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Electrocaloric effect (ECE) refrigeration stands out as a promising alternative to conventional compression refrigeration owing to its potential for miniaturization, high energy conversion efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and environmental friendliness. However, the practical applications of ECE refrigeration in lead-free ceramics face limitations due to the challenge of achieving a substantial adiabatic temperature change (Δ T) and a wide operating temperature span (T span). In this study, we tackle this challenge by introducing rare-earth Sm3+ ions into Ba(Ti 0 · 90 Sn 0.10)O 3 (BTSn) ceramics to enhance their ECE stability. We comprehensively investigate the structural, dielectric, and ECE properties of (Ba 1−3 x /2 Sm x) (Ti 0 · 9 Sn 0.1)O 3 (BSmTSn, x = 0−0.03) ceramics. Our findings reveal that the incorporation of Sm3+ ions leads to a reduction in the temperature at which the permittivity reaches its maximum, accompanied by an increased dispersion compared to undoped BTSn ceramics. Particularly noteworthy is the achievement of a Δ T of 0.9 K with a T span of 55.5 °C in the x = 0.005 composition. Furthermore, increasing x to 0.01 enables the realization of a wide T span of 70 °C, starting from 30 °C. These significant enhancements in the T span across all BSmTSn ceramics, facilitated by the introduction of Sm3+ ions, present a promising strategy for optimizing the ECE performance of BaTiO 3 -based ceramics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, two-step methods for measuring the velocity ultrasound underwater at various temperatures are described. Two narrowband ultrasonic transducers are used in the first phase, along with accompanying electronics, to generate an oscillating sensor whose frequency is proportional to the temperature being measured. This inexpensive sensor showed a sensitivity of roughly 50 Hz/K at a frequency of about 30 kHz and a distance of 190 mm. The second step used pulse-echo mode with a 5 MHz center frequency. There was a gap in the reflectors that were filled with underwater. The temperature of the solution was associated with the ultrasonic propagation delay in the gap. The tests were carried out underwater with concentrations as high as 2 M. We noticed ultrasonic velocity increases at different temperature levels in the experiments (executed in the range of temperature of 32°F to 212°F). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, simulation of a silicon sensitive element (SE) of capacitive accelerometer using the analytical model to obtain the optimized sensitivity of the capacitive type accelerometer structure with comb-drives is presented. The objective of the article is to consider the design of the silicon SE, deformation results, mechanical stresses and capacitance changes between the gaps of comb-drives on the silicon SE of MEMS-based capacitive type accelerometer. At first, the structural design of the silicon SE of MEMS-based capacitive accelerometer structure with the sensitive comb-drives using the software of SOLIDWORKS is given. The deformation results and mechanical stresses of the SE of MEMS-based capacitive accelerometer along the working axes of X and Y, which play an essential role for calculation of capacitance changes between the comb-drives of the structure by using the ANSYS software are analyzed. The deformation results of the silicon SE at the temperature ranges from –40 to 80°С with an acceleration range of 300 g by using the program of ANSYS are considered. Capacitance changes between comb-drives based on the deformation results on the silicon SE of capacitive accelerometer with the membrane of 40 µm thickness when exposed to the structure of the SE with the acceleration ranges from 50 to 300 g by using the program of Ansys Maxwell are studied. To enhance the sensitivity of the capacitive comb type accelerometer, the presented design is more appropriate for manufacturing of sensitive devices in the field of MEMS sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to optimize the cooling conditions after solution treatment of the JIS AC4CH aluminum casting alloy, and the effects of the temperature range cooled at 0.5°C/s on the microstructure and mechanical properties were investigated. The temperature range of the cooling and cooling rate were simultaneously adjusted by heating using a high-frequency induction heating apparatus and cooling by blowing air. In particular, cooling at 10°C/s (CR10) was used as the basic cooling rate, with a rate of 0.5°C/s (CR0.5) used for a portion of the temperature range. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations of the specimens after cooling revealed that rod-like precipitates formed in the specimens that were cooled at CR0.5 in the range of 400-250°C. In the specimen that was cooled at CR0.5 from 500 to 450°C, granular or rod-shaped precipitates with a small aspect ratio were observed. From the results of a scanning transmission electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (STEM-EDS) investigation, the former were identified as the Mg2Si intermediate phase, and the latter were composed mainly of Si. An electron probe micro analyzer (EPMA) was used to measure the Mg and Si concentrations in the primary ¡-Al phase. In the case of the temperature range for CR0.5 cooling above 350°C, the Si concentration decreased significantly as the temperature range of CR0.5 cooling increased. Considering the Si concentration distribution and diffusion distance in the primary ¡-Al phase, this decrease in the Si concentration could have been caused by the diffusion of Si atoms to the eutectic region. The 0.2% proof stress and tensile strength values after the artificial aging of a specimen that was cooled at CR0.5 from 400 to 350°C, where a coarse Mg2Si intermediate phase precipitated during cooling, were approximately 10% lower than those of a specimen that was cooled at CR10 over the whole temperature range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PurposeFew studies examined the relationship between temperature fluctuation metrics and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) hospitalizations within a single cohort. We aimed to expand knowledge on two basic measures: temperature range and difference.MethodsWe conducted a time-series analysis on the correlations between temperature range (TR), daily mean temperature differences (DTDmean), and daily mean-maximum/minimum temperature differences (TDmax/min) and AMI hospitalizations, using data between 2013 and 2016 in Beijing, China. The effects of TRn and DTDmeann over n-day intervals were compared, respectively. Subgroup analysis by age and sex was performed.ResultsA total of 81,029 AMI hospitalizations were included. TR1, TDmax, and TDmin were associated with AMI in J-shaped patterns. DTDmean1 was related to AMI in a U-shaped pattern. These correlations weakened for TR and DTDmean with longer exposure intervals. Extremely low (1st percentile) and high (5°C) DTDmean1 generated cumulative relative risk (CRR) of 2.73 (95% CI: 1.56–4.79) and 2.15 (95% CI: 1.54–3.01). Extremely high TR1, TDmax, and TDmin (99th percentile) correlated with CRR of 2.00 (95% CI: 1.73–2.85), 1.71 (95% CI: 1.40–2.09), and 2.73 (95% CI: 2.04–3.66), respectively. Those aged 20–64 had higher risks with large TR1, TDmax, and TDmin, while older individuals were more affected by negative DTDmean1. DTDmean1 was associated with a higher AMI risk in females.ConclusionTemperature fluctuations were linked to increased AMI hospitalizations, with low-temperature extremes having a more pronounced effect. Females and the older adult were more susceptible to daily mean temperature variations, while younger individuals were more affected by larger temperature ranges.

Developing a good understanding of the interactions between forest plantation growth and climate is essential for predicting the impact of climate change on terrestrial ecosystems and for assessing the adaptation and vulnerability of tree species. One such interaction, the response in growth rate of a forest stand to changes in temperature, may be described mathematically. Some models that run on monthly time steps assume a yearly optimum, minimum, and maximum temperature for simplicity, which may not represent well to actual forest growth. Here, we developed a finer-resolution methodology that encompasses monthly growth rates and temperature limits to calibrate the parameters for an envelope curve in Eucalyptus plantations in South America. Several polynomial curves were tested to determine temperature patterns, and their yearly tree growth patterns demonstrated that responses to temperature differed by as much as 10 °C among seasons. The best curve was a second-degree polynomial curve, whose extreme values indicated the optimum temperature and whose real roots limited the minimum and maximum temperatures for growth. This polynomial was fitted every month to describe yearly changes in optimum, maximum, and minimum temperatures. When fitted to annual data, it determined 7 °C, 19 °C, and 31 °C as the minimum, optimum, and maximum temperatures for tree growth, respectively. The monthly model predictions indicated that the minimum, optimum, and maximum temperatures lay between 8 °C and 16 °C, 18 °C and 22 °C, and 27 °C and 30 °C, respectively. These monthly temperature ranges can improve the estimation of productivity in process-based models. Our results contribute to the understanding of tree growth dynamics and its relationship to changes in temperature. Accurate ranges of temperature can be used to improve productivity predictions in new expanding planting regions with no previous information or to suggest a regionalization for potential species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Holopelagic Sargassum species have bloomed recurrently in the northern tropical Atlantic since 2011, causing socioeconomic and environmental problems. Little is known about their basic biology and responses to the abiotic environment. The aim of this study was to determine how temperature affects the growth rates of the genotypes S. fluitans III, S. natans I, and S. natans VIII that predominate in these blooms. The growth rates were evaluated in specially designed ex situ systems between 22 and 31 °C, which corresponds with the natural temperature range of these seaweeds in the northern tropical Atlantic. All the genotypes had decreased growth rates at 31 °C, and they varied in their response to temperature, with S. fluitans III presenting a maximal rate of 0.096 doublings· day−1 (doubling its weight in 10.5 d) at 28 °C and S. natans VIII a minimal rate of 0.045 doublings· day−1 (doubling its weight in 22.2 d) at 31 °C. In addition, the response to the temperature varied depending on the time of the year. Understanding the role of temperature in the growth of holopelagic Sargassum genotypes, amongst other factors influencing their physiology (such as nutrients, salinity tolerance, or light, including their interactions), could help to understand the dynamics of the recent blooms in the tropical North Atlantic.

The development of blue-phase liquid crystal (BPLC) materials with a wide temperature range is of great significance for practical applications in the optoelectronic field. In the study, bent-core derivatives with a 3-hexyl-2,5-disubstituted thiophene central ring in the λ-shaped molecular structure were designed and synthesized. Their mesomorphic behavior and effect on the blue-phase (BP) temperature range were investigated. Interestingly, a BP was achieved both during the heating and cooling processes by doping with a proper concentration of chiral compound into the thiophene bent-shaped molecule with high rigidity, while derivatives with fluorine atom substitution only exhibited cholesteric phase no matter how many chiral compounds were added. This result proved that BP is highly sensitive to the molecular structures of bent-shaped molecules. Moreover, the BP temperature range was broadened when adding these molecules into a BPLC host, which thus improved the BP temperature range from the initial value, no more than 4 °C, to as much as 24 °C. The experimental phenomena were reasonably explained through molecular simulation calculations. The study may provide some experimental basis and theoretical guidance for the design of novel bent-shaped molecules and BPLC material with a wide temperature range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Holopelagic Sargassum species have bloomed recurrently in the northern tropical Atlantic since 2011, causing socioeconomic and environmental problems. Little is known about their basic biology and responses to the abiotic environment. The aim of this study was to determine how temperature affects the growth rates of the genotypes S. fluitans III, S. natans I, and S. natans VIII that predominate in these blooms. The growth rates were evaluated in specially designed ex situ systems between 22 and 31 °C, which corresponds with the natural temperature range of these seaweeds in the northern tropical Atlantic. All the genotypes had decreased growth rates at 31 °C, and they varied in their response to temperature, with S. fluitans III presenting a maximal rate of 0.096 doublings· day−1 (doubling its weight in 10.5 d) at 28 °C and S. natans VIII a minimal rate of 0.045 doublings· day−1 (doubling its weight in 22.2 d) at 31 °C. In addition, the response to the temperature varied depending on the time of the year. Understanding the role of temperature in the growth of holopelagic Sargassum genotypes, amongst other factors influencing their physiology (such as nutrients, salinity tolerance, or light, including their interactions), could help to understand the dynamics of the recent blooms in the tropical North Atlantic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Benzene with Butyl/Pentyl Parabens is evaluated using the volumetric and acoustic study as a function of temperature. The properties such as partial and apparent molar volumeand partial and apparent molar compressibility of the mixtures were studied. The thermoacoustic properties of the mixture, such as acoustic impedanceand free lengthwere analyzed. These measurements were utilized to interpret the intermolecular interactions among the constituents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing a good understanding of the interactions between forest plantation growth and climate is essential for predicting the impact of climate change on terrestrial ecosystems and for assessing the adaptation and vulnerability of tree species. One such interaction, the response in growth rate of a forest stand to changes in temperature, may be described mathematically. Some models that run on monthly time steps assume a yearly optimum, minimum, and maximum temperature for simplicity, which may not represent well to actual forest growth. Here, we developed a finer-resolution methodology that encompasses monthly growth rates and temperature limits to calibrate the parameters for an envelope curve in Eucalyptus plantations in South America. Several polynomial curves were tested to determine temperature patterns, and their yearly tree growth patterns demonstrated that responses to temperature differed by as much as 10 °C among seasons. The best curve was a second-degree polynomial curve, whose extreme values indicated the optimum temperature and whose real roots limited the minimum and maximum temperatures for growth. This polynomial was fitted every month to describe yearly changes in optimum, maximum, and minimum temperatures. When fitted to annual data, it determined 7 °C, 19 °C, and 31 °C as the minimum, optimum, and maximum temperatures for tree growth, respectively. The monthly model predictions indicated that the minimum, optimum, and maximum temperatures lay between 8 °C and 16 °C, 18 °C and 22 °C, and 27 °C and 30 °C, respectively. These monthly temperature ranges can improve the estimation of productivity in process-based models. Our results contribute to the understanding of tree growth dynamics and its relationship to changes in temperature. Accurate ranges of temperature can be used to improve productivity predictions in new expanding planting regions with no previous information or to suggest a regionalization for potential species.

Temperature sensitivity (Q10) of soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition is an essential parameter that reflects the feedback relationship between climate warming and atmospheric CO2 concentration and plays a key role in accurately estimating changes in soil carbon pools and their feedback to climate change. Setting the incubation temperature range (ITR) scenario is essential to accurately estimate the temperature sensitivity of SOM decomposition; however, this has been widely ignored. To address this issue, we conducted a systematic incubation experiment using 54 soils covering the most typical ecosystems in China and nine ITR scenarios. The results showed that ITR scenarios had a significant effect on Q10 in different ecosystems and soil types. Combining the results of fitting mean annual temperature (MAT) to the Q10 of different ITR and the interpretation rate of factors (including climate, soil, and microbial community composition) to the Q10 of different ITR, the results indicate that the growing season average temperature range (GSA) scenario had better performance than the other ITR scenarios and should be the optimum ITR scenario. Furthermore, the variation of main influence factors of Q10 across different ecosystems should be accounted for to accurately predict the feedback between soil C cycle and climate change. Overall, our findings highlight the importance of the ITR for the estimates of Q10 using widespread experimental data, providing a reference for subsequent experiments accurately measure Q10, as well as compare and compile global data to better predict the feedback between the global carbon cycle and climate change.

The development of blue-phase liquid crystal (BPLC) materials with a wide temperature range is of great significance for practical applications in the optoelectronic field. In the study, bent-core derivatives with a 3-hexyl-2,5-disubstituted thiophene central ring in the λ-shaped molecular structure were designed and synthesized. Their mesomorphic behavior and effect on the blue-phase (BP) temperature range were investigated. Interestingly, a BP was achieved both during the heating and cooling processes by doping with a proper concentration of chiral compound into the thiophene bent-shaped molecule with high rigidity, while derivatives with fluorine atom substitution only exhibited cholesteric phase no matter how many chiral compounds were added. This result proved that BP is highly sensitive to the molecular structures of bent-shaped molecules. Moreover, the BP temperature range was broadened when adding these molecules into a BPLC host, which thus improved the BP temperature range from the initial value, no more than 4 °C, to as much as 24 °C. The experimental phenomena were reasonably explained through molecular simulation calculations. The study may provide some experimental basis and theoretical guidance for the design of novel bent-shaped molecules and BPLC material with a wide temperature range.

• Diagram of solubility in the studied quaternary water-salt system at the different temperatures was calculated on the base of classical Pitzer's equations. • Temperature of double salt formation in ternary and quaternary systems was determined. • Classification of non-variant points was provided. Diagram of solubility in quaternary water-salt system N a + , N i 2 + / / C l - , S O 4 2 - - H 2 O in the temperature range −5 ÷ 90 °С was calculated on the base of classical Pitzer's equations. Linear temperature approximation of solubility products of solid phases was used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of thermal cycling on the deformation behaviour and microscopic damage mechanisms of 316L stainless steel are clarified through isothermal fatigue (IF) and thermomechanical fatigue (TMF) tests under various temperature ranges. Corresponding microscopic damage mechanism is revealed based on the analysis of dislocation structure, plastic deformation, and crack initiation mode. Results show that the introduction of thermal cycling, as well as an increase in average temperature and temperature difference, result in the saturation of cyclic peak stresses, a decrease in fatigue life, and an intensification of dynamic strain ageing (DSA). Notably, under TMF loading at the same average temperature, there is a significant recovery process compared to IF. High-density dislocations transform into low-energy dislocation structures through cross-slip, indicating a pronounced recovery phenomenon. At large temperature differences and high average temperatures, the accumulation of dislocation tangles at grain boundaries and the formation of dislocation cell structures lead to severe incoherence in plastic deformation and the accumulation of damage. Furthermore, the introduction of thermal cycling and an increase in temperature differences also induce severe creep damage. It is observed that the dominant crack initiation mode changes from fatigue-dominated transgranular cracking to oxidation-induced intergranular cracking as the average temperature increases. Finally, a modified life prediction model is developed by incorporating thermal plastic strain energy to reflect the effect of thermal cycling on TMF behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper considers the issues of technology for soldering a terminal (contactor) to auto-glass heating systems for cars, i.e. technology of soldering metal to non-metal bodies. A technique for conducting an experiment measuring temperature on a setup specially designed for this system is described. The results of experimental studies using various solder compositions are presented. The optimal variants of terminal soldering technologies for auto glass heating systems are determined and presented. Purpose: Experimental study of the soldering process of the terminal to the auto-glass heating system in a specially designed soldering installation. The soldering plant is designed and built using modern computer automation tools. Methods: In the experiments, automatic control systems were used to control the load supply to the soldering irons and the pressure on them. Registration (removal of information) was carried out on the SAMKOON touch panel. Results: Experimental data were obtained that provide temperatures for the optimal soldering mode of the terminal to heating systems. Conclusion: It has been experimentally proven that to obtain the required soldering of the terminal to the auto glass base, it is necessary to create a multilayer base and use hard solder that wets the soldered layer. The temperature holding interval of the soldering iron is in the range of 161 ÷ 242 ℃. The composition and weight of the solders used in soldering were also investigated.

Problems. In the process of obtaining a strip in a casting and rolling device, the question arises of combining the process of hot rolling of the solidified material and the process of crystallization of the liquid melt. This makes it possible to implement an efficient technology for producing thin-sheet products. Purpose of the study. Determination of rational parameters for performing mathematical modeling of material behavior during roll casting requires clearly defined recommendations. The material for the rolling process is steel. The starting material was used in solid, solid-liquid and liquid states. Implementation technique. The analysis of the properties of steel was carried out on the basis of the results of experiments obtained at the Physico-Technological Institute of Metals and Alloys of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. To analyze the rheological properties of steel, the dependences of the yield stress for alloyed and carbon steels were used in a certain temperature range. The selected temperature range includes solidus and solid-liquid state of steel, located above 0.8 melting point. Research results. Based on the research results, the analysis of the rheological properties of steel in solid, solid-liquid and liquid states during continuous casting-rolling on rolls was carried out. The use of the obtained dependencies makes it possible to perform mathematical modeling of the deformation and hydrodynamics of the material during continuous casting-rolling of steel strips using roll casting-rolling devices. Conclusions. The constructed dependences, together with studies of the viscosity of steel in the liquid state and the resistance of steel to deformation in the solid state, most fully describe the rheological properties of steels during casting-deformation processes. The obtained dependences will make it possible to implement an ultra-efficient technology for producing thin-sheet rolled products.

The paper presents a low supply voltage CMOS voltage reference with low line sensitivity and high PSRR. Generally, the reference voltage is obtained using both complementary-to-absolute-temperature (CTAT) current and proportional-to-absolute-temperature (PTAT) current. This technique increases the complexity and area of the reference circuit. To overcome these drawbacks, the temperature compensated reference voltage has been proposed using only CTAT currents. Mostly, the CTAT current generators are simple, power-efficient, and area-efficient as compared to the PTAT current generators. The negative feedback loop has been formed in the proposed design to obtain a supply independent CTAT current and to avoid the use of startup drivers. The proposed circuit has been designed using Cadence virtuoso analog design environment in BSIM3V3 180 nm CMOS technology. The simulation results of the proposed circuit show a reference voltage of 312 mV with a temperature coefficient (TC) of 38.85 ppm/∘C over a wide temperature range of − 4 0 ∘ C to 125∘C with a supply voltage of 0.8 V. The line sensitivity is 0.027% ∕ V with a supply voltage ranging from 0.8 V to 3 V. The power supply rejection ratio (PSRR) without using any capacitive filter is observed as − 8 0. 8 4 and − 7 1. 6 6 dB at 100 Hz and 100 kHz frequency, respectively. The circuit is simple and occupies a chip area of 0.0027 mm2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nonlinear baseband electromagnetic pulses of a wide spectrum that covers the lower part of terahertz (THz) range are investigated theoretically in the paraelectric crystals like SrTiO3 at the moderately low temperatures 50–200 K. The frequency dispersion is important there. The dominating nonlinearity of the crystal is cubic. To increase the influence of the nonlinearity, the focusing of the input baseband pulses of small amplitudes has been applied. The main attention is paid to the three-dimensional (3D) geometry of focusing of the input baseband pulses. The nonlinear focusing of input long baseband pulses by the exciting antenna results in the formation of extremely short baseband pulses of subpicosecond durations. Under 3D focusing the peak values of the nonlinear focused pulses are bigger and their durations are shorter than ones under 2D focusing, but the transverse localization is stronger under 2D focusing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Fish are considered auspicious and powerful in Vastu shastra, and they reflect good fortune, prosperity, and abundance in feng shui. Additionally, fish can provide a high degree of positive vibes, create a pleasant environment, relieve stress, and assist in a good night's sleep. Proper management of a fish tank at home will help to reduce hypertension and a rapid heartbeat. The quality and liquid level, the number of calories fed to the fish, the feeding cycles, and temperature fluctuations are all assessed. The project's objective is to computerize the system and reduce human intervention, by using a smartphone where the control for initiating the system can be done remotely by the user. Simultaneously, instant data of the feed, volume of water, the ambience of the water tank are noticed by the user and hence one can monitor the system in his/her absence. Tinkercad is used to build the simulation results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of the soldering temperature on the performance of flip-chip light-emitting diodes (FC-LED) filaments soldered with SAC0307 has been investigated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images, void rates, shearing force, junction temperature, steady-state voltage, blue light luminous flux, and luminous efficiency were measured to characterize the filament performance. The microstructure of the fracture surface after shear failure of the FC-LED filament joints soldered at 250°C and 270°C showed the lowest percentage of voids and was smoother than for the other groups. The shearing force of the FC-LED filament solder joints formed at 250°C and 270°C was higher than that for the other three groups, but the shearing force of all five groups of solder joints exceeded 200 gf. The steady-state voltage and junction temperature of the 250°C and 270°C FC-LED filaments were lower than those of the other three groups, and the blue light luminous flux of the 250°C and 270°C FC-LED filaments was higher than for the other three groups. In conclusion, the FC-LED filaments exhibited good photoelectric performance and thermal reliability when using soldering temperatures between 250°C and 270°C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cold agglutinin are erythrocyte antibodies which possess the property of agglutinating red blood cells at temperatures of below 37°C, this phenomenon is reversible after heating. This is usually immunoglobulin M (IgM) class. Their pathogenicity is much more related to their temperature range of activity than their title. As we report in this observation, cold hemagglutination makes it difficult to interpret certain immunological tests such as ABO Rh blood grouping or searching for irregular antibodies (SAI). The discovery of cold agglutinins can be fortuitous revealing itself by disturbances and aberrations in the results of blood count or as part of a suggestive clinical or laboratory table cold hemagglutinin disease. The search for a lymphoid hematological at their diagnosis should be systematic.

The seasonal freeze-thaw environment is a primary factor contributing to the deterioration of manually excavated disturbed rock masses on reservoir bank slopes in highland alpine areas. To investigate the mechanical properties and damage deterioration mechanism of excavation-unloading rock under seasonal freeze-thaw environment in cold region, the freeze-thaw cycle tests with different temperature difference levels (−10–10 °C, −15–25 °C, −20–40 °C) and different cycle times (0,10,20,30) were simulated for the triaxial unloading damaged marble. Then, the mechanical parameters of unloaded marble after freezing and thawing were obtained by uniaxial compression and triaxial compression tests, and the influence laws of temperature ranges, number of freezing and thawing cycles and confining pressure on the mechanical properties of unloaded marble were analyzed. Finally, the damage model of unloaded marble considering freeze-thaw action was established. The results show that the strength of unloaded marble is significantly weakened under the combined effect of F-T (freezing and thawing) and loading, and that the deterioration effect of the number of F-T cycles is stronger than that of the temperature ranges. The increase in the confining pressure increased the compressive strength and elastic modulus of the unloaded marble, and suppressed the damage of the unloaded marble after the freeze-thaw treatment. The porosity of the unloaded marble developed gradually and increased exponentially with the increase of the number of freeze-thaw cycles, the compressive strength and elastic modulus had a negative exponential relationship with the number of freeze-thaw cycles, and the shear strength parameter had a quadratic polynomial relationship with the number of freeze-thaw cycles. In addition, the softening mechanism of unloaded marble by natural water plays a key role in the process of freeze-thaw cycle, and the damage model considering freeze-thaw is established, and the theoretical curves are well matched with the experimental results. The outcomes of this study hold significant theoretical and engineering importance for evaluating the stability of excavated unloaded rock in highland alpine regions. • Unloaded marble mechanical properties tested under freeze-thaw and confining pressures. • The coupling effects of different freeze-thaw temperature ranges, cycles and confining pressures were analyzed. • A model of unloaded marble considering freezing-thawing and load was established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To ensure the quality of raw materials for pharmaceutical products, the right storage and distribution temperature conditions should be applied. Labeled temperature conditions of 539 raw materials at non-cold chain conditions (thus excluding 2–8 °C or < 0 °C conditions) were reviewed that revealed a set of 26 different temperature requirements. From a manufacturer perspective, it is hard or undoable to manage that number of temperature conditions, especially because regulatory guidance towards raw material temperature conditions is lacking. Therefore, the question raised whether it would be possible to define subsets of temperature conditions in order to simplify the storage and distribution management of raw materials. The data set was further analyzed and it resulted in a new storage and distribution model of three temperature conditions for raw materials: 15–25 °C, 2–30 °C and unrestricted (no minimum and maximum temperature limit). The model can be applied to all non-cold chain raw materials by suppliers and manufacturers in order to harmonize temperature conditions and to manage temperature excursions easier during operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cold agglutinin are erythrocyte antibodies which possess the property of agglutinating red blood cells at temperatures of below 37°C, this phenomenon is reversible after heating. This is usually immunoglobulin M (IgM) class. Their pathogenicity is much more related to their temperature range of activity than their title. As we report in this observation, cold hemagglutination makes it difficult to interpret certain immunological tests such as ABO Rh blood grouping or searching for irregular antibodies (SAI). The discovery of cold agglutinins can be fortuitous revealing itself by disturbances and aberrations in the results of blood count or as part of a suggestive clinical or laboratory table cold hemagglutinin disease. The search for a lymphoid hematological at their diagnosis should be systematic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]