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One of the rapid climate change (RCC) events, which had a lesser impact on the environmental conditions of the Northern Hemisphere but had a stronger impact on the micro-regional scale, is the 7.1 ka BP event. Cooler and wetter conditions at its onset seem to have accompanied the initial dispersal of the central European LBK from its core area to the regions, among others, of western Transdanubia and beyond, populating the area south of the Drava River. In the local chronology, this change in the material culture is marked by the appearance of the Middle Neolithic around 5400 BC. The end of this climate event is, however, marked by an initial stage of dry and warmer conditions around 5000 BC which enabled settlement formation in the lowlands of the Eastern Slavonia. After this initial phase and the formation of the Late Neolithic tell settlements, over a period of about 500 years changes in humidity and temperature occurred, eventually leading to the abandonment of most of the tell sites. Human adaptation to the changes in environmental conditions in both micro-regions and archaeological contexts is discussed in this paper.

[EN] Vrbjanska Čuka is a tell site in the region of Pelagonia (Macedonia) established 8000 years ago by the Neolithic communities. Later it was used as an agricultural unit during the Roman era and the Middle Ages when it was also employed as a burial area. The excavations performed in the 1980s and during the last five years indicate a Neolithic farming society that constructed large buildings made of daub in a settlement enclosed by a circular ditch. The buildings had many clay structures, such as ovens, granaries, bins and grinding areas for processing cereals and bread production. The Neolithic communities used sophisticated fine pottery and modeled figurines and altars, while the stone tools were mainly used for cutting trees, harvesting and grinding. Apart from the cereal-based food (einkorn wheat, emmer wheat or barley), the inhabitants of Vrbjanska Čuka consumed lentils, peas and a variety of gathered wild fruits, while cattle, caprovine, mussels, fish and wild game meat was also part of a diet, as well as the dairy products. This paper will be a summary of a variety of data provided from the current international and multidisciplinary research of the site that involves excavation, prospection, geomagnetic survey, study of material culture, examination of architecture, radiocarbon dating, geoarchaeological, archaeobotanical, archaeozoological, lipid and use-wear analyses, as well as the topographic and 3D modeling. The recent knowledge on Vrbjanska Čuka provides novel understanding of the Early Neolithic in Pelagonia and contributes to the more extensive research of first farming societies in the Balkans., [MK] Врбјанска Чука претставува тумба во котлината Пелагонија (Македонија), основана од неолитските заедници пред 8000 години. Била користена како стопанска целина за време на Римската Империја, но и во текот на средниот век кога исто така функционирала и како некропола. Ископувањата вршени во 1980-те и во последните пет години укажуваат на неолитско земјоделско општество кое конструирало големи градби направени од лепеж во населба заштитена со кружен ров. Во градбите се наоѓале многу глинени конструкции, како што се печки, амбари, сандаци и места за мелење и обработка на житни култури при подготовка на леб. Неолитските заедници користеле софистицирана фина керамика и моделирани фигурини и жртвеници, додека камените алатки главно се користеле за сечење дрвја, жнеење и мелење. Освен храната на база на житни култури (еднозрнеста и двозрна пченица или јачмен), жителите на Врбјанска Чука исто така конзумирале леќа, грашок, разновидно овошје, говедско, овчо и свинско месо, школки, риба и месо од дивеч, како и млечни производи. Овој труд ќе биде резиме на различни податоци добиени од тековните меѓународни и мултидисциплинарни истражувања на локалитетот, а кои вклучуваат ископување, рекогносцирање, геомагнетно скенирање, проучување на материјалната култура, испитување на архитектурата, студии за функциите на алатките, радиојаглеродно датирање, геоархеолошка, археоботаничка, археозоолошка и липидна анализа, како и топографско и 3Д моделирање. Добиените сознанија за Врбјанска Чука даваат ново разбирање на раниот неолит во Пелагонија и придонесуваат за поопсежно истражување на првите земјоделски општества на Балканот., [DE] Vrbjanska Čuka ist ein Tell in der Region Pelagonien (Mazedonien), der vor 8000 Jahren entstand. Während der Römerzeit und im Mittelalter fand hier Landwirtschaft statt, zudem wurde der Hügel als Grabstätte genutzt. Die in den 1980ern sowie während der letzten fünf Jahre erfolgten Ausgrabungen führten den Beleg einer neolithischen bäuerlichen Gesellschaft, die in einer von einem kreisförmigen Graben umschlossenen Siedlung große Gebäude aus Lehm errichtete. In den Gebäuden wurden zahlreiche Lehmstrukturen nachgewiesen, etwa Öfen, Getreidespeicher sowie Bereiche zur Verarbeitung von Getreide und die Herstellung von Brot. Die neolithischen Gemeinden nutzten qualitätvolle Töpferwaren, modellierten Figuren und Altäre, während die hier geborgenen Steinwerkzeuge hauptsächlich zum Fällen von Bäumen, zur Ernte oder für das Mahlen von Getreiden verwendet wurde. Neben Nahrungsmitteln aus Getreide (Einkorn, Emmer, Gerste) konsumierten die Einwohner von Vrbjanska Čuka Linsen, Erbsen und eine Vielzahl wildgesammelter Früchte. Die Ernährung bereicherten ferner Rind-, Ziege/Schaf- und Wildfleisch, außerdem Muscheln und Fisch sowie Milchprodukte. Der vorliegende Beitrag fasst eine Vielzahl von international und multidisziplinär ermittelten Daten zusammen. Diese basieren auf örtlichen Ausgrabungen, Prospektionen, geomagnetischen Untersuchungen, Studien zur materiellen Kultur, der Architektur, Radiokarbondatierungen, geoarchäologischen, archäobotanischen, archäozoologischen und Lipiduntersuchungen. Hinzu kommen Gebrauchsspuranalysen, Studien zur Topografie sowie 3D-Modellierungen. Die Untersuchungen in Vrbjanska Čuka erbrachten neues Wissen zum frühen Neolithikum in Pelagonien und tragen ferner zum umfassenderen Verständnis der ersten bäuerlichen Gesellschaften auf dem Balkan bei.

Scaling methods have been applied to study modern urban areas and how they create accelerated, feedback growth in some systems while efficient use in others. For ancient cities, results have shown that cities act as social reactors that lead to positive feedback growth in socioeconomic measures. In this paper, we assess the relationship between settlement area expressed through mound area from Late Chalcolithic and Bronze Age sites and mean hollow way widths, which are remains of roadways, from the Khabur Triangle in northern Mesopotamia. The intent is to demonstrate the type of scaling and relationship present between sites and hollow ways, where both feature types are relatively well preserved. For modern roadway systems, efficiency in growth relative to population growth suggests roads should show sublinear scaling in relation to site size. In fact, similar to modern systems, such sublinear scaling results are demonstrated for the Khabur Triangle using available data, suggesting ancient efficiency in intensive transport growth relative to population levels. Comparable results are also achieved in other ancient Near East regions. Furthermore, results suggest that there could be a general pattern relevant for some small sites (0–2 ha) and those that have fewer hollow ways, where β, a measure of scaling, is on average low (≈

Neolitička naselja (6./5. tisućljeće pr. Kr.) okružena opkopom rasprostiru se širom Europe, pa i na prostoru istočne Hrvatske o čemu postoji opsežna bibliografija. Istraživanja provedena posljednjih nekoliko godina utvrdila su postojanje do sada nezabilježenoga načina formiranja i organizacije takvih naselja na području istočne Hrvatske – naselja u parovima. Novi tip naselja utvrđen je daljinskim istraživanjima snimanjem iz aviona kao i drona, u kombinaciji sa serijama satelitskih i avionskih vertikalnih snimaka, a rezultati terenskih pregleda tako otkrivenih nalazišta potvrdili su kako su navedena naselja uglavnom višeslojna, dugotrajna te pripadaju sopotskoj kulturi, pri čemu se okvirno mogu datirati u 5. tisućljeće pr. Kr., Neolithic settlements (6th/5th millennium BC) encircled by moats were widespread throughout Europe, including eastern Croatia, on which there is an extensive bibliography. Excavations conducted over the last several years have confirmed the existence of thus far unrecorded methods for the formation and organization of such settlements in eastern Croatia – twin settlements. This new type of settlement was ascertained by means of remote sensing from aircraft and by means of drones, in combination with a series of satellite and aerial vertical photographs, while the results of field surveys of the sites so discovered have confirmed that they were generally multi-layered, long-term and attributed to the Sopot culture, so that they may be generally dated to the 5th millennium BC.

In the spite of the complexity of the search for ground on the works concerning the resiliency and particularly resiliency in school context, we were interested in the modalities and in the demonstrations of this one in establishments of the secondary sector in France, in the sensitive said building’s high schools. Seat of educational and social tensions, the relations between the actors are printed mistrust and translate social and psychosocial difficulties complicating the answer to the missions of teaching and educational, and tarnishing the image of the teenagers and the diplomas. Although the origin and the factors of dysfunction of the teenagers take root initially in problems exceeding the school, their coverage and their mediation are a matter of the education, to prepare the school’s exit and the entrance alive active and social. The appeal to the diagnosis and the solutions are registered within today institutionalized hours the objectives of which concern the development of the pupil. But when the contact got rid for years of previous academic failure, when the not sense settled down in spite of the orientation, when the behavior challenges the authority and when the early school leaving displays as a constant in progress in these establishments, how to think of an educational practice which can revive the bases of the reliable interactions between teenagers and teacher, while guaranteeing a frame of good volume in the unsettled affects by creating interactions which allow the pupil to work and to mediatize the past, to register it in a meaningful present by throwing it in the future in a harmonious way? If this educational practice allows the teacher and the educator to define his share, it’s also an educational contingency registered in the theories of the resiliency which is the faculty to bounce further to a trauma. In this optics to thwart the academic failure, to allow the creation of positive fates, off-camera of the reproduction of the failure, by being supported on the theories of the resiliency at the school, it’s possible to envisage an educational practice of coverage of the group classy of teenagers which implements these interactions between pupils and teacher according to a praxis of resiliency. And if this resiliency joins a cultural collective practice, leaning on the works of a culture and passed on by this one, it’s named cultural resiliency. Except field of therapeutics or of the psychology of group, the cultural resiliency answers the cognitive imperative to join a dialogical practice reassuring and demanding for pupils prevented from thinking, to fill the gaps and the defects of inner and previous languages. The practices of discussion with philosophic aim demonstrate that’s possible to create these spaces of mediation around the rigorous thought to develop various capacities to think guaranteeing the performance of a speech exempt from ease and from excuses. If this discussion is supported by a cultural supports of the literature, as the tales or the myths, then, a double mediation at the pupil is possible, since the isolated and silent mediation in connection with the theories of the tae towards the orals mediations which will follow the reading according to logic of philosophic questionings. If the choice of the support is ad hoc according to the recommendations of Lipman and what the tales speaks about resiliency then, it’s possible to lead discussions with philosophic aim in a praxis of driving process of cultural resiliency, which will be realized through the evolutions of the speeches of the high school students. This search for comprehensive type leans on the analysis of the speeches and the interactions in a pragmatic prospect which allows the highlit of contents registered within the framework of the cultural resiliency through factors of implementation of the process which are the link, the sense and the law. The experiment of signing of eighteen sessions of discussions [...]; Malgré la complexité de la recherche de terrain sur les travaux concernant la résilience et particulièrement la résilience en contexte scolaire, nous nous sommes intéressés aux modalités et aux manifestations de celle-ci dans les établissements du secondaire en France, dans les lycées dits sensibles, au sein des lycées professionnels du bâtiment. Siège de tensions éducatives et sociales, les relations entre les acteurs sont empreintes de défiance, et traduisent des difficultés sociales et psychosociales complexifiant la réponse aux missions d’enseignement et d’éducation, et ternissant l’image des adolescents et des diplômes. Bien que l’origine et les facteurs de dysfonctionnement des adolescents s’enracinent initialement dans des problématiques dépassant l’école, leur prise en charge et leur remédiation relèvent de l’enseignement et de l’éducation, afin de préparer l’entrée en vie active et sociale. Le recours au diagnostic et aux solutions sont inscrites dans des heures aujourd’hui institutionnalisées, dont les objectifs portent sur le développement de l’élève. Mais lorsque le contact s’est défait depuis des années d’échec scolaire antérieur, lorsque le non-sens s’est installé malgré l’orientation, lorsque les comportements défient l’autorité et que le décrochage scolaire s’affiche comme une constante en progression dans ces établissements, comment penser une pratique pédagogique et éducative qui puisse réamorcer les bases des interactions de confiance entre adolescents et enseignants, tout en garantissant un cadre de bonne contenance aux affects en suspens, en créant des interactions qui permettent à l’élève de travailler et médiatiser le passé, pour l’inscrire dans un présent porteur de sens en le projetant dans l’avenir de manière harmonieuse ? Si cette technique pédagogique permet à l’enseignant et à l’éducateur de définir son action, elle est également une contingence éducative inscrite dans les théories de la résilience, qui est la faculté de rebondir suite à un traumatisme. Dans l’optique de contrecarrer l’échec scolaire, de permettre la création de destinées positives, hors champ de la reproduction de l’échec, en prenant appui sur les théories de la résilience à l’école, il est possible d’envisager une technique pédagogique de prise en charge du groupe classe d’adolescents qui mette en œuvre ces interactions entre élèves et enseignant selon une praxis de résilience. Et si cette résilience s’inscrit dans des pratiques collectives culturelles, s’appuyant sur les œuvres d’une culture et transmise par celle-ci, alors, elle est nommée résilience culturelle. Hors-champ du thérapeutique ou de la psychologie de groupe, la résilience culturelle répond à l’impératif cognitif de s’inscrire dans une pratique dialogique sécurisante et exigeante pour des élèves empêchés de penser, afin de combler les lacunes et les défauts de langage intérieurs et antérieurs. Les pratiques de discussion à visée philosophique démontrent qu’il est possible de créer ces espaces de médiation autour de la pensée rigoureuse afin de développer différentes capacités de penser garantissant la performance d’un discours exempt de facilité et d’échappatoires. Si cette discussion est étayée par des supports culturels de la littérature, comme les contes ou les mythes, alors, une double médiation chez l’élève est possible, depuis la médiation isolée et silencieuse en lien avec les théories du conte vers les médiations oralisées qui suivront la lecture selon une logique de questionnements philosophiques. Si le choix du support est ad-hoc, selon les recommandations de Matthew Lipman et que le conte parle de résilience, alors il est possible de conduire des discussions à visée philosophique dans une praxis de conduite en processus de résilience culturelle, qui seront matérialisées au travers des évolutions des discours des lycéens. Cette recherche [...]

Aerial archaeology, as any other part of archaeology, has own set of procedures how to obtain optimal results. One of most important parameters is time of the year when survey is done. It is usually considered that optimal timing for survey is a time when the cereal crops ripens and change color from green to yellow. That is period of late spring until beginning of the summer, during May and June. Color contrasts are among highest in all year scale, and position of the Sun is highest above horizon. Size of financial resources also play an important role in the planning of research, often restricts continuous flying over the year and that is also cause for limiting survey on this time of the year only.

Les collecteurs de littérature orale de la fin du xixe et du début du xxe siècle manifestaient de la méfiance envers les informateurs sachant lire. À leurs yeux, la pureté de la tradition exigeait que les conteurs et conteuses soient indemnes de toute alphabétisation, méconnaissant de cette manière la non-symétrie des processus de l’oralité et de l’écriture. Mais un certain nombre de ces informateurs ont écrit eux-mêmes les récits qu’ils connaissaient. On a donc tenté d’analyser les particularités de ces passages à l’écrit. Dans une seconde partie, c’est à l’intérieur des récits (contes merveilleux) qu’on a examiné la fonction des utilisations narratives de l’écrit, sous la forme essentiellement de lettres envoyées ou reçues. Ce qui a permis de constater l’ambivalence dont est investi l’usage de l’écriture. Collectors of oral literature at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries were suspicious of informants who could read. In their eyes, the purity of tradition required that tale tellers be void of all literacy. They thus misunderstood the non-symetry of oral and written processes. But a certain number of these informants had themselves written the tales they knew. In this article, I analyze the particularities of these passages from oral to written. In a second section, I also examine, within folktales themselves, the narrative function of written words, especially in the form of letters sent or received. This allowed me to underscore the ambivalence of the use of writing.

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