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Abstract: The co-occurrence of bruxism, temporomandibular disorders (TMDs), and headache is common in patients. However, there is conflicting evidence regarding whether this association is simply a result of their high prevalence or whether there are indeed causal relationships. This review provides an overview of the current state of research while taking into account the controversies surrounding research methods, particularly in definitions and diagnostic standards. Bruxism-defined as repetitive jaw muscle activity during sleep or wakefulness-is not a painful disorder but may-particularly in co-occurrence with TMD-worsen pre-existing headache. It seems important to differentiate between sleep and awake bruxism because of different impact on pathophysiological processes in different primary headache disorders such as migraine and tension-type headache. Temporomandibular disorder is a heterogenous entity with both myofascial and arthrogenous types of pain in addition to nonpainful disorders. Research suggests a correlation between TMD pain and migraine, as well as between awake bruxism and tension-type headache. However, psychosocial factors may act as confounders in these relationships. Determining causality is challenging because of the limited number of experimental and clinical studies conducted on this topic. The main finding is an apparent lack of consensus on the definition and assessment criteria for bruxism. Treatment wise, it is important to differentiate all 3 conditions because treatment of one condition may have an effect on the other 2 without proving causality. For future research, it is crucial to establish greater consistency and applicability in diagnostic procedures and definitions. In addition, more experimental and clinical studies investigating the question of causality are needed., (Copyright © 2024 International Association for the Study of Pain.)

Objective: To verify temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) and cervical angles in a young and middle-aged population., Methods: Ninety participants were included, 45 of whom had TMDs. The participants were diagnosed according to the Research Diagnostic Criteria for TMDs. Lateral cervical radiographs were taken, and relevant cervical angles were measured. The general characteristics of the TMD group and control group were analyzed using chi-square analysis, and the relationship between cervical angles and TMDs was evaluated using the unpaired t -test., Results: The decrease in C2-C7 Cobb and increase in the posterior occipitocervical angle (POCA) were associated with the incidence of TMDs ( p < 0.0001)., Conclusion: This study revealed that the cervical angle was related to TMDs. People with a long-time habit of head bending posture had a decrease in C2-C7 Cobb and an increase in the POCA. This group of people was more likely to develop TMDs.

Background: Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are the most common reason for chronic pain in the orofacial area and significantly impact the lives of those affected. The role of lifestyle factors in TMD, however, remains less explored. This cohort study aims to estimate TMD prevalence by addressing potential selection biases and to evaluate the association between TMD and lifestyle factors with a specific focus on sick leave and health related quality of life., Methods: By linking data on TMD in the general population in Västerbotten, northern Sweden (n = 180,000) to health survey data (n = 120,000), information on sociodemographic factors and quality of life was available for 52,961 individuals (50.6% women) with a mean age of 53 years. We applied inverse probability weighting to adjust for selection bias and Poisson regression to explore associations with TMD., Results: TMD prevalence was 9.2% during the study period, being higher in women (12.9%) than men (5.4%). Weighting for varying visiting frequencies did not affect TMD prevalence (average difference 0.4% points). Individuals with TMD, especially women, reported more sick leave and use of pain medication, with a significant association between TMD and increased sick leave (prevalence ratio 1.89, 95% CI: 1.78-2.01) among both women and men. In addition, TMD was associated with a lower health related quality of life (p < 0.001)., Conclusion: The association of TMD with sick leave highlights the condition's profound impact on the lives of affected individuals. These findings underscore the influence of TMD on work life and the burden of TMD on the societal level., Significance Statement: The findings provide insight into how TMD affect individuals, by incorporating lifestyle factors, social determinants and the impact of sick leave at a population level. By incorporating these areas into the study of TMD, we can deepen our understanding of how TMD affects individuals' lives. This approach may also create opportunities to develop more comprehensive strategies to address TMD, focusing on broader implications beyond the clinical symptoms., (© 2024 The Author(s). European Journal of Pain published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of European Pain Federation ‐ EFIC ®.)

Background: Chronic overlapping pain conditions (COPCs), pain-related conditions that frequently occur together, may occur in patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) and could impact illness severity. This study aimed to identify comorbid COPCs in patients with ME/CFS and evaluate their impact on illness severity., Methods: We used data from 923 participants in the Multi-Site Clinical Assessment of ME/CFS study, conducted in seven U.S. specialty clinics between 2012 and 2020, who completed the baseline assessment (595 ME/CFS and 328 healthy controls (HC)). COPCs included chronic low back pain (cLBP), chronic migraine/headache (cMHA), fibromyalgia (FM), interstitial cystitis/irritable bladder (IC/IB), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), temporomandibular disorder (TMD). Illness severity was assessed through questionnaires measuring symptoms and functioning. Multivariate analysis of variance and analysis of covariance models were used for analyses. Log-binomial regression analyses were used to compute prevalence of COPCs and prevalence ratios (PR) between groups with 95% confidence intervals. Both unadjusted and adjusted results with age and sex are presented., Results: 76% of participants with ME/CFS had at least one COPCs compared to 17.4% of HC. Among ME/CFS participants, cMHA was most prevalent (48.1%), followed by FM (45.0%), cLBP (33.1%), and IBS (31.6%). All individual COPCs, except TMD, were significantly more frequent in females than males. The unadjusted PR (ME/CFS compared to HC) was highest for FM [147.74 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 20.83-1047.75], followed by cLBP [39.45 (12.73-122.27)], and IC/IB [13.78 (1.88-101.24)]. The significance and order did not change after age and sex adjustment. The COPC comorbidities of cLBP and FM each had a significant impact on most health measures, particularly in pain attributes (Cohen's d effect size 0.8 or larger). While the impact of COPC comorbidities on non-pain attributes and quality of life measures was less pronounced than that on pain, statistically significant differences between ME/CFS participants with and without COPCs were still evident., Conclusions: More than 75% of ME/CFS participants had one or more COPCs. Multiple COPCs further exacerbated illness severity, especially among females with ME/CFS. Assessment and management of COPCs may help improve the health and quality of life for patients with ME/CFS., (© 2024. This is a U.S. Government work and not under copyright protection in the US; foreign copyright protection may apply.)

Background: There is insufficient data on orofacial pain related to the COVID-19 outbreak in Thailand., Objective: To investigate the incidence, diagnosis and management of orofacial pain among new patients over the last 6 years, before and during the COVID-19 outbreak., Methods: Medical records from new patients who first visited Chulalongkorn Dental Hospital between 2017 and 2022 were retrospectively investigated. The sample size was determined, and proportional stratified random sampling was employed to distribute the sample number proportionally across each year. The hospital number of each patient was randomised using online software as a sampling strategy. A data collection form was developed and used to gather information from the digital data system., Results: At the first visit, 770 out of 1359 patients (56.7/100 people, 95% CI: 54.0-59.3) reported orofacial pain defined as acute, chronic and unclassified pain. The most common chief complaints based on the AAOP classification were odontogenic pain (90.00%) and temporomandibular disorders (6.10%). The top three provisional modified ICD-10-TM diagnoses among these patients were pulp diseases (21.95%), impacted teeth (20.65%) and dental caries (9.09%). 81.87% of dental students' provisional diagnoses matched the final diagnoses given by dental specialists. Only 63.38% of orofacial pain patients were completely managed during the COVID-19 pandemic with common procedures being surgical removal, extraction and root canal therapy., Conclusion: Half of Thai dental patients seeking tertiary care at a university dental hospital reported orofacial pain, which was not impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. In contrast, dysfunction-related problems in the orofacial area significantly increased during the pandemic., (© 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Background: Temporomandibular joint disorders (TMDs) are common in young adults, and the link between chronotype profile and TMDs is unclear., Objective: This study examined TMD prevalence and chronotype distribution and explored the relationship between chronotype and TMDs in young adults., Materials and Methods: A total of 663 students from Sichuan University completed questionnaires. Chronotype profiles were assessed using the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire, and TMDs were screened using the Fonseca Memory Index. To validate the findings, 68 TMD patients and 136 controls were enrolled., Results: The prevalence of TMDs was 69.7%, with significant differences among chronotype profiles. The intermediate profile was the most common chronotype. Eveningness profile was associated with higher TMDs prevalence and severity. Muscle pain and side movement difficulty scores were higher in eveningness and intermediate profiles. Female gender (OR 2.345; 95% CI 1.668-3.297) was a TMD risk factor, while morningness profile (OR 0.537; 95% CI 0.297-0.970) was protective. Validation with TMD patients and controls supported these findings, showing higher eveningness profile prevalence in the TMD groups., Conclusions: TMDs have a high prevalence in college students, chronotype profiles shown to be associated with TMDs. Morningness is the protection factor in TMDs and PT, eveningness is a risk factor for IT., (© 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Background: Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) may be an 'idiom' of psychological distress in Confucian heritage cultures (CHCs)., Objectives: This systematic review/meta-analysis estimated the prevalence of TMDs in CHCs and compared the differences in TMD occurrence between time periods and age groups. Additionally, the associated biopsychosocial risk factors were also examined., Methods: The study protocol was developed a priori following the PRISMA guidelines and Joanna Briggs Institute systematic review methodology (CRD42021245526). Electronic searches of seven databases were conducted from January 2002 to Dec 2021. Reference lists of identified studies were hand-searched for additional articles. Study selection, quality assessment, and data extraction were done. Meta-analysis was performed using the RevMan 5.4 software., Results: Forty-eight articles were included in the systematic review. Overall prevalences were: TMDs-15% (95% CI: 15-16%); TMD pain-8% (95% CI: 7-9%); TMJ sounds-24% (95% CI: 21-27%); and TMJ locking-7% (95% CI: 1-13%). While TMD prevalence appeared to have declined from 2002 to 2011 to 2012-2021, the occurrence of TMD pain, TMJ sounds, and locking increased marginally or remained constant. TMD prevalence in children/adolescents was 18% (95% CI: 14-22%) and 17% (95% CI: 16-18%) among adults. Significant associations between TMDs and bruxism/psychological distress/education levels were specified by 73%/90%/88% of the relevant studies., Conclusions: TMDs are prevalent in CHCs and a slight increase in TMD pain (2%) and TMJ sounds (8%) were discerned over the past two decades. TMDs are related to a myriad of biopsychosocial variables, particularly psychological distress, and these factors must be addressed within the cultural context of patients., (© 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Objective: Few studies investigated the influence of oral parafunctional habits during the COVID-19 pandemic. Since some studies have demonstrated that signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorder (TMD), as well as psychological alterations, increased during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown, the aim of this study was to investigate whether social isolation is a situation that increases the prevalence of oral parafunctional habits., Methods: This was an observational case-control study. An online survey with questions about TMD symptoms (Diagnostic Criteria Symptom Questionnaire) and oral parafunctional habits (Oral Behaviours Checklist [OBC]) was administered to Brazilian residents at two different times (2020 and 2021). The participants were divided according to social isolation practices into study groups (GI: 2020, n = 507; GIII: 2021, n = 282) and control groups (GII: 2020, n = 98; GIV: 2021, n = 202)., Result: In each group, we evaluated the association of the frequency of oral parafunctional habits with the symptoms of TMD, and we observed that individuals with a greater presence of painful TMD present a greater number of oral parafunctional habits. Despite the literature showing that individuals who practiced social isolation developed more oral parafunctional habits, when analysing the association of the OBC questions in Groups GI × GII and GIII × GIV, only 'sustained talking' (p = .0022) and 'hold telephone between your hand and shoulders' (p = .0124) showed a significant difference in GI × GII. Kendall's coefficient of concordance revealed that there was a very strong concordance (GI × GII 0.9515 (p = .0087) and GIII × GIV 0.9655 (p = .0074)) between the ranks of the analysed oral parafunctional habits in all groups., Conclusion: We can state that Individuals who practiced social isolation did not present more oral parafunctional habits than individuals who did not., (© 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Objective: To explore the presence and severity of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) signs and symptoms in a Turkish pediatric population, as well as their relationship to parafunctional behaviors, bruxism, malocclusion, anxiety, and sociodemographic traits., Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with patients between the ages of 5-15. Demographic variables, TMD signs and symptoms, parafunctional habits, bruxism, and malocclusion were evaluated by clinical examination. Fonseca Anamnestic Index (FAI) was used to determine the presence and severity of TMD. State-Trait Anxiety Scale for Children (STAI-C) was used to evaluate the anxiety. Student t, Mann-Whitney U, chi-square tests, and logistic regression were used for statistical analysis., Results: One hundred sixty-two participants (85 girls, 77 boys) with a mean age of 10.03 ± 1.88 years were included. The frequency of the participants who reported signs/symptoms of TMD was 19.7% according to FAI scores. Logistic regression analysis with the associated factors showed a significant relationship between the presence of the signs/symptoms of TMD and parafunctional habits (OR 4.24, 95% CI 1.64-10.93), and the presence of signs/symptoms of anxiety (OR 1.09, 95% CI 1.02-1.16)., Conclusions: Children and adolescents who exhibit parafunctional behaviors and anxiety had a higher likelihood of having TMD signs/symptoms of varying degrees of severity., (© 2024 The Authors. Oral Diseases published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Objective: A systematic review was performed to synthesize and identify risk factors involved in TMD onset., Study Design: Electronic searches were conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, PsyInfo and Lilacs databases, as well as in three gray literature databases (Google Scholar, ProQuest and Open grey). The studies were blindly assessed by two reviewers and selected by a pre-defined eligibility criterion. Risk of bias of included studies was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist for Cohort Studies. Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) was evaluated for most related factors., Results: Twenty-one cohort studies were included. Significant factors were female gender, symptoms of depression and anxiety, perceived stress, sleep quality, symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea and presence of any comorbidity, such as Irritable Bowel Syndrome, lower back pain, headache frequency, tension-type headache, migraine and mixed headache. Moreover, high estrogen and low testosterone levels in utero, greater pain perception, jaw mobility pain, pain during palpation, orofacial anomalies, as well as extrinsic and intrinsic injuries were also significant., Conclusions: Several factors seems to be involved in TMD onset, however, more studies with standardized methodology are necessary to confirm these findings., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: This study aimed to assess the prevalence of temporomandibular dysfunction in ankylosing spondylitis patients and healthy controls, examining the relationship between temporomandibular dysfunction and disease activity in ankylosing spondylitis patients, as well as associations with psychosocial factors., Methods: The study included 113 ankylosing spondylitis patients and 110 healthy individuals aged 18-75. Temporomandibular dysfunction presence was evaluated using Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders Axis I. Disease activity was assessed with the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index, Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Metrology Index, and Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index., Results: Among healthy individuals, 60.9% did not receive a temporomandibular dysfunction diagnosis, while 39.1% received at least one diagnosis. In contrast, 69.9% of the 113 ankylosing spondylitis patients received at least one temporomandibular dysfunction diagnosis, and only 30.1% were not included in any diagnosis group (p<0.001). Joint (p=0.001) and pain disorders (p=0.008) were significantly more common in the ankylosing spondylitis group than in the healthy controls. Significant associations emerged between Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (p<0.001) and Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (p=0.005) scores and pain disorders., Conclusion: Temporomandibular dysfunction is more prevalent in ankylosing spondylitis patients than in healthy individuals, linked to increased joint issues and pain associated with disease activity., Clinicaltrials.gov Id: NCT05839925.

Purpose: To investigate temporomandibular disorder (TMD) prevalence as well as potential TMD risk factors among postgraduate students., Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional and correlation study, 1,255 postgraduate students from different universities were recruited to answer Fonseca's Anamnestic Index (FAI) in addition to collected demographic data and relevant dental history. FAI was used to classify TMD severity. Of the 1,255 participants included, 593 had previous clinical/radiographic TMD reports. Chi-square and Fisher exact tests investigated the relation between each predictor and TMD at P ≤ .05. A logistic binary regression analysis examined the model fit using -2Log likelihood and Pseudo R2 tests at P ≤ .05., Results: Based on previous clinical/radiographic reports and FAI, 73.4% of the participants had TMDs, of whom 57% had mild dysfunction, followed by moderate (31.7%) and severe (11.3%). There was a statistically significant association between sex, depression, lip/object biting, and clenching with TMDs (P < .001), where women were 2.302 times more likely to develop TMDs than men. The combination of lip biting and clenching in women dramatically increased the risk of TMDs (-2Log Likelihood &#61; 385.7, P < .001 and a Cox and Snell value &#61; 0.315 and a Nagelkerke value &#61; 0.395)., Conclusions: TMDs seem to be highly prevalent among postgraduate students in Egypt, and female postgraduate students who bite their lips or grind their teeth are particularly highly prone to the condition. Object biting and depression could also be considered risk factors.

Since December 2019, COVID-19 has rapidly spread worldwide, prompting the World Health Organization (WHO) to declare it a pandemic and advocate for the widespread use of face masks to mitigate transmission. In this review, we delve into the potential impact of prolonged face mask use on temporomandibular joint (TMJ) health, an area that has garnered limited attention amidst COVID-19 research. Research has revealed that improper mask fit and constant readjustment can lead to TMJ abnormalities. Similarly, there is a demonstrated correlation between continuous mask usage and an increased incidence of headaches, temporomandibular pain, and diminished quality of life. Many studies have highlighted discomfort in the preauricular area, headaches, TMJ noises, headache, jaw pain, and muscle fatigue, as well as dermatological disorders, which have been attributed to prolonged mask wear and its impact on TMJ health. Our study catalyzes future research endeavors, urging a deeper exploration of the implications of long-term mask wear, not only in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic but also among occupational groups regularly exposed to extended mask use. By unraveling the complexities of TMJ health in the face of evolving preventive measures, we aim to enhance our understanding of this issue and safeguard the well-being of mask-wearers worldwide.

Objectives: Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) have a relatively high prevalence among university students. This study aimed to identify independent risk factors for TMD in university students and develop an effective risk prediction model., Methods: This study included 1,122 university students from four universities in Changchun City, Jilin Province, as subjects. Predictive factors were screened by using the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression and the machine learning Boruta algorithm in the training cohort. A multifactorial logistic regression analysis was used to construct a TMD risk prediction model. Internal validation of the model was conducted via bootstrap resampling, and an external validation cohort comprised 205 university students undergoing oral examinations at the Stomatological Hospital of Jilin University., Results: The prevalence of TMD among university students was 44.30%. Ten predictive factors were included in the model, comprising gender, facial cold stimulation, unilateral chewing, biting hard or resilient foods, clenching teeth, grinding teeth, excessive mouth opening, malocclusion, stress, and anxiety. The model demonstrated good predictive ability with area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) values of 0.853, 0.838, and 0.821 in the training cohort, internal validation cohort, and external validation cohort, respectively. The calibration curves demonstrated that the predicted results were consistent with the actual results, and the decision curve analysis (DCA) indicated the model's high clinical utility., Conclusions: An online nomogram of TMD in university students with good predictive performance was constructed, which can effectively predict the risk of TMD in university students. The model provides a useful tool for the early identification and treatment of TMDs in university students, helping clinicians to predict the probability of TMDs in each patient, thus providing more personalized and accurate treatment decisions for patients., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Tooth wear is an increasingly common problem that affects the quality of life. Although previous research suggested that oral health is adversely affected in individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) compared to healthy controls, tooth wear has not been extensively studied in this context. Particularly, there is a paucity of data on the prevalence and risk factors associated with tooth wear in PD patients. The aim of this study is to review the current literature on the prevalence and risk factors of tooth wear in PD patients and to propose hypotheses for future research on this topic. A literature search was conducted in PubMed. A total of 4 publications were identified: 1 case report and 3 questionnaire-based studies. These articles suggest that tooth wear is a more significant issue in PD patients than in healthy controls. In addition, potential associations between oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL), bruxism and temporomandibular disorder (TMD) pain on the one hand, and tooth wear on the other hand, were identified in PD patients. Due to the limited number of articles published on this topic, it is not possible to definitively conclude whether tooth wear is a common problem in PD patients. However, the following hypotheses could be formulated: 1) tooth wear is more prevalent in PD patients than in healthy controls; 2) risk factors for tooth wear observed in healthy individuals are more prevalent among PD patients; and 3) multiple risk factors for tooth wear likely coexist in people with PD, potentially influencing the prevalence and progression of tooth wear in this population.

Objective: To ascertain the airway characteristics in patients with unilateral temporomandibular joint ankylosis and maxilla-mandibular deformities (UTMAMD) and investigate the potential risk factors associated with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) among UTMAMD patients., Methods: Authors conducted a retrospective single-center study to assess and compare study group consisting of a cohort of 32 patients diagnosed with UTMAMD between January 2011 and July 2022 with control group including 54 participants. The study group was further divided into two subgroups based on the presence or absence of OSA in patients. Parameters related to the upper airway were measured and analyzed using three-dimensional reconstruction of computed tomographic scans. The measurements of airway parameters were compared between study group and control group and between two subgroups. Pearson correlation analysis was used to identify the factors associated with the presence of OSA, and a multiple variable regression model was used to identify risk factors for OSA., Results: Airway volume (VOL), Minimum cross-section area (min CSA), mean CSA, tilt in sagittal plane (TS), and tilt in sagittal plane (TC) in velopharynx; VOL, airway length (AL), min CSA, mean CSA, TS, TC, and airway deviation (AD) in glossopharynx; min CSA, TS, and AD in hypopharynx were found difference with significance between study group and control group. Lateral dimension/anterior-posterior dimension (LAT/AP) ratio in velopharynx and min CSA, TC, and LAT/AP ratio in glossopharynx were significant different between patients with UTMAMD with OSA and without OSA., Conclusions: The upper airway of patients with UTMAMD exhibits significant narrowing and distortion, rendering them susceptible to suffer from OSA. Patients with UTMAMD and OSA demonstrate more elliptical airways, and the glossopharyngeal LAT/AP ratio is a predictive indicator for the occurrence of OSA., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest Neither of the authors has any conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.)

Objective: Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) may develop, especially among girls, during the adolescence period. The aim of this study was to study if information and advice in a school setting could prevent development of TMD symptoms and headaches during the early teenage period., Methods: Thirteen-year-old girls, at 19 upper elementary schools were invited to participate in a study with structured information about the jaw system, TMD symptoms and risk factors, as well as advice how to manage risk factor and TMD. Six hundred and fifty-one girls enrolled, of which 507 girls were followed for 2-2.5 years. Half received information on three occasions (cases), and the other half served as controls. Included in the analysis of incidence of TMD symptoms were those without frequently occurring TMD symptoms (not including headaches) at baseline (n = 396) and included in the analysis of incidence of headaches were those without frequent headaches at baseline (n = 297)., Result: The 2-year incidence of TMD symptoms was significantly lower in the information cohort (19%) compared to the controls (28%) (p = .03). The 2-year incidence of headaches was lower among those who were allocated to information (30%) compared to controls (40%), but the difference was not statistically significant (p = .099). Cases who had headaches at baseline reported a significantly lower prevalence at follow-up compared to controls (p = .03)., Conclusion: Standardized information in school settings can prevent development of TMD symptoms and headaches among young girls., (© 2024 The Author(s). Journal of Oral Rehabilitation published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Objective: TMD is a multifaceted condition with various contributing factors, but the actual impact of the lateral pterygoid plate on the development of TMD remains uncertain. This research aims to investigate the relationship between anatomical variations of the lateral pterygoid plate (LPP), including its angle and proximity to the condyle, and the prevalence of temporomandibular disorders (TMD), to improve diagnostic accuracy and therapeutic approaches for TMD., Materials & Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 189 Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) images of individuals aged 18 to 45. Inclusion criteria were based on definitive diagnoses of degenerative joint disease, excluding individuals with orthodontic treatments, injuries, or craniofacial disorders.Participants were divided into TMD and control groups using standardized DC/TMD protocols for assessment. A radiologist, blinded to the patient's clinical status, then analyzed the CBCT images. LPP dimensions, angles, and condyle distances were measured using OnDemand 3D Imaging Software., Results: The study found a statistically significant higher average LPP length in females compared to males (right LPP p < 0,001, left LPP p = 0,004), with no significant differences in LPP-condyle distances and angles between genders. Comparing the TMD and control groups revealed a positive correlation between lateral plate angles and TMJ disorders (p = 0,044), suggesting a potential biomechanical linkage., Conclusion: Conclusively, the study challenges the assumption that LPP anatomical variations significantly impact TMD while underscoring a potential link between LPP angle and TMD. The novel insight into the potential role of the LPP angle in TMD provides a new direction for research and clinical practice, emphasizing the importance of considering subtle anatomical differences in the management of TMD., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To assess the impact of the university context of different academic fields and class times and the sociodemographic context on the symptoms of temporomandibular disorder (TMD)., Methods: A total of 2912 university students, divided into 26 undergraduate courses distributed in the fields of biology and exact and human sciences in the day and night participated in this study. The symptoms of orofacial pain and TMD were assessed using a self-explanatory questionnaire for screening, as recommended by the American Academy of Orofacial Pain. The data were analyzed using frequency distribution tables and multiple logistic regression at a 5% significance level., Results: There was a significant association between the female sex and the attended class time. Women and undergraduates of night courses were 1.60 times more likely to present symptoms related to TMD compared to women studying during the day., Conclusion: It was concluded that, within the university context, women and undergraduate students enrolled in night courses were more likely to present with TMD symptoms.

Objective: To estimate the prevalence of temporomandibular dysfunction in scleroderma patients according to the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD) and to correlate it with disease variables., Methods: Temporomandibular dysfunction was evaluated in 75 scleroderma patients and 74 healthy controls using DC/TMD. Gastrointestinal symptoms were evaluated through the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) score in scleroderma patients., Results: There was no difference of prevalence in temporomandibular dysfunction [30 (40%) vs 30 (40.5%); p > 00.05] between scleroderma patients and healthy controls. Scleroderma patients had a significant reduction in all oral movements compared to healthy controls. Scleroderma patients with temporomandibular dysfunction had a statistically higher score in the UCLA distention/bloating item [1.75 (0.5-2.38) vs 0.75 (0.25-1.75); p < 0.05] than scleroderma patients without temporomandibular dysfunction., Discussion: Temporomandibular dysfunction prevalence between scleroderma patients and healthy controls is similar. In scleroderma patients, temporomandibular dysfunction reduces oral mobility and opening, which worsens distension/bloating.

This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of osteopenia/osteoporosis in patients with bilateral temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ-OA) and its correlations with clinical and radiological findings. A total of 95 patients with bilateral TMJ-OA diagnosed by CBCT were included in the study. Clinical and radiological findings and bone mineral density (BMD) scores were recorded. Descriptive statistics and the Spearman rho correlation tests were performed. Osteopenia/osteoporosis was found in 44 of 95 patients (46.32 %) (30, osteopenia; 14 osteoporosis). Osteopenia/osteoporosis is significantly associated with postmenopausal status and age over 40 years, but it is not associated with clinical and radiological findings of TMJ-OA. Patients with bilateral TMJ-OA have a high prevalence of osteopenia/osteoporosis., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: This study aimed to clarify the relationship between the oral environment and psychological factors as predictor variables of sleep quality, in addition to inferring the relevant mechanisms of sleep and temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) by analyzing the relationship between TMDs and stress., Methods: This cross-sectional study analyzed data from 1,032 participants, comprising 420 men and 612 women, from the 2017 Iwaki Health Promotion Project using multiple regression analysis. The primary endpoints were the scores of each item in the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and its sum. Predictor variables included the number of teeth; TMDs; stress, assessed using the World Health Organization-5 (WHO-5); sleep bruxism; and oral health-related quality of life, assessed using the oral health impact profile-14 (OHIP14). The confounding factors included age, body mass index, and alcohol intake., Results: Multiple regression analysis revealed that TMDs (β value = 0.293, p = 0.034) and stress (β value = 1.3, p < 0.001) were significantly correlated with the PSQI total score. In addition, TMDs were significantly correlated with stress (β value = 0.076, p = 0.007)., Conclusion: The significant relationship between sleep and TMDs suggests that mental stress contributes to the development sleep disorders and consequently is associated with the development of TMD symptoms., Competing Interests: Declarations Conflict of interest The authors declare no competing interests. Ethics approval and consent to participate This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Hirosaki University. (Approval No. 2021-030). Written informed consent was obtained from all the participants. Presentation at a conference No., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)

Objectives: The relationship of somatisation with facial pain duration/intensity, pain-related interference/disability and psychological distress was investigated in East Asian temporomandibular disorder (TMD) patients. Correlations between somatisation, facial pain and psychological characteristics were also explored alongside the demographic/physical factors associated with moderate-to-severe depression and anxiety., Methods: Anonymised data were acquired from records of consecutive 'first-time' patients seeking TMD care at a tertiary oral medicine clinic. Axis I physical TMD diagnoses were established utilising the diagnostic criteria for TMDs (DC/TMD) protocol and patients with TMD pain were stratified into those with pain-related (PT) and combined (CT) conditions. Axis II measures administered encompassed the Patient Health Questionnaire-15 (PHQ-15), Graded Chronic Pain Scale (GCPS), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and General Anxiety Disorder Scale-7 (GAD-7). Individuals with PT and CT were further categorised into those without (Pain - Som/Comb - Som) and with somatisation (Pain + Som/Comb + Som). Statistical evaluations were performed with nonparametric and logistic regression analyses (α = 0.05)., Results: The final sample comprised 473 patients (mean age 36.2 ± 14.8 years; 68.9% women), of which 52.0% had concomitant somatisation. Significant differences in pain duration (Comb + Som > Pain - Som), pain-related interference/disability (Comb + Som > Comb - Som) and depression/anxiety (Pain + Som, Comb + Som > Pain - Som, Comb - Som) were discerned. Depression/anxiety was moderately correlated with somatisation (r s  = 0.64/0.52) but not facial pain characteristics. Multivariate modelling revealed that somatisation was significantly associated with the prospects of moderate-to-severe depression (OR 1.35) and anxiety (OR 1.24)., Conclusion: Somatisation exhibited a strong association with psychological distress when contrasted with facial pain in East Asian TMD patients., (© 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

The social isolation imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic interrupted in-person activities, which were immediately followed by adaptations to ensure, for example, the continuity of teaching. This generated emotional impacts on the academic community. Emotional states may trigger or emphasize conditions such as temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD), causing pain and limiting masticatory function. This study aimed to compare the students and the faculty of a medical school first in terms of the TMD-caused pain they experienced during social isolation and reported two months later, according to their recollections, using the TMD-Pain Screener questionnaire. The second basis for comparison was the emotional state generated by social isolation and its connection with TMD symptoms assessed through the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21), which considers perceptions at the time of data collection. Both questionnaires were responded to in May 2022 after the end of social isolation. The data were analyzed by the IBM-SPSS software for Windows 22.0 with a 5% level of significance. The results show that the self-reported TMD symptoms were more widespread (p = 0.002) and intense (p = 0.013) among students than among faculty and that all of the former's DASS-21 domains (depression, anxiety, and stress) were also more strongly evident (p<0.05). Only anxiety was more significant among the faculty (p = 0.027). Both groups pointed to social isolation as an aggravating factor of the symptoms (p<0.05). The conclusion is that the self-reported TMD-caused pain and all DASS-21 domains as experienced during social isolation were stronger and more prevalent among students than among faculty, and that only anxiety was statistically significant among faculty. Also, the emotional states resulting from social isolation may have aggravated TMD-caused pain in both groups., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2024 Galhardo et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Background: The present study is to evaluate the clinical characteristics of patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMD)., Methods: A total of 3362 TMD patients were included. Each participant had complete medical records according to the diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders (DC/TMD). The clinical characteristics including symptoms and signs in relation to age and gender were analyzed., Results: The mean age of the patients seeking care was 29.89 ± 13.73Y, and 68.6% of patients were aged 16-35 years. The female-to-male ratio of patients was 2.2: 1, and the average age of males was significantly lower than that of females. The prevalence of clicking symptoms decreased with age, while the prevalence of pain symptoms and limitations in jaw movement increased with age. Females were more likely to have limitations in jaw movement than males. Among the patients with pain, the average visual analogue scale (VAS) was 2.96 ± 1.23. The average VAS score of acute TMD patients (≤ 3 months) was significantly higher than that of chronic TMD patients (> 3 months)., Conclusions: The majority of TMD patients seeking care were young people. The number and average age of female patients was higher than the males. Female patients were more likely to have limitations in jaw movement than males., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Military personnel suffer from stress-induced temporomandibular joint disorders (TMD). No previous studies have evaluated the oral habits and TMD in military personnel based on their stress levels., Objectives: To examine the correlation between oral habits and TMD based on stress levels. In addition, we assessed the relationship between stress levels and TMD by military rank as well as the impact of oral habits on TMD., Method: This cross-sectional survey included 89 military personnel who visited the Armed Forces Medical Center in Korea with discomfort in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) discomfort. Oral habits, stress level, TMD and general characteristics of the subjects were investigated. A questionnaire was distributed to the subjects who agreed to the study, and they were asked to respond in a self-written form. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to examine the factors that affect oral habits and TMJ symptoms., Results: Stress scores and oral habits were highest in the 'Private' rank. In contrast, temporomandibular joint symptoms were highest in the 'Corporal' rank. Additionally, the high-risk stress group exhibited higher scores in oral habits and TMD compared to the potential stress group. Furthermore, there was a positive correlation between an increase in high-risk stress scores and a rise in oral habits. And individuals with more oral habits are at an increased likelihood of experiencing TMD., Conclusion: Our study findings suggest that military personnel with prevent TMD and improve oral habits by addressing stress levels., (© 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Background: Generalized joint hypermobility as a characteristic feature of Ehlers-Danlos syndromes (EDS) is among the factors contributing to temporomandibular disorders (TMD)., Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of TMD symptoms and their risk factors among women born in Sweden or Finland who were 27- to 78-year-olds with diagnosed hypermobile EDS (hEDS)., Methods: A cohort of women with confirmed hEDS (n = 185) was constructed from the members of the National EDS Associations in both countries. Based on questionnaire data, frequency of independent variables in terms of socio-demographic, general health and oral health-related factors, comorbid symptoms and psychological distress for self-reported TMD symptoms as the dependent variables, were calculated first. Prevalence ratios (PR) and their 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were estimated for the association between independent and dependent variables., Results: Nearly all participants reported TMD symptoms (98%) with TMD pain (95%), TMJ clicking (90%) and jaw fatigue (80%) as the most common symptoms and TMJ crepitation (63%) and luxation (44%) as the least common symptoms. Risk factors for TMD among 27- to 50-year-olds participants were Finland as a country of birth, living alone and self-reported worst pain in the body (not the joints). The respective risk factors among the 51- to 78-year-olds were Finland as a country of birth, family history of EDS, tinnitus and regularly taking contraceptives., Conclusions: Among adult women with confirmed hEDS, socio-demographic and health-related factors and comorbid symptoms were significantly associated with TMD but with differences regarding age group. Therefore, management of TMD requires a multidisciplinary approach among the affected., (© 2024 The Authors. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Statement of Problem: Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) affect the muscles of mastication, the temporomandibular joint, and associated structures. They are generally classified as muscular or articular and are the main cause of pain in the orofacial region, eventually causing psychological problems. However, the real burden of psychological disorders is unknown., Purpose: The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the prevalence of psychological disorders in patients with TMDs., Material and Methods: The study was conducted through a bibliographic search carried out without initial limit until July 2021 in the following electronic databases: MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, and PsycINFO. Clinical observational studies investigating depression and somatization in patients with TMD diagnosed by the Diagnostic Research for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD) criteria in muscular, articular, and disc disorders were included. A descriptive analysis of the included studies and a meta-analysis for the prevalence data were performed for the synthesis of evidence., Results: A total of 2320 studies were found, of which 48 complete articles were assessed for eligibility and 22 were included in the analysis. The general prevalence of depression and moderate and severe somatization in patients diagnosed with TMD was estimated at 43.0% (95% confidence interval (CI), 36.0% to 50.0%) and 60.0% (95% CI 52.0 - 67, 0%). The average overall score for depression was estimated at 0.92 (95% CI, 0.69-1.15), being classified as moderate depression. The average overall score for somatization was estimated at 1.09 (95% CI, 0.81-1.36), being classified as severe somatization. All analyses showed high heterogeneity (I 2 >90%). Based on the quality assessment, 80.9% of studies included in the review had low to moderate risk of bias., Conclusions: Patients with TMDs who seek clinical care show a high prevalence of depression and somatization., (Copyright © 2022 Editorial Council for The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Tinnitus is a quite common and bothersome disorder that results in a perceived sound or noise, without an external origin, often causing notable psychological distress. Some interconnections between tinnitus, bodily pain perception, and psychological well-being were previously reported, thus the relationships between tinnitus and temporomandibular joint (TMJ)-related muscle issues, resulting in somatosensory tinnitus, must be deeply investigated. This study aims to assess the prevalence of tinnitus in patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMD) and to examine the correlation between tinnitus and scales assessing the severity of TMD as well as psychological-related parameters., Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 37 adults with TMD symptoms were enrolled. Diagnostic data were collected using the Axis II of the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD) and the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI) questionnaire. Statistical analysis included descriptive assessments and significance was set at p < .05., Results: Individuals with tinnitus and TMD reported a significantly higher number of body pain areas, indicating a link between tinnitus and increased bodily pain perception. Tinnitus did not significantly impact TMJ-related functions. Significantly higher levels of psychological distress were observed in individuals with tinnitus, as evidenced by elevated scores in depression, generalised anxiety and somatic symptoms., Conclusion: Tinnitus is a complex condition with significant effects on health and well-being, requiring an interdisciplinary approach for effective evaluation and care. The study provides deep insights into the prevalence of tinnitus in TMD patients, underscoring the need for comprehensive treatment strategies addressing both TMD and tinnitus., (© 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Objective: Patients with chronic pain disorders, including Temporomandibular Disorders (TMDs) endorse high levels of sleep disturbances, frequently reporting reduced sleep quality. Despite this, little is known about the effect that daytime pain has on the microstructure and macro-architecture of sleep. Therefore, we aimed to examine the extent to which daytime pain sensitivity, measured using quantitative sensory testing (QST), is associated with objective sleep parameters the following night, including sleep architecture and power spectral density, in women with TMD., Methods: 144 females with myalgia and arthralgia by examination using the Diagnostic criteria for TMD completed a comprehensive QST battery consisting of General Pain Sensitivity, Central Sensitization Index, and Masseter Pressure Pain Threshold assessments. Polysomnography was collected the same night to measure sleep architecture and calculate relative power in delta, theta, alpha, sigma, and beta power bands., Results: Central Sensitization (B = -3.069, P = .009), General Pain Sensitivity Indices (B = -3.069, P = .007), and Masseter Pain Pressure Threshold (B = 0.030, P = .008) were significantly associated with lower REM% both before and after controlling for covariates. Pain sensitivity measures were not significantly associated with relative power in any of the spectral bands nor with any other sleep architectural stages., Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate that higher generalized pain sensitivity, masseter pain pressure threshold, as well as central sensitization were associated with a lower percentage of REM in participants with myofascial pain and arthralgia of the masticatory system. These findings provide an important step toward understanding the mechanistic underpinnings of how chronic pain interacts with sleep physiology., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Academy of Pain Medicine. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Objective: To investigate the effect of the Coronavirus pandemic on the report of psychological status, bruxism, and TMD symptoms., Methods: An online survey was drafted to report the presence of psychological status, bruxism activities, and reported symptoms of TMDs perceived during the COVID-19 pandemic in a population of 506 individuals., Results: Mental health is not positive during the Coronavirus pandemic: almost half the subjects reported an increase in bruxism behaviors, while up to one-third reported an increase in their symptoms involving the TMJ and jaw muscles. Specifically, 36% and 32.2% of participants reported increased pain in the TMJ and facial muscles, respectively, and almost 50% of the subjects also reported more frequent migraines and/or headaches., Conclusion: Increased psychosocial distress during the COVID-19 pandemic can increase the frequency of TMD symptoms and bruxism behaviors, which, in turn, constitute a triangle of mutually interacting factors with the psychological and emotional status.

Objective: To evaluate the prevalence/severity of somatic and temporomandibular disorder (TMD) symptoms in Southeast Asian youths and determine their associations with psychological distress., Methods: Demographic information, Patient Health Questionnaire-15 (PHQ-15), Fonseca Anamnestic Index (FAI), and Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) responses were gathered electronically and analyzed using non-parametric statistical and logistic regression analysis ( p < 0.05)., Results: Of 400 youths (mean age 18.7 ± 1.7 years; 52.3% females), 65.0%/47.0% reported somatic/TMD symptoms, and 10.5% had TMDs. Significant differences in psychological distress were observed among the varying severity of somatic/TMD symptoms. Correlations between PHQ-15/FAI and DASS-21 scores were weak to moderately strong ( r s  = 0.30-0.61). Stepwise logistic regression indicated that female gender, TMD symptoms, and stress were risk factors for somatic symptoms, while somatic symptoms and stress were probable factors for TMDs., Conclusion: Somatic and TMD symptoms are common in Southeast Asian youths and may be a manifestation of psychological distress.

Background: This paper aimed to explore the prevalence of temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) signs/symptoms, and to investigate the possible link between signs/symptoms of TMDs and mouth breathing (MB) by evaluating along with other risk factors, in a Turkish subpopulation of children and adolescence., Methods: This study was conducted with the archival data of the patients who applied with orthodontic complaints. Data on demographic characteristics, family-related factors, systemic status, occlusion, breathing patterns, oral habits, and bruxism were retrieved from the archival records., Results: Nine hundred forty-five children and adolescents with a mean age of 14.82 ± 2.06 years were included in the study. Of the participants, 66% were girls, 60.4% were delivered by C-section, 8.4% of the participants had at least one systemic disease, 9.2% of the participants had allergy, and 4.3% of the participants' parents were divorced, 18.7% have an oral habit, 6.6% have bruxism, 29.8% have malocclusion and 14.1% have MB. Eight-point-five percent of participants have signs/symptoms of TMD. Among them 2.9% have pain, 3.7% have joint sounds, 1.4% have deflection, and 3.9% have deviation. Evaluation of the risk factors revealed a significant relation between the signs/symptoms of TMD and bruxism (OR 8.07 95% CI 4.36-14.92), gender (OR 2.01 95% CI 1.13-3.59), marital status of parents (OR 2.62 95% CI 1.07-6.42), and MB (OR 3.26 95% CI 1.86-5.71)., Conclusions: According to the study's findings, girls and those with bruxism, divorced parents, and MB behavior are more likely to have signs/symptoms of TMD. Age found to have significant effect on the occurrence of the signs/symptoms of TMD alone, but together with other factors the effect of the age is disappeared. Early screening and intervention of MB as well as the signs/symptoms of TMD can help to limit detrimental effects of these conditions on growth, and quality of life of children and adolescents., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Objectives: To examine the prevalence of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) in patients with juvenile fibromyalgia syndrome (JFS) and identify TMD characteristics specifically associated to JFS., Methods: Signs and symptoms of TMD were assessed using a novel clinical tool specifically devised for children that consists of: 1. a self-report multiple-choice questionnaire; 2. a protocol for the clinical examination of the orofacial region. Multivariate logistic regression model was used to identify TMD features associated with JFS., Results: Thirty JFS patients (median age 15.5 years) and 45 healthy controls (median age 15.0 years) were included in this cross-sectional study. Orofacial pain was reported by 26 of 30 JFS patients (86.7%) and by 3 of 45 controls (6.7%; p<0.001). Pain on TMJ palpation was present in 18 of 30 JFS patients (60%) and in 5 of 45 controls (11.1%; p<0.001). Median values of maximum spontaneous mouth opening, voluntary active opening and assisted passive opening were significantly higher in JFS patients than in controls. On multiple regression analysis spontaneous orofacial pain (OR: 21.0; p=0.005), diffuse tenderness on palpation of the masticatory muscles (OR: 14.9; p=0.026) and TMJ hypermobility (OR 1.42; p=0.008) were independently associated with JFS., Conclusions: The high prevalence of TMD in JFS highlights the need for a broader interdisciplinary evaluation of JFS patients. TMJ hypermobility, in addition to orofacial and masticatory muscle pain, is an important clue for the diagnosis of TMD in adolescents with JFS. Elucidating the link between these disorders will advance individualised management and improve treatment efficacy.

Background and Objectives: This global bibliometric review aimed to investigate trends in publications relating to tinnitus and TMD., Methods: A search was performed in eight databases (June/2022), by independent researchers with relevant keywords about tinnitus and TMD, without restriction of date or language. Original research or case report/series evaluating prevalence, association and risk related to tinnitus and TMD were included. Independent examiners selected studies by title and abstract and performed data extraction. Data about publication and researchers, study population, objective, study design and diagnostic criteria for tinnitus and TMD were exported to VintagePoint® for bibliometric analyses. Data about the direct association between tinnitus and TMD were extracted., Results: One hundred and seventeen articles from 25 countries were included, most observational (68.4%) and evaluating association (N = 60; 44.8%). Among the 60 studies of association, 22 (36.6%) presented results of a direct association between the presence/absence of tinnitus and the presence/absence of TMD. Brazil (19.5%) and the United States (12.7%) were the countries with the most publications, and Dentistry (48.6%) was the main publication area. A growth in publications in Dentistry was observed in the past 30 years and in the past 10 years in Medicine. Half of the studies included the elderly population (50.2%). The main diagnostic criterion for both tinnitus (37.8%) and TMD (28%) was general questionnaires and/or self-report., Conclusion: There is a growing trend in publications relating to tinnitus and TMD, especially in Dentistry, with a predominance of observational and association studies in the elderly population using questionnaires and/or self-report. More research with robust diagnostic methods and other study designs should be encouraged in the future., (© 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Background: Foramen tympanicum (FT) is a defect located anterior-inferior to the external acoustic meatus. We evaluated its prevalence, location, size, and relationship with temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders., Methods: Cone beam computed tomography was performed for 200 patients who presented to the Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University Ahmet Keleşoğlu Faculty of Dentistry Hospital. The location and size of the FT in the axial and sagittal planes were evaluated. Descriptive statistics were used to compare the study parameters among age and sex groups. Patients with FT were reevaluated by two maxillofacial surgeons at the study centre., Results: In total, 200 images from 400 joints were examined. Unilateral and bilateral FT (19 [9.5%] and 8 [4%], respectively) was detected in 35 (17.5%) images from 27 (13.5%) patients. Examinations were performed for TMJ disorders in 24 patients. Participants with bilateral defects had the highest rates of presence of sounds and ear pain on the left and right sides (p < .05)., Conclusion: Foramen tympanicum can lead to TMJ disorders and spread of tumours or infections from the external auditory canal to the infratemporal fossa. The increased prevalence of such disorders in patients with bilateral FT suggests an association between them., (© 2024 The Authors. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Objectives: The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship of the depression level with temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) in young conscripts as a population with chronic stresses., Material and Methods: A total number of 144 male conscripts with chronic stress and different levels of depression were assigned to four groups according to the Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI). The control group consisted of age-matched male conscripts without chronic stress. The diagnosis of TMD was made according to the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD). Data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney and chi-square tests., Results: The participants with severe depression were significantly more susceptible to have TMD (p = .001) followed by the moderate depression, borderline clinical depression, mild mood disturbance, and control groups. The TMD diagnoses were more prevalent within depression groups compared with the control population (p = .01)., Conclusions: The level of depression is directly associated with the presence of TMD in young men with chronic stress., (© 2024 The Authors. Clinical and Experimental Dental Research published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Background: Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) are a heterogeneous group of conditions involving the temporomandibular joint complex, and surrounding musculature and osseous components. They are a multifactorial disease that can be determined by organic, genetic aspects, oral parafunctional habits, and psychological stress. They have an annual incidence of more than 5% of the population and about 6% to 12% of the population is affected by symptoms. The diagnostic criteria (DC), introduced by Dworkin, is considered the standard system to diagnose this disease in a specific way. Imaging can support the diagnosis of TMD when history and physical examination findings are equivocal. The aim of the study was to evaluate instrumental examinations and therapies, clinicians prefer to use in different cases of TMDs., Methods: An anonymized survey, available in two languages (Italian and English), was given to 450 patients, 398 (120 males, 274 females and 4 who did not answer) of different private dental practices were considered, using Google Form (Google LLC, Mountain View, CA, USA) and used an electronic platform, from September 2021 to February 2022. There was no reminder sent to patients to let them feel free to answer., Results: We performed binary regression for oral bite prescription considering common symptoms and found that the most representative is jaw block (P=0.007, exponential value [EXP]=0.509), followed by TMJ noises (P=0.01, EXP=0.503) and feeling stressed (P=0.04, EXP=1.125) while headache and tinnitus resulted not significant., Conclusions: The study highlighted that magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the most instrumental examination adopted by the clinicians and the oral splint(bite) is the therapy most widespread nowadays, even if TMDs are a multifactorial disease that is not, probably, only linked to an alteration of dental occlusion.

Objective: The objective of the study was to estimate the prevalence of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) and describe associations in a representative sample of community-dwelling older Brazilian adults., Background: TMD cause recurrent or chronic pain and dysfunction with substantial impacts on quality of life, but little is known of their occurrence and associated factors among older adults., Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study using data from the second wave of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging, a nationally representative sample of older Brazilian adults aged 50 or older. The presence of temporomandibular disorder symptoms was measured by the Fonseca Anamnestic Index. Independent variables included sociodemographic characteristics, general health conditions and self-reported oral health measures. The association between the independent variables and TMD symptoms was evaluated using logistic regression models., Results: Complete information for the variables of interest was available for 9391 individuals. The overall prevalence of TMD symptoms was 18.0% (95% CI 14.4-22.1). Relative to older adults aged 50-59 those in all age categories had lower odds of TMD symptoms. Individuals with depression, pain, sleep problems and self-reported poor general health had higher odds of reporting TMD symptoms. None of the oral health measures were related to TMD., Conclusion: The prevalence of TMD symptoms among Brazilian older adults is associated with demographic and general health conditions, but not with dentition status., (© 2023 Gerodontology Association and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

This study aimed to explore seasonal variations in temporomandibular disorder (TMD) prevalence in South Korea, utilizing nationwide population-based big data. Data corresponding to the Korean Standard Classification of Diseases code of K07.6, which identifies TMD, were extracted from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service online platform for the period from 2010 to 2022. Additionally, we integrated these data with climate temperature records from the Korean Meteorological Administration. We subsequently conducted a statistical analysis of TMD patient data on a monthly and seasonal basis over the past 13 years to assess prevalence. Over the past 13 years, the number of TMD patients in Korea has steadily increased. The prevalence of TMD rose from 0.48% (224,708 out of a total population of 50,515,666) in 2010 to 0.94% (482,241 out of a total population of 51,439,038) in 2022, marking a 1.96-fold increase. Among children under 10 years of age, no significant differences were observed in TMD prevalence between boys and girls. However, a distinct female predominance emerged after the age of 10, with an average female-to-male ratio of 1.51:1. The peak prevalence of TMD occurred in individuals in their 20 s, followed by adolescents in their late 10 s. The majority of TMD patients were concentrated in Seoul and Gyeonggi province, with metropolitan areas accounting for 50% of the total patient count. Seasonally, TMD patient numbers showed no significant increase in winter compared with spring or summer. The temperature difference, defined as the absolute difference between the highest and lowest temperatures for each month, showed a positive correlation with TMD patient counts. A greater temperature difference was associated with higher patient counts. The strongest correlation between temperature differences and TMD patient numbers was observed in winter (r = 0.480, p < 0.01), followed by summer (r = 0.443, p < 0.01), and spring (r = 0.366, p < 0.05). Temperature differences demonstrated a significantly stronger correlation with the increase in the number of TMD patients than absolute climate temperatures. This aspect should be a key consideration when examining seasonal trends in TMD prevalence in South Korea., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: As one of the most important indicators of socioeconomic status, educational attainment (EA) exhibits a strong association with temporomandibular disorders (TMDs). Despite this link, there is a lack of evidence regarding the causal role of EA in either facilitating or preventing TMDs., Objective: This study aimed to investigate the causal effect of education on TMDs and explore potential mediating pathways., Methods: Utilizing summary statistics from genome-wide association studies on years of schooling (N = 766 345) and TMDs (N = 211 023), we conducted Mendelian randomization (MR) to assess the overall effect of education. Additionally, a two-step MR approach was employed to evaluate 30 potential mediators and calculate the mediation proportions in the association. Comprehensive sensitivity analyses were used to verify the robustness, heterogeneity, and pleiotropy., Results: Univariable MR analyses revealed a causal effect of lower EA on an increased risk of TMDs (OR: 0.53, 95% CI: 0.43-0.66, p < .001). Five out of 30 modifiable factors were identified as causal mediators in the associations of EA with TMDs, including feeling nervous (mediation proportion: 11.6%), feeling tense (10.2%), depression (9.6%), feeling worry (7.6%) and daily smoking (8.9%). Meanwhile, no pleiotropy was detected in the analyses (p > .05)., Conclusion: Our findings supported that higher EA has a protective effect on the onset of TMDs, with partial mediation by psychological disorders and daily smoking. Interventions on these factors thus have the potential of substantially reducing the burden of TMDs attributed to low education., (© 2024 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Untreated HIV infection leads to severe immunodeficiency and can be associated with an accelerated aging process and a higher prevalence of frailty. Systemic changes are known to cause greater oral manifestations and decreased orofacial function. However, there is no investigation on Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD) in this population. This study aims to assess the prevalence of TMD in individuals living with HIV/AIDS. This cross-sectional study included HIV patients, with undetectable plasma viral load, under follow-up in the infectious disease's outpatient clinic at the Federal University of Bahia hospital. We recorded socio-demographic data, Fried's frailty criteria, Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorder, and Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI) through the application of structured questionnaires and extra-oral examination findings. Data analysis was conducted on SPSS-v18. The sample consisted of 198 patients. The prevalence of TMD was (33.8 %), most affecting females (46.6 %). Difficulty in opening the mouth and parafunctional habits were the main symptoms of the disease, as well as functional limitations. The mean of the BDI score was higher in TMD group than in those without TMD (11.01 ± 8.61 vs. 7.60 ± 7.52 valor de p = 0.004). Logistic regression showed an association between sex (OR=2.305, 95 % CI 1.243‒4.275) and depression (OR = 1.045, 95 % CI 1.005‒1.087) and TMD in HIV patients. The present study observed the prevalence of symptoms associated with TMD as difficulty opening the mouth, muscle fatigue, and joint noises in patients with chronic HIV and associated with depression. Highlights the importance of a broader view of the health of individuals living with HIV., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Sociedade Brasileira de Infectologia. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) and headache disorders are highly prevalent in the population. TMDs can present headache symptoms as a secondary headache and, in addition, be comorbid with primary headache disorders. This overlap has significant clinical implications for which it is essential for the physician to be aware, and they should screen for the potential presence of TMDs in a headache patient. Bruxism is a parafunctional behavior also prevalent in the population which has a role in TMDs and may influence headache symptomatology, but it is still necessary to clarify this relationship., Competing Interests: Disclosure The authors have nothing to disclose., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: The comorbidities between temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) and somatization and their associations with personality traits, emotional disorders, and sleep disturbances were investigated., Study Design: Adults aged 18 to 24 years completed an electronic survey encompassing TMD symptoms (5Ts), Patient Health Questionnaire-15, Big Five Personality Inventory-10, Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21, and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Data were assessed using non-parametric tests/correlation analysis and logistic regression analysis (α = 0.05)., Results: The sample comprised 365 participants, of whom 22.2% and 19.5% were 5Ts-negative without and with somatization, respectively, and 18.1% and 40.3% were 5Ts-positive without and with somatization, respectively. Significant differences in neuroticism, distress, depression, anxiety, stress, and sleep quality were observed between 5Ts-negative participants with somatization and 5Ts-positive participants with somatization compared with 5Ts-negative participants without somatization and 5Ts-positive participants without somatization. Distress, anxiety, stress, and sleep were moderately correlated with somatic but not TMD symptoms (r s = 0.45-0.52)., Conclusions: Irrespective of whether they had TMDs, participants with somatization exhibited heightened levels of neuroticism and emotional and sleep disturbances., Competing Interests: Declaration of interest None., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the association between the symptoms of temporomandibular disorder (TMD), sleep quality, and indicators of burnout syndrome in teachers., Methods: This cross-sectional study included 330 teachers with an average age of 43 years. The Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and the questionnaire to assess burnout syndrome - teachers' version were used for data collection. Simple and multiple logistic regression models were applied to analyze the independent variables at a 5% significance level., Results: Teachers with poor sleep quality, indicators of burnout syndrome, female sex, and impact on the domains of psychological exhaustion and guilt were, respectively, 1.91,1.92, 2.66, 1.97, and 2.60 times more likely to present at least one TMD symptom (p < 0.05)., Conclusion: Teachers with indicators of burnout syndrome and impaired sleep quality were more likely to present with at least one TMD symptom.

Objective: To assess the prevalence of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) and their effects on quality of life (QoL) of dental patients., Methods: A survey consisting of two validated questionnaires was distributed to dental patients registered at the University of Malaya Faculty of Dentistry. The Fonseca Anamnestic Index (FAI) evaluates the prevalence and severity of TMD, while the Oral Health Impact Profile - Temporomandibular Disorder (OHIP-TMD) appraises the effects of TMD on oral health-related QoL., Results: Out of 342 patients (aged 16 to 50 years, 45% male and 55% female) enrolled in the survey, 50.9% had varying degrees of TMD. All 7 domains of OHIP-TMD showed a statistically significant correlation with TMD severity., Conclusion: TMD seems to be prevalent among Malaysian dental patients. Not only does TMD affect the QoL of an individual, but the more severe the degree of reported symptoms, the poorer their perceived oral health QoL.

Objective:  To evaluate reliable and validated temporomandibular disorder (TMD) diagnostic instruments for use as diagnostic tools in epidemiological surveys. Methods: Two independent reviewers performed searches in the Medline/PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases to identify validation studies of diagnostic and screening instruments for TMD published up to March 2021. Results: Sixteen studies were included for the systematic review. Different TMD instruments were evaluated, such as FAI, RDC/TMD, DC/TMD, Helkimo Index, and AAOP Questionnaire. The instruments differed according to the number of items. Some questionnaires appear to be effective for the initial screening of TMD patients and can be incorporated in clinical practice and epidemiological studies since they are easy and fast to apply. Conclusion: To provide an accurate TMD diagnosis, it is important to use instruments that involve a clinical examination. Authors suggest the development of a new validated diagnostic tool for use in epidemiological surveys.

Introduction: Maxillofacial diseases may pose a risk factor for the onset of tinnitus, and may influence the severity of its symptoms. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of tinnitus among patients routinely visiting the Faculty of Dentistry and to assess the relationship between tinnitus and maxillofacial diseases., Materials and Methods: This was a prospective cross-sectional study conducted on 3,626 patients. Demographic data, information on tinnitus symptoms, temporomandibular disorder (TMD) presence, the existence of trigger points in masticatory muscles, toothache, and bruxism were evaluated., Results: Tinnitus was detected in 385 patients, resulting in a prevalence rate of 10.61%. Of the patients, 38.4% were male and 61.6% were female, and the mean age was 42.66 ± 16.34 years. Tinnitus was categorised as normal in 47.8% of the patients and pathological in 52.2% of the patients. Bruxism was identified in 65.5% of the patients, toothache in 42.9%, TMD in 33.8%, and masticatory trigger points in 27.0% of the patients. A tendency towards tinnitus provoked by toothache was observed in 5.9% of the patients. The presence of pathological tinnitus was found to increase the risk by 1.839 times for toothache and 1.456 times for bruxism., Conclusion: There may be an association between oral and maxillofacial diseases and tinnitus, especially bruxism and toothache. Therefore, the evaluation of these conditions may be a routine part of tinnitus management.

Patients with chronic pain have a higher prevalence of mood disorders with depression and anxiety contributing to higher pain intensity, emotional allodynia, and neuro-anatomical changes. We sought to quantify the prevalence of psychiatric comorbidities (PCs) in a tertiary referral clinic for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs). Medical records of all patients attending clinics run by three tertiary temporomandibular joint (TMJ) surgeons for the period January to April 2022 inclusive were audited for the prevalence of concomitant psychiatric conditions. A total of 166 patients were identified with a female to male ratio of 5:1 and mean (SD) age of 45.1 (15.2) years. A total of 124 (89.9%) patients were tertiary referrals and 72 (43.4%) patients had concomitant psychiatric diagnoses, with 58 (34.9%) being on some form of psychotropic medication (PM) (patients on anticonvulsants for neuropathic pain were not included). A majority of 136 (81.9%) patients had some form of intervention (including Dysport® and minimally invasive surgery) which appeared more common in patients with co-existing psychiatric issues (p < 0.05). A higher proportion of mental health issues exist among TMD patients in a tertiary referral clinic than would be expected in the general population. We suggest a holistic approach to patients with multidisciplinary care taking into account this prevalence to ensure decision-making that contextualises the patient and not simply the pathology., (Copyright © 2024 The British Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)