion of dorsal-fin base, second on posterior portion of dorsal-fin base, third on adipose-fin base and fourth on caudal-fin base. Midline of flank with four to six small rounded black or brownish blotches. Inferior portion of ventrolateral body plates generally black or brownish spotted posteriorly to pelvic fin. Dorsal and ventral portions of the posterior-most region of the caudal peduncle blackened. Ventral portion of caudal peduncle with a darkened region just posterior to anal fin. Dorsal and pectoral fins scarcely mottled. Tip of the spine and first branched dorsal-fin rays, including membranes, blackened. Pelvic fin generally hyaline. Adipose fin generally with hyaline membrane; with a darkened area on distal portion of membrane in some specimens. Anal fin generally black or brownish spotted; hyaline in some specimens. Middle portion of caudal- fin base with small black dot. Origin of each caudal-fin lobe with black blotch. Caudal fin with one to three irregular black bars. Color in life. Similar to preserved specimens. Yellowish ground color of body slightly light and dark stripe between corner of mouth and anterior margin of orbit more evident than in preserved specimens. Distribution. Corydoras lacrimostigmata is known from rio Iva�� basin, a tributary of the rio Paran��, in the State of Paran��, Brazil (Fig. 3). Etymology. From the Latim, the epithet lacr��ma, meaning tear, plus stigmata, meaning marks (plural of stigma), make allusion to the diffuse dark stripe between corner of mouth and anterior margin of orbit and the drop-shaped dark blotch on the posterior portion of infraorbital 1, which seem to be tears. A noun in apposition., Published as part of Tencatt, Luiz F. C., Britto, Marcelo R. & Pavanelli, Carla S., 2014, A new species of Corydoras Lac��p��de, 1803 (Siluriformes: Callichthyidae) from the upper rio Paran�� basin, Brazil, pp. 89-96 in Neotropical Ichthyology 12 (1) on pages 91-94, DOI: 10.1590/s1679-62252014000100009, http://zenodo.org/record/5139907

Corydoras gryphus, new species Figs. 1-3 Holotype. MNRJ 40770, 32.3 mm SL, Brazil, Paraná, Foz do Iguaçu, rio Paraná (near Ponte daAmizade), approximately 25°31’S 54°38’W, 15 Oct 1982, Biology team of the Universidade Estadual de Maringá. Paratypes. MCP 47852, 6, 23.4-30.4 mm SL; MNRJ 40771, 6, 24.6- 31.9 mm SL; NUP 1572, 21, 21.9-35.0 mm SL; NUP 14676, 3 c&s, 27.7-32.4 mm SL; ZUEC-PIS 7656, 9, 25.5-31.8 mm SL, collected with the holotype. Diagnosis. Corydoras gryphus is distinguished from its congeners by a conspicuously reduction on posterior laminar expansion of infraorbital 2, almost absent in some specimens (vs. infraorbital 2 with moderate- or well-developed posterior laminar expansion). The new species differs from its congeners, except C. longipinnis and C. tukano, by the presence of an uncommon sexual dimorphic condition, with the conspicuous elongation of the first and second branched dorsal-fin rays in males surpassing dorsal-fin spine distal tip, with size similar to the total length of the spine (vs. dorsal fin not sexually dimorphic with respect to its length; or elongation of dorsal-fin elements (when present) not associated with sexual dimorphism; or dorsal fin, if sexually dimorphic, with first and second dorsal-fin branched rays slightly surpassing dorsal-spine distal tip). The new species is also distinguished from C. longipinnis and C. tukano by the presence of four to six irregular black or brownish blotches on the midline of the flank (vs. midline of the flank with three large black rounded blotches in C. longipinnis; two very large black rounded blotches in C. tukano). Corydoras gryphus is further distinguished from C. longipinnis by having the mesethmoid not visible, entirely covered by a thick layer of skin (vs. visible, posterior portion of mesethmoid covered by a very thin epidermal layer). See additional diagnostic features in the discussion. Description. Morphometric data in Table 1. Head compressed with slightly convex dorsal profile; triangular in dorsal view. Snout slightly pointed. Head profile convex from snout to tip of posterior process of parieto-supraoccipital. Profile slightly convex along dorsal-fin base. Body profile between dorsal fin and adipose-fin spine slightly concave; concave from that point to caudal-fin base. Ventral profile of body nearly straight from isthmus to pectoral girdle; slightly convex from that point to pelvic girdle. Profile nearly straight from pelvic girdle to base of first anal-fin ray; concave from that point to caudal-fin base. Body roughly elliptical in cross section at pectoral girdle, gradually becoming more compressed toward caudal fin. Eye rounded, located dorso-laterally on head; orbit delimited dorsally by frontal and sphenotic, ventrally by infraorbitals. Anterior and posterior nares close to each other, only separated by flap of skin.Anterior naris tubular. Posterior naris close to anterodorsal margin of orbit, separated from it by distance equal to diameter of naris. Mouth small, subterminal, width nearly equal to bony orbit diameter. Maxillary barbel moderate in size, not reaching anteroventral limit of gill opening. Outer mental barbel slightly longer than maxillary barbel. Inner mental barbel fleshy, with base close to its counterpart. Small rounded papillae covering entire surface of all barbels, upper and lower lips, and isthmus. Mesethmoid short, totally covered by thin layer of skin. Nasal elongate and slender, smoothly curved laterally, inner margin laminar; mesial border contacting frontal and mesethmoid; with two nasal pores. Frontal elongated, narrow, width less than half entire length; anterior projection short, size smaller than nasal length; epiphysial branch of supraorbital canal short, pore opening mesially on frontal. Frontal fontanel large, oval; posterior tip extension entering anterior margin of parieto-supraoccipital. Parieto-supraoccipital wide, posterior process long and contacting nuchal plate. Two laminar infraorbitals with minute odontodes; infraorbital 1 moderately developed, relatively slender; anterior portion with moderate expansion (Fig. 2a); infraorbital 2 small, conspicuously slender, with posterior laminar expansion very reduced (Fig. 2a), almost imperceptible in some specimens; posteroventral margin contacting supra-preopercle, dorsal tip contacting sphenotic. Interopercle covered by thin layer of skin, somewhat triangular, with anterior projection well developed. Preopercle slender, elongated, with minute odontodes sparse on external surface. Opercle elongated in shape, width nearly equal to, or smaller than half of its length; free margin smooth, without serrations and covered with small odontodes. Anteroventral portion of cleithrum exposed; posterolateral portion of scapulocoracoid exposed; minute odontodes sparse on exposed areas. Vertebral count 23(3); ribs 6(3), first pair conspicuously larger. Four branchiostegal rays decreasing in size posteriorly. Hypobranchial 2 somewhat triangular, tip ossified and directed towards anterior portion, posterior margin cartilaginous; ossified portion well developed, about twice size of cartilaginous portion. Five ceratobranchials with expansions increasing posteriorly; ceratobranchial 1 with small process on anterior margin of mesial portion; ceratobranchial 3 notched on postero-lateral margin; ceratobranchial 5 toothed on postero-dorsal surface, 33(1) or 34(2) teeth aligned in one row. Four epibranchials with similar size; epibranchial 2 slightly larger than others, with small pointed process on laminar expansion of posterior margin; epibranchial 3 with uncinate process on laminar expansion of posterior margin. Two wide pharyngobranchials, pharyngobranchial 3 lacking process on posterior margin. Upper tooth plate oval; 33(1) or 39(2) teeth aligned in two rows on postero-ventral surface. Dorsal fin roughly triangular, located just posterior to second dorsolateral body plate. Dorsal-fin rays II,8(20), posterior margin of dorsal-fin spine with 14 to 25 serrations, disposed along entire length of spine; proximal portion of dorsal spine without serrations in some specimens. Nuchal plate exposed with minute odontodes; spinelet short; dorsalfin spine very long, adpressed distal tip almost reaching or reaching to adipose-fin origin, its posterior margin with small odontodes. Pectoral fin triangular, its origin just posterior to gill opening. Pectoral-fin rays I,7(20); posterior margin of pectoral spine with 23 to 33 moderately developed serrations, disposed generally along entire length of posterior margin; simple and bifid serrations (Fig. 3). Pelvic fin oblong, located just below first ventrolateral body plate, and at vertical through first branched dorsal-fin ray. Pelvic-fin rays i,5(20). Adipose fin roughly triangular, separated from base of last dorsal-fin ray by generally seven dorsolateral body plates. Anal fin triangular, located just posterior to 12 th ventrolateral body plates, and at vertical through anterior margin of adipose-fin spine. Anal-fin rays i,6(20). Caudal fin forked. Caudal-fin rays i,12,i(20), generally three dorsal and three ventral procurrent rays; caudal-fin bilobed, lobes similar in size. Three or four laterosensory canals on trunk; first ossicle tubular, second ossicle laminar, third and fourth canals fused to third and fourth dorsolateral body plates, respectively. Body plates with minute odontodes scattered over exposed area, and conspicuous line of odontodes confined on posterior margins; dorsolateral body plates 23*(16) or 24(4); ventrolateral body plates 20(6) or 21*(14); dorsolateral body plates along dorsal-fin base 5(6) or 6*(14); dorsolateral body plates between adipose and caudal fins 6(3), 7*(16) or 8(1); preadipose platelets 2(4) or 3*(16), adipose spine opposed to anal-fin insertion; small platelets covering base of caudal-fin rays; small platelets disposed dorsally and ventrally between junctions of lateral plates on posterior portion of caudal peduncle. Anterior margin of orbit with platelets, above posterior portion of lateral ethmoid and above junction of frontal and lateral ethmoid; posterior and ventral margins of nasal capsule with platelets. Lateral portion of snout with platelets in some specimens (Fig. 2a). Ventral surface of body with few irregular platelets; platelets absent in some specimens. Color in alcohol. Ground color of body brownish yellow, with top of head dark brown. Head without spots. Region of nasal bone dark. Opercle with pale border; anterior portion dark brown. Upper portion of dorsolateral plates dark blotched. Dorsal series of four dark brown blotches, first on anterior portion of dorsal-fin base, second on posterior portion of dorsal-fin base, third on adipose-fin base and fourth on caudal-fin base. Midline of flank with four to six irregular black blotches, different in size from each other, generally elongated transversally. Inferior portion of ventrolateral body plates generally dark spotted posteriorly to pelvic fin. Dorsal and pectoral fins scarcely dark mottled. Pelvic fin hyaline. Adipose fin generally with hyaline membrane and with darkened area on distal portion of membrane in some specimens. Middle portion of anal fin with black blotch. Middle portion of caudal-fin base with small black dot. Caudal fin with three or four transverse black bars. Sexual dimorphism. Corydoras gryphus presents a sexual dimorphism very similar to that described for C. tukano and C. longipinnis, with the first and second branched dorsal-fin rays conspicuously elongated in males, almost reaching caudal-fin origin in some specimens. The first branched ray of the pectoral fin is elongated in males. The dorsal- and pectoral-fin spines are well-developed in both sexes but are slightly larger in adult males. Dorsal- and pectoral-fin spines have segmented expansions, similar to those exhibited by Aspidoras Ihering and Scleromystax Günther. Infraorbital 1 has well-developed odontodes in males. Distribution. Corydoras gryphus is known from its type locality, the lower rio Paraná, near Itaipu dam (Fig. 4). Etymology. From the Latin, the specific name gryphus means griffon, mythical creature with a lion body and a head and wings of a hawk or eagle, in allusion to the conspicuous elongation of pectoral-fin spine and its first branched ray, like a wing in male specimens. A noun in apposition. Remarks. Fuller & Evers (2011: 64-65) mentioned the presence of an undescribed species from the Misiones Province, Argentina (Fig. 5). The presence of irregular and slightly vertically elongated small black blotches along midline of the flank is shared between the new species and Corydoras sp. ‘Misiones’ (see Figs. 1, 5). On the other hand, Corydoras sp. ‘Misiones’ present irregular and striated black spots on the snout and dorsal portion of the head, which are absent in C. gryphus. However, Corydoras sp. ‘Misiones’ present the same unusual sexual dimorphism of C. gryphus, C. longipinnis and C. tukano. Additionally, through the analysis of high-definition photographs, it was possible to observe that Corydoras sp. ‘Misiones’ also presents a reduced laminar expansion of infraorbital 2 and relatively slender infraorbital 1, similar to C. gryphus condition. Furthermore, the type locality of C. gryphus is relatively near to the territory of Misiones Province. Despite the similarity between the new species and Corydoras sp. ‘Misiones’, the precise confirmation that they are the same species can only be made through the analysis of preserved specimens of Corydoras sp. ‘Misiones’.

Hypostomus perdido, new species Figs. 1-2a,c Hypostomus sp. 2-Rio Perdido NUP 4249: Cereali et al., 2008: 587 (cytogenetic data, karyotype). Holotype. MZUSP 111064, 159.1 mm SL, Brazil, Mato Grosso do Sul, Bodoquena, rio Paraguai basin, rio Perdido, 21��17���09���S 56��41���47���W, 8 Sep 2005, O. Froehlich. Paratypes. All collected with the holotype (61 specimens). ANSP 193370, 2, 163.6 - 171.3 mm SL. CPUFMT 1500, 2, 152.5 - 170.3 mm SL. INPA 37689, 1, 144.4 mm SL. MCP 47141, 2, 133.9 - 147.9 mm SL. MNRJ 40094, 2, 126.0- 153.1 mm SL. NUP 12143, 10, 136.4 - 166.3 mm SL. NUP 12144, 18, 109.1 - 152.4 mm SL. NUP 14406, 1 c&s, 124.0 mm SL. ZSM 41828, 1, 149.5 mm SL. ZUEC 7254, 2, 140.2 - 141.7 mm SL. ZUFMS-PIS 1468, 20, 126.6 -181.0 mm SL. Diagnosis. Hypostomus perdido is distinguished from all congeners, except H. fonchii, by having unicuspid teeth (vs. bicuspid teeth). From H. fonchii it is distinguished by having fewer dermal plates in the median series of lateral plates (26- 27 vs. 28), fewer premaxillary teeth (7-10 vs. 18-21), fewer dentary teeth (8-13 vs. 18-25), a more depressed head (head depth 15.8-18.1% in SL vs. 19.1-22.0%), and by the presence of median buccal papilla (vs. its absence). Description. Measurements and counts in Table 1. Dorsal profile of head convex from tip of snout to supraoccipital posterior end; straight from that point to dorsal-fin origin. Head elevated and compressed. Snout narrow and compressed, covered by irregular series of several small plates. Mesethmoid forming conspicuous bulge from snout tip to nares. Upper orbital margin not elevated. Eye laterodorsally positioned. Interorbital region wide and flat in frontal view. Very slender keel on upper portion of pteroticsupracleithrum just posterior to orbit. Opercle considerably large and somewhat ellipsoidal; its horizontal length similar to orbital diameter; odontodes slightly larger on posterior margin. Predorsal region almost flat; usually with one single larger plate surrounding supraoccipital followed by two narrow plates in front of dorsal-fin spinelet. Dorsal profile of trunk tapering straight from dorsal-fin insertion to caudal peduncle posterior portion; ascending to caudal fin. Adipose fin long, almost same length of minimum caudal peduncle depth. Maximum body width at region of dorsal-fin origin; profile gradually tapering from this point to caudal fin. Caudal peduncle somewhat ellipsoid in cross-section; dorsal and ventral caudal peduncle region slightly flattened. Dorsal fin II,7; distal margin slightly convex to straight; origin at vertical two plates before pelvic-fin insertion; adpressed rays not reaching adipose-fin spine. Pectoral fin I,6; distal margin straight and almost reaching from one-third to half pelvic-fin length, odontodes more developed on distal dorsal region. Pelvic fin I,5; distal margin straight to slightly convex; distal portion of unbranched pelvic-fin ray reaching or slightly surpassing anal-fin insertion when adpressed to body. Anal fin I,5; distal border rounded. Caudal fin I,14,I, posterior margin truncate to slight emarginated; lower lobe slightly longer than upper lobe. Vertebrae 27; ribs 9, first rib relatively larger than others. Dorsal and lateral surface of head and body covered with dermal plates, except snout tip and area surrounding dorsal-fin base. Plates on lateral margin of head, from snout tip to pterotic-supracleithrum small and irregular. Five lateral series of plates on trunk. Dorsal, mid-dorsal, median, midventral and ventral series without keels. Lateral line complete on median lateral series. Mid-ventral series moderately bent on anterior portion. Ventral region of body with small platelets bearing odontodes, except area beneath lower lip, insertion of pectoral and pelvic fins, and anterior region of anus. Naked areas reduced on larger specimens. Lips round; covered with dense papillae, which decrease in size to distal border. Median buccal papilla sensu Armbruster (2003, fig. 3) present. Buccal skin internally bordering premaxilla and dentary with unorganized series of flat enlarged papillae (Fig. 2a,c). Maxillary barbel elongate and proximately joined to labial border by membrane; distal tip free. Premaxilla with 7 to 10 teeth, dentary 8 to 13 teeth; teeth robust, moderate in length, unicuspid, crown short and continuous to stalk (without notch between stalk and crown). Dentary rami straight and angled 82 to 94�� from each other (n = 20 specimens; mean = 85.8��)., Published as part of Zawadzki, Claudio H., Tencatt, Luiz F. C. & Froehlich, Ot��vio, 2014, A new unicuspid-toothed species of Hypostomus Lac��p��de, 1803 (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the rio Paraguai basin, pp. 97-104 in Neotropical Ichthyology 12 (1) on page 98, DOI: 10.1590/S1679-62252014000100010, http://zenodo.org/record/4551009, {"references":["Cereali, S. S., E. Pomini, R. Rosa, C. H. Zawadzki, O. Froehlich & L. Giuliano-Caetano. 2008. Karyotype description of two species of Hypostomus (Siluriformes, Loricariidae) of the Planalto da Bodoquena, Brazil. Genetics and Molecular Research, 7: 583 - 591.","Armbruster, J. W. 2003. The species of the Hypostomus cochliodon group (Siluriformes: Loricariidae). Zootaxa, 249: 1 - 60."]}