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BACKGROUND: Health care providers and popular press articles frequently advise women that nausea and vomiting of early pregnancy (NVP) portends a favorable fetal outcome. AIM: To investigate the claim that NVP protects against adverse fetal outcomes and improves placental and fetal growth. METHODS: Data were collected on a prospective cohort of 849 Ecuadorian prenatal patients beginning in early gestation until postpartum. A questionnaire collected information on NVP and other maternal characteristics. Fetal outcomes and placental characteristics were examined using anthropometry and physical examination. Multivariate statistical methods controlled for potential confounders. RESULTS: Women with nausea only (AOR = 0.45; 95% CI = 0.22-0.94) or nausea with vomiting (AOR = 0.66; 95% CI = 0.46-0.99) had significantly decreased miscarriage risk although the strength of the protection appeared less than that reported for other populations. NVP was not associated with low birth weight, preterm delivery, congenital anomaly, or other outcomes excepting slightly increased mean infant thigh skinfold (P = 0.024), mid-upper arm circumference (P = 0.049), and placental weight (P = 0.034). CONCLUSIONS: The data did not support the common belief that NVP protects against multiple adverse outcomes. Placental weight was slightly increased in women with NVP but this difference was not reflected in higher birth weights or other types of fetal growth except of marginally increased limb fat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bronchiolitis is a seasonal viral infection of the respiratory tract that causes numerous childhood hospitalizations annually. Treatments vary based on severity, with mild cases requiring fluids and moderate to severe cases involving hospitalization with oxygen therapy, bronchodilators, and chest physiotherapy. Manual bronchial clearance techniques differ between Anglo-Saxon and European schools, and their effectiveness remains a subject of debate., Objective: The aim of this systematic review is to evaluate the effectiveness of manual bronchial clearance techniques in bronchiolitis by assessing clinical outcomes, including improved ventilation, increased oxygen saturation, and enhanced hemodynamic and respiratory stability., Materials and Methods: A systematic review was conducted between 2013 and 2024 using PRISMA guidelines. Databases searched included PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Springer, and Google Scholar; the inclusion criteria focused on randomized clinical trials and cohort studies in English, Spanish, and Portuguese. The selection bias was evaluated. The study was registered in Prospero (CRD42023486450)., Results: Five articles involving 291 participants diagnosed with mild to moderate bronchiolitis were analyzed. The assessed techniques included Anglo-Saxon school and European School. Heart rate was evaluated in four studies, showing significant reductions in one ( p < 0.01), while the significance in the other studies was not specified. Respiratory rate was assessed in three studies, with significant results being seen in two ( p < 0.05). SpO2 was examined in all six studies, demonstrating significant improvements in two ( p = 0.02 and p < 0.05). The Kristjansson respiratory score showed significant changes in one study ( p = 0.005), and the Wang respiratory score indicated significant results in another ( p = 0.03). These findings support the efficacy of chest physiotherapy techniques in managing bronchiolitis., Conclusions: While Anglo-Saxon techniques are widely used, their effectiveness remains a subject of debate. In contrast, European techniques indicate promising clinical outcomes, including improved ventilation, increased oxygen saturation, and enhanced respiratory stability; however, additional studies could further validate these findings.

We report on a 14-year-old girl who developed post-transplantation smooth muscle tumours (PTSMT) located in the spleen, lungs, liver, and central nervous system (CNS), 4 years after kidney transplantation. She was asymptomatic, and the disease was detected during the work-up for a urinary tract infection. Diagnosis was performed by the analysis of a tissue specimen, through the biopsy of a lung tumour, which revealed a proliferation of spindle-shaped cells which were positive for actin and vimentin. In situ hybridization studies were positive for Epstein-Barr virus, and her serologic status was negative prior to transplantation. We reduced immunosuppression by stopping mycophenolate and switching tacrolimus for sirolimus. After 18 months of follow-up, she remains asymptomatic, and the CNS tumour reduced its diameter from 24 × 21 mm to 14 × 13 mm. PTSMT should be considered in the differential diagnosis of transplanted patients who develop neoplastic complications associated with immunosuppression., Competing Interests: Declarations. Conflict of interest: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to International Pediatric Nephrology Association.)

Background: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the impact of inspiratory muscle training (IMT) on lung function parameters (MIP, MEP, FEV1, and FVC) between both elite and non-elite swimmers., Methods: We searched for controlled clinical trials (CCT) and prospective longitudinal studies (PLS) in elite and non-elite swimmers following an inspiratory muscle training (IMT) protocol with a standardized device, published between 2012 and 2023. The databases used in the search were PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Springer, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Google Scholar. The primary outcome assessed was the impact of IMT on lung function parameters, including MIP, MEP, FEV1, and FVC., Results: We selected 13 articles involving 277 subjects aged 11-21 years, with 61.4% being male, and 84.6% being elite swimmers. The most commonly used IMT device was the PowerBreathe®, prescribed for 3-12 weeks, 1-2 sessions per day, 3-6 times per week, with 30 repetitions, starting at 50% of MIP and progressing up to 80%. The meta-analysis showed that IMT was associated with a higher MIP (MD = 29.35 cmH2O, 95% CI: 13.04-45.65 cmH2O, p  < 0.01) without affecting FEV1 and FVC., Conclusion: The swimmers that used IMT improved muscle strength, specifically MIP, without changes in MEP, FEV1, and FVC., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (© 2024 Carvajal-Tello, Ortega, Caballero-Lozada, Devia-Quiñonez, González-Calzada, Rojas-Hernández and Segura-Ordoñez.)

Background: Although several surgical landmarks have been proposed to localize the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN), there is still no reliable landmark., Aims: To validate the reliability of a novel reference point at the intersection of the inferior border of the cricopharyngeal muscle and the inferior cornu of thyroid cartilage for locating the RLN., Study Design: Cadaver dissection study in the academic department of otolaryngology-head and neck surgery., Methods: Sixty-four RLNs in cadavers were assessed, and measurements of different surgical landmarks in conjunction with the proposed surgical landmark were obtained. Descriptive statistics, Pearson’s chi-squared test, and Student’s t-test were performed to analyze the data using GraphPad Prism (version 9.4.1; Dotmatics, Boston, Massachusetts, USA)., Results: The average distance from the proposed landmark to the RLN was 2.3 ± 0.85 mm. The RLN was located just posterior to the reference point in 95.31% of the cadavers. The RLN passed under the inferior constrictor muscle in 90.63% of the cadavers. There was no statistically significant difference between right- and left-sided RLNs in terms of their relation with the reference point., Conclusion: The proposed reference point can be used as a reliable landmark to locate the RLN. This reference point may help surgeons during difficult thyroidectomy surgeries by providing an additional anatomical landmark.

The question whether or not tropical lianas infest host trees randomly or they exert host selection has implications for the structure and dynamics of tropical rainforests, particularly if colonization by lianas impacts host fitness. In this study, we present evidence that the Neotropical liana Marcgravia longifolia (Marcgraviaceae) infests host trees non-randomly. We identified host trees to species or genus level for 87 of the 100 M. longifolia individuals found in the study area of the Estación Biológica Quebrada Blanco (EBQB) in north-eastern Peruvian Amazonia. Data on host availability were taken from two 1-ha plots sampled at EBQB as part of a large-scale tree inventory in western Amazonia. Of the total of 88 tree genera with two or more individuals present in the inventory, 18 were represented amongst hosts. Host genera with a probability of colonization higher than expected by chance were Eschweilera (Lecythidaceae), Pouteria (Sapotaceae), Brosimum (Moraceae), and Hymenaea (Fabaceae). These findings suggest that M. longifolia exerts some level of host selectivity, but the mechanisms for this are completely unknown. Given the large number of animal species (41 bird species, three primate species) that are dispersing the seeds of M. longifolia and that have diverse ecological strategies, directed seed dispersal is unlikely to account for the observed patterns of host infestation., Competing Interests: The authors declare there are no competing interests. Leibniz ScienceCampus Primate Cognition is the association of different institutions (University of Göttingen, Deutsches Primatenzentrum, Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine and others; see https://www.primate-cognition.eu/en/about-us/members.html). Therefore, it is an academic affiliation for Roger Mundry and Holger Sennhenn-Reulen (who worked on the data analyses while he was affiliated with the Leibniz ScienceCampus before getting an employment at the Nordwestdeutsche Forstliche Versuchsanstalt)., (©2022 Heymann et al.)

Introduction: A >25% increase in daily insulin dosing is suggestive of possible sepsis in burn patients, however, no conclusive evidence is available regarding the time point at which insulin dosing begins to increase. The purpose of this study is to determine the exact time point at which the insulin requirement increases among non-diabetic burn patients with sepsis., Methods: A retrospective chart review in non-diabetic burn patients with ≥20% total body surface area burned (TBSA) during 2010-2018 who received a blood culture for suspected sepsis. Absolute insulin dosing at intervals (0, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h prior to blood culture) were Box-Cox transformed and compared vs.-96 h reference using mixed-effects models accounting for within-patient dependencies., Results: Fifty-eight patients (84% males, age 44 ± 17 years, TBSA% 49 ± 17.5) were included. When cube root of daily insulin dosing was regressed on each time point in a mixed-effects model, statistically significant increase in insulin dosing compared to baseline was observed for -48 (p = 0.018), -24 (p = 0.011), and 0 h (p = 0.008)., Conclusion: Daily insulin dosing increases 48 h prior to development of other clinical signs of sepsis and can be used as a sensitive early marker., (Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

The main objective of this study was to investigate experimentally and numerically the behavior of basalt fiber-reinforced polymer (BFRP) reinforcement exposed to a combination of ultraviolet rays, humidity, and rain. Specifically, the effects of the previously stated harsh exposure on the serviceability performance and flexural capacity of BFRP reinforced concrete beams was examined. Holding the exposure parameter constant, the study also evaluated the effects of reinforcement ratio and beam detailing on the flexural capacity and the bond-dependent coefficient ( k b ) of the beams. Seven beams were cast and tested, four of which were reinforced with exposed BFRP bars, two were reinforced with unexposed BFRP bars, and one specimen was cast and reinforced with steel bars to serve as a benchmark specimen. The results indicate that the k b factor was averaged to be 0.61 for all the beams. Test results also indicate that increasing the reinforcement ratio did not result in a directly proportional increase in the moment capacity. The period of exposure did not cause any significant impact on the behavior of the over-reinforced beams. Thus, a finite element model was created to simulate the impact of exposure on the behavior of under-reinforced BFRP reinforced concrete beams.

Purpose: Investigate if otolaryngology residency home programs (HP) are associated with advantages in National Resident Matching Program match compared to applicants without HPs., Methods: Surveys were distributed to fourth-year medical students applying to otolaryngology residency (2015-2016 cycle) via OHNS (2015-2016) Applicants Closed Facebook Page and Otomatch. Applicant data analyzed included HP, United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) scores, number of away rotations, and matching at top choice., Results: Applicants were grouped: (1) HP, (2) no HP but have ENT staff (staff), and (3) no HP or staff (none). Ninety-five percent of survey participants matched into otolaryngology (n = 62). A sub-analysis of match preference among matching applicants revealed 63% of participants with HP matched to their first choice compared to 56% (staff) and 14% (none) ( P  = .058). Match rate between those with any staff (HP or staff) versus those without was statistically significant ( P  = .037). Applicants without HPs went on more away rotations than students with HPs (mean: 2.5 ± 0.5 vs 1.7 ± 0.07, P  = .0002). No statistical significance was seen between applicants with/without HP in regards to USMLE scores, publications, or number of interviews., Conclusion: Applicants applying to otolaryngology residency without HPs are as competitive as those who have HPs. However, without HPs, applicants tend to participate in more away rotations and are less likely to match at their top choice.

Aims: Recent research suggests that evaluative conditioning (EC) can change implicit evaluations of alcohol and reduce drinking behaviors among college students (Houben et al., 2010a). This research has been conceptually replicated in two previous studies. To date, however, no direct and independent replication of the original study has been performed. In this paper, we report a high-powered direct replication of Houben et al.'s (2010a) study., Method: About 168 French college students took part in this preregistered study. Drinking behavior was assessed before and 2 weeks after the intervention. The intervention consisted of 120 trials of words related to alcoholic beverages or soft drinks paired with neutral, positive or negative pictures. The two conditions were factually equivalent and differed only in the repeated pairing between alcohol-related words and negative pictures; in the EC condition, but not in the control condition, alcohol-related words were systematically paired with negative pictures., Results: EC did not change participants' implicit evaluations of alcohol and drinking behaviors. However, EC reduced drinking behaviors among hazardous drinkers. Yet, further non-preregistered Bayesian analysis did not provide much support for this hypothesis., Conclusion: This high-powered preregistered direct replication of Houben et al.'s (2010a) study suggests that the original effects are more fragile than initially thought. The effect of EC on drinking behaviors may be restricted to heavy drinkers, and we found no evidence that this effect is mediated by a change in implicit attitudes. It is necessary to perform further studies to test the original effects in clinical populations., (© The Author(s) 2020. Medical Council on Alcohol and Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.)

A previous study by Nock et al. (2010) suggested that people's implicit identification with "death" or "suicide" can accurately predict whether they will attempt suicide several months in advance. We report the first direct and independent replication of this promising finding. Participants were 165 patients seeking treatment at a psychiatric unit in France. At baseline, patients completed the Suicide-Implicit Association Test (S-IAT), a semistructured interview, and a self-report measure of suicide ideation. Six months later, we contacted participants by phone and examined their hospital medical records to determine whether they had made a new suicide attempt. Results showed that the S-IAT did not distinguish between patients who were admitted to the hospital following suicide attempts and those who were admitted for other reasons. As in the original study, however, the S-IAT predicted suicide attempts within the 6-month follow-up period beyond well-known predictors. The test correctly classified 85% of patients (95% confidence interval = [76.91, 91.53]), supporting its diagnostic value for identifying who will make a suicide attempt.

Indirect measures of cognition have become an important tool in research on addiction. To date, however, no research has examined whether indirect measures of parent attachment relate to substance use. To examine this issue, a sample of college students (N = 121) was asked to complete two measures of explicit attachment (the Relationship Questionnaire; Bartholomew & Horowitz, 1991, and the Adult Attachment Styles; Collins & Read, 1990), and a measure of implicit attachment (the Single Category Implicit Association Test, Karpinski & Steinman, 2006). The indirect attachment measure assessed the strength of automatic mental association between the concepts parents and secure. Participants also completed different measures of tobacco, cannabis, and alcohol use. Results showed that, for most of the participants, the parents were considered a source of security at both the explicit and implicit levels. Direct and indirect attachment measures were not related to each other. Overall, explicit attachment was not related to substance use. However, implicit attachment was significantly associated with the use of licit (tobacco) and illicit (cannabis) drugs. We also found some evidence that polydrug use is especially common among students with an insecure implicit attachment. This is the first study to examine how implicit attachment processes relate to addictive behaviors. The results suggest that implicit attachment, thought to reflect unconscious traces of past experiences, is a better predictor of substance use in college students than direct, self-reported measures of attachment. Further studies should examine whether implicit attachment is associated with severe substance use disorders in clinical populations. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Glucosinolates (GLSs) are a well-defined group of specialized metabolites, and like any other plant specialized metabolites, their presence does not directly affect the plant survival in terms of growth and development. However, specialized metabolites are essential to combat environmental stresses, such as pathogens and herbivores. GLSs naturally occur in many pungent plants in the order of Brassicales. To date, more than 200 different GLS structures have been characterized and their distribution differs from species to species. GLSs co-exist with classical and atypical myrosinases, which can hydrolyze GLS into an unstable aglycone thiohydroximate-O-sulfonate, which rearranges to produce different degradation products. GLSs, myrosinases, myrosinase interacting proteins, and GLS degradation products constitute the GLS-myrosinase (GM) system ("mustard oil bomb"). This review discusses the cellular and subcellular organization of the GM system, its chemodiversity, and functions in different cell types. Although there are many studies on the functions of GLSs and/or myrosinases at the tissue and whole plant levels, very few studies have focused on different single cell types. Single cell type studies will help to reveal specific functions that are missed at the tissue and organismal level. This review aims to highlight (1) recent progress in cellular and subcellular compartmentation of GLSs, myrosinases, and myrosinase interacting proteins; (2) molecular and biochemical diversity of GLSs and myrosinases; and (3) myrosinase interaction with its interacting proteins, and how it regulates the degradation of GLSs and thus the biological functions (e.g., plant defense against pathogens). Future prospects may include targeted approaches for engineering/breeding of plants and crops in the cell type-specific manner toward enhanced plant defense and nutrition.

Background: Recent research suggests that a brief computer-delivered intervention based on evaluative conditioning (EC) can change the implicit evaluation of alcohol and reduce drinking behaviors among college students. We tested whether we could obtain similar findings in a high-powered preregistered study and whether hazardous drinking moderates these effects., Method: Before the intervention, 122 French college students were screened for hazardous drinking using the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT). Implicit evaluation of alcohol was assessed before and immediately after the intervention using an Implicit Association Test (IAT). Drinking behavior was assessed before the intervention and approximately two weeks after using the TimeLine Follow Back (TLFB) method. The EC consisted of 120 trials of words (related to alcoholic beverages, soft drinks or neutral) paired with pictures (neutral, positive or negative). In the EC condition, alcohol-related words were systematically paired with negative pictures. In the control condition, alcohol-related words were systematically paired with neutral pictures., Results: The EC did not change the implicit evaluation of alcohol, Cohen's d = 0.01, 95CI [-0.35, 0.35]. However, the EC reduced drinking behavior, Cohen's d = 0.37, 95CI [0.01, 0.72]. This effect was independent of hazardous drinking behavior, but it was especially pronounced among participants with the most positive implicit evaluation of alcohol before the intervention., Conclusion: This preregistered study suggests that evaluative conditioning can successfully reduce drinking behavior among college students by 31% (compared to 4% in the control condition) without causing an immediate change in the implicit evaluation of alcohol., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Women are routinely exposed to images of extremely slim female bodies (the thin ideal) in advertisements, even if they do not necessarily pay much attention to these images. We hypothesized that paradoxically, it is precisely in such conditions of low attention that the impact of the social comparison with the thin ideal might be the most pronounced. To test this prediction, one hundred and seventy-three young female participants were exposed to images of the thin ideal or of women's fashion accessories. They were allocated to either a condition of high (memorizing 10 digits) or low cognitive load (memorizing 4 digits). The main dependent measure was implicit: mean recognition latency of negative words, relative to neutral words, as assessed by a lexical decision task. The results showed that thin-ideal exposure did not affect negative word accessibility under low cognitive load but that it increased it under high cognitive load. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that social comparison with the thin ideal is an automatic process, and contribute to explain why some strategies to prevent negative effects of thin-ideal exposure are inefficient.

Glycans have numerous functions in various biological processes and participate in the progress of diseases. Reliable quantitative glycomic profiling techniques could contribute to the understanding of the biological functions of glycans, and lead to the discovery of potential glycan biomarkers for diseases. Although LC-MS is a powerful analytical tool for quantitative glycomics, the variation of ionization efficiency and MS intensity bias are influencing quantitation reliability. Internal standards can be utilized for glycomic quantitation by MS-based methods to reduce variability. In this study, we used stable isotope labeled IgG2b monoclonal antibody, iGlycoMab, as an internal standard to reduce potential for errors and to reduce variabililty due to sample digestion, derivatization, and fluctuation of nanoESI efficiency in the LC-MS analysis of permethylated N-glycans released from model glycoproteins, human blood serum, and breast cancer cell line. We observed an unanticipated degradation of isotope labeled glycans, tracked a source of such degradation, and optimized a sample preparation protocol to minimize degradation of the internal standard glycans. All results indicated the effectiveness of using iGlycoMab to minimize errors originating from sample handling and instruments., (© 2016 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

The prospective cohort study examined whether Ecuadorian women with early pregnancy nausea and vomiting (NVP) are more likely to develop food aversions and cravings, and if so, whether the specific foods identified as aversive or craved are the same as those predicted by the popular maternal-embryo protection hypothesis (MEPH). Consistent with MEPH predictions, women with NVP were more likely to report increased odor sensitivity and aversions for some predicted "toxic" foods and more likely to crave fruits. However, other hypothesis predictions were not supported. The relationship of food aversions and cravings with NVP appears more complicated than that explained by the MEPH.

Background: A few cross-sectional studies reported an increased risk of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) among asthmatics. We conducted a population-based, case-control study that applied predetermined criteria for asthma and IBD to determine whether asthma, as a T-helper 2 (Th2) condition, reduces the risk of IBD, a Th1 condition., Methods: This was a population-based, case-control study using criteria-based ascertainment for IBD and asthma. Subjects were all Rochester, Minnesota, residents who had developed IBD between 1964 and 1983 and their age- and gender-matched controls, using 1:1 matching. Controls were randomly selected from the community using the Rochester Epidemiology Project database and confirmed not to have IBD. All cases and controls were merged with the database comprising all Rochester residents with or without asthma between 1964 and 1983., Results: Of the 231 IBD cases, 55% had ulcerative colitis and the remainder had Crohn's disease. Of these, 50.4% were male and 98.1% were Caucasians. The mean age at the time of IBD diagnosis was 33.8 years. Four cases (1.7%) had asthma prior to the index date of IBD, whereas two controls (0.9%) had asthma (unadjusted odds ratio [OR]: 3.0, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.31-28.84, P = 0.34). Similarly, 16 IBD cases (6.9%) had asthma ever while 12 controls (5.2%) had asthma ever (unadjusted OR: 1.4, 95% CI: 0.62-3.38, P = 0.40)., Conclusions: Asthma as a Th2 condition does not reduce the risk of IBD as a Th1 condition. Because of the limitations of our study and others, the association between asthma and IBD needs to be further studied.

The objective of the study was to determine the efficacy and safety of two rice-based oral rehydration solutions, with and without added electrolyte in children presenting acute diarrheal dehydration with high stool output (> 10 mL/kg/h) during a two-hour rehydration period. Twenty-two patients of one to 18 months old were recruited and randomly distributed into two groups: group A received the rice-based solution without electrolytes, and group B received the rice-based solution with electrolytes. A stool output diminishing was observed in both groups and rehydration was achieved in 4.0 +/- 0.9 hours in 21 patients from group A and in 4.6 +/- 0.9 hours in 13 patients group group B. There was not a statistically significant difference between the groups regarding the laboratory results. The rice-based oral rehydration solution without added electrolytes was useful for rehydration of children presenting high stool output, after administering the WHO/ORS recommended formula during a two-hour period.

The Iboga alkaloid tabernanthine (80 microM) non-competitively antagonized contractions in both the rat aorta and mesenteric artery induced by cumulative additions of noradrenaline and calcium. Tabernanthine (8, 40 and 80 microM) antagonized the K+ depolarization-induced contractions of the aorta. Tabernanthine (80 microM) depressed the phasic component of contractions induced by a single maximal concentration (10 microM) of noradrenaline in Ca++ -free solution. Tabernanthine induced a negative inotropic effect in electrically stimulated myocardial tissue and a negative chronotropic effect in the perfused rat heart. Tabernanthine is a calcium entry blocker which also affects cellular calcium metabolism.