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In a decade of low TFP --factorial total productivity-- in Latin America, the paper shows evidence of the low level of TFP due to the degree of technical inefficiency of companies in the Peruvian productive sector case. For this, the technical efficiency indices of 116 875 companies (83 271 formal and 33 604 informal) distributed in 25 regions and ten productive sectors (agriculture, livestock, agriculture, mining, fishing, manufacturing, construction, commerce, hotels and restaurants, and the rest are non-governmental services). The estimates yielded a general average efficiency index for the regions and sectors of Peru of 37.94 --in other words, the total product of the companies would multiply by 2.6 without requiring additional productive factors--. This figure suggests that government or company interventions that induce technically efficient behaviors in production can contribute to increasing the TFP of the economy, probably at lower cost and time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper estimates the spatial or geographic effects of employment, income and production value of eleven mining centers upon the share of employment of the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors from the geographic areas wherein these centers are located. Based upon a Spatial Durbin Model, SDM, the main estimation results points outs that the 'direct effects' of the income or mining output generated in the geographic areas wherein the mining centers are located upon the share of employment in the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors of the same areas were statistically significative for most of the estimations (about 69,4% of them). Contrarily, these effects for the share of formal employment of the mining centers were not statistically significative for most of the estimations (about 61,1% of them). However, the 'indirect' geographic or spillovers effects of such an employment were significative particularly for the share of the informal employment of the secondary, tertiary and primary (in that order). These employment geographic spillovers effects has implied that changes in the formal employment share in the mining sectors were associated to changes in the informal employments shares of the secondary, tertiary and primary (in that order) of the geographic areas close to de mining production centers. The indirect effects of income and production value in the production centers were not significative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

En este artículo se analiza la relación entre las decisiones de inversión, la intensidad de la inversión, los resultados de la innovación y la productividad del trabajo en una muestra de empresas de servicios y manufactureras del Perú en 2004, sobre la base de un modelo CDM ajustado (Crepon, Duguet y Mairesse, 1998). Algunos de los resultados obtenidos indican que el tamaño de la empresa es clave en la decisión de inversión. El tamaño de la empresa y la intensidad de la inversión también fueron determinantes fundamentales de la probabilidad de elaborar productos de innovación tecnológica y no tecnológica y de la productividad laboral de los sectores de servicios y manufacturas. Estos resultados sugieren que las políticas horizontales de ciencia, tecnología e innovación (CTI) que alientan a las empresas a incrementar la intensidad de la inversión en esas áreas pueden contribuir a aumentar la productividad del trabajo de las Armas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based upon the export product space, this paper shows the main features of the export product composition of Peru and its regions. With respect to export baskets, these include: a high concentration in few commodities; a relatively low degree of similarity between products; relatively high levels of productivity at the international level, and; enormous undiscovered or untapped export potential. In addition, this paper analyzes the hypothesis that the natural resource curse affects regional growth, employment and export diversification. Subject to the limitations of the data and the heterogeneous panel methods employed, estimation results indicate that the share of natural capital out of the total tangible wealth and natural capital per capita seems, on average and in a relatively statistically robust way, to spur growth, primary employment and export concentration in a few products. Consequently, the natural resource curse for the Peruvian regions is not about growth but about low regional development, since such resources do not have a significant impact on secondary and tertiary employment or on export product diversification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based upon manufacturing sector data, this paper estimates the total factor productivity (TFP) for this sector with parametric and modern methods for the 2002-2007 period. Subject to data limitations and methods used, the estimations indicate that the TFP growth rate for a representative sample of up to 578 firms was low in the period analysed, without having contributed to the growth of manufacturing firms' real production value. In addition, the TFP growth rate was greater for large firms (more than 100 employees) than for medium and small firms (less than 21 employees). In terms of industrial sectors, TFP growth rates were higher for primary processing and technology-intensive industries than for traditional industries (such as textiles, clothing and footwear), and the foodstuffs, tobacco, and beverages sectors. Lastly, though capital, employment and installed capacity growth may explain the growth of manufacturing real output value for the period 2002-2007, the absence of TFP growth may jeopardize the sustainability of such a growth in the medium and long run. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Se analizan las interrelaciones de la integración comercial, financiera y de especialización sectorial con el grado de sincronización entre los ciclos del producto interno bruto (PIB) del Perú y los respectivos de los 31 principales países socios comerciales. El análisis se basa en la estimación de un sistema de ecuaciones simultáneas con datos de panel, en que además se considera la repercusión de los acuerdos preferenciales de comercio (APC). Los resultados muestran relaciones robustas y bidireccionales entre el grado de sincronización y el de integración financiera, entre este y la integración comercial, y de esta con el nivel de especialización sectorial. Los apc no incidieron en las diversas variables consideradas. Estas evidencias sugieren que una mayor integración comercial en el Perú agudizaría los efectos de los ciclos del PIB de los países socios en el producto peruano en el contexto de las crisis de 2008 y 2010. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the validity of four hypotheses on the relationship between the price-cost margin and import penetration as well as firms' market concentration for a sample of Peruvian firms of the manufacturing sector in period 2002-2007. The first hypothesis states that an increase in the degree of import penetration reduces firms' price-cost margins. The second hypothesis states that such a negative impact of the import penetration is greater the higher is firms' concentration ratios. The third hypothesis propose the negative impact of import penetration is reduced the higher is firms' concentration ratios. The fourth hypothesis states that the positive effect of a firm' share of the market is decreasing. The evidence in the Peruvian case reject the first and third hypotheses and accept the other two. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By way of a set of productive factors from a sample of manufacturing firms that created and destroyed jobs in Peru's formal manufacturing sector for the period 2002-2007, this paper estimates the conditional labor demand equation under three interpretations. The results of these assessments suggest that job creation and destruction were statistically related to positive and negative changes of real output respectively. However, the rates of change of these job flows were lower than those of the real output value. On the other hand, job flows were positively associated with firms' degrees of processing. Other minor factors associated with job flows were the size of firms and the capital-labor ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sobre la base de una breve y selectiva revisión de la literatura acerca del desarrollo económico local (DELl), en el presente artículo se analizan cuatro aspectos teóricos que distinguen a las teorías de desarrollo económico "local" de las teorías "nacionales". Estos aspectos son: los factores de localización; los bienes y servicios públicos locales; la participación activa de distintos agentes privados, y el enfoque multidisciplinario de las teorías de DELl. Este análisis podría utilizarse para diseñar una disciplina académica de DEL habitualmente ausente en los países en desarrollo y arrojar luces sobre los objetivos y el papel de los agentes en los procesos de descentralización y DELl que actualmente tienen lugar en estos países. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work synthesizes the relevant theoretical propositions for the analysis of the economic impacts of the preferential trade arrangements (PTAs) which have been part of the trade liberalization process implemented in the last two decades by developed and developing economies. These arrangements are divided in three groups of arrangements: i) unilateral (UPTAs), ii) regional (RPTAs) and iii) multilateral (MPTAs). In addition, this paper addresses two questions. The first one, (from the perspective of an individual economy) which of these arrangements benefit the most for an economy?. The second, to what extent UPTAs and especially RPTAs, contribute (or are \' building blocks or friends\'), obstruct (or are \'stumbling blocks or friends\') or converge (or are \'stepping stones\') or not (\'strangers\') to the PTAs? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a straightforward and diverse methodology, this paper assesses and estimates the trade barriers impact on exports from the Peruvian economy. The results of the analysis indicate that Most Favored Nation (MFN) and Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) tariffs rates imposed by developed countries to Peruvian exports are relatively low and close to zero. Conversely, the number of Non-Tariff Barriers (NTB) and the average number of NTBs per export tariff line, specially the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), are relatively high. This difference produces a higher estimation of the export impact of the NTBs. An implication of these results is that the new wave of regional preferential trade agreements among developed and developing countries (which face similar trade barriers structure as the Peruvian case) may not have meaningful effects on trade flows unless it is accompanied by substantial reductions in the number of NTBs per export tariff line. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]