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13 results on '"Telespazio France"'

1. Influence of Calcium Perchlorate on the Search for Organics on Mars with Tetramethylammonium Hydroxide Thermochemolysis

Author

Yuanyuan He, Pin Lu, Paul R. Mahaffy, Charles Malespin, Melissa Guzman, Cyril Szopa, Amy J. Williams, Samuel Teinturier, Maeva Millan, Sarah Stewart Johnson, Michel Cabane, Hervé Cottin, Jennifer C. Stern, Jennifer L. Eigenbrode, Rafael Navarro-González, Vincent Butin, Fabien Stalport, Naila Chaouche-Mechidal, Caroline Freissinet, Arnaud Buch, D. Coscia, Daniel P. Glavin, Jamila El Bekri, Jean-Yves Bonnet, Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés et Matériaux (LGPM), CentraleSupélec-Université Paris-Saclay, PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Florida [Gainesville] (UF), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Georgetown University [Washington] (GU), GSFC Solar System Exploration Division, Telespazio France, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares [Mexico], Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México = National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), and Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)

Subjects
chemistry.chemical_classification, Tetramethylammonium hydroxide, Perchlorates, Extraterrestrial Environment, Inorganic chemistry, Pyrolysis gc ms, Mars, Calcium perchlorate, Mars Exploration Program, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous), Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, 0104 chemical sciences, Quaternary Ammonium Compounds, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, 0103 physical sciences, Sample Analysis at Mars, Calcium, Organic matter, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics
Abstract

International audience; The Mars Organic Molecule Analyzer (MOMA) and Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instruments onboard the Exomars 2022 and Mars Science Laboratory rovers, respectively, are capable of organic matter detection and differentiating potentially biogenic from abiotic organics in martian samples. To identify organics, both these instruments utilize pyrolysis–gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, and the thermochemolysis agent tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) is also used to increase organic volatility. However, the reactivity and efficiency of TMAH thermochemolysis are affected by the presence of calcium perchlorate on the martian surface. In this study, we determined the products of TMAH pyrolysis in the presence and absence of calcium perchlorate at different heating rates (flash pyrolysis and SAM-like ramp pyrolysis with a 35°C·min−1 heating rate). The decomposition mechanism of TMAH pyrolysis in the presence of calcium perchlorate was studied by using stepped pyrolysis. Moreover, the effect of calcium perchlorate (at Mars-relevant concentrations) on the recovery rate of fatty acids with TMAH thermochemolysis was studied. Results demonstrate that flash pyrolysis yields more diversity and greater abundances of TMAH thermochemolysis products than does the SAM-like ramp pyrolysis method. There is no obvious effect of calcium perchlorate on TMAH degradation when the [ClO4−] is lower than 10 weight percent (wt %). Most importantly, the presence of calcium perchlorate does not significantly impact the recovery rate of fatty acids with TMAH thermochemolysis under laboratory conditions, which is promising for the detection of fatty acids via TMAH thermochemolysis with the SAM and MOMA instruments on Mars.

Published
2021

2. Influence of Calcium Perchlorate on the Search for Martian Organic Compounds with MTBSTFA/DMF Derivatization

Author

Sarah Stewart Johnson, Amy J. Williams, Daniel P. Glavin, Jean-Yves Bonnet, Melissa Guzman, Charles Malespin, Caroline Freissinet, Rafael Navarro-González, Michel Cabane, Arnaud Buch, Yuanyuan He, D. Coscia, Cyril Szopa, Maeva Millan, Jennifer L. Eigenbrode, Samuel Teinturier, Pin Lu, Paul R. Mahaffy, Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés et Matériaux (LGPM), CentraleSupélec-Université Paris-Saclay, PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Department of Biology [Washington], Georgetown University [Washington] (GU), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares [Mexico], Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Department of Geological Sciences [Gainesville] (UF|Geological), University of Florida [Gainesville] (UF), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), and Telespazio France

Subjects
Extraterrestrial Environment, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Inorganic chemistry, Mars, 01 natural sciences, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Perchlorate, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0103 physical sciences, Derivatization, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Perchlorates, Chemistry, Chloromethane, Dimethylformamide, Calcium perchlorate, Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous), 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Chlorobenzene, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Reagent, Sample Analysis at Mars, Calcium, Pyrolysis
Abstract

International audience; N-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-N-methyltrifluoroacetamide (MTBSTFA), mixed with the solvent N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), is used as a derivatizing reagent by the Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) experiment onboard NASA's Curiosity rover and will soon be utilized by the Mars Organic Molecule Analyzer experiment onboard the ESA/Roscosmos Rosalind Franklin rover. The pyrolysis products of MTBSTFA, DMF, and the MTBSTFA/DMF mixtures, obtained at different temperatures, were analyzed. Two different pyrolysis modes were studied, flash pyrolysis and ramp pyrolysis (35°C/min), to evaluate the potential influence of the sample heating speed on the production of products in space chromatographs. The effect of the presence of calcium perchlorate on the pyrolysis products of MTBSTFA/DMF was also studied to ascertain the potential effect of perchlorate species known to be present at the martian surface. The results show that MTBSTFA/DMF derivatization should be applied below 300°C when using flash pyrolysis, as numerous products of MTBSTFA/DMF were formed at high pyrolysis temperatures. However, when an SAM-like ramp pyrolysis was applied, the final pyrolysis temperature did not appear to influence the degradation products of MTBSTFA/DMF. All products of MTBSTFA/DMF pyrolysis are listed in this article, providing a major database of products for the analysis of martian analog samples, meteorites, and the in situ analysis of martian rocks and soils. In addition, the presence of calcium perchlorate does not show any obvious effects on the pyrolysis of MTBSTFA/DMF: Only chloromethane and TBDMS-Cl (chloro-tertbutyldimethylsilane) were detected, whereas chlorobenzene and other chlorine-bearing compounds were not detected. However, other chlorine-bearing compounds were detected after pyrolysis of the Murchison meteorite in the presence of calcium perchlorate. This result reinforces previous suggestions that chloride-bearing compounds could be reaction products of martian samples and perchlorate.

Published
2021

3. Abiotic input of fixed nitrogen by bolide impacts in CH4+CO2+N2 and H2+CH4+CO2+N2 atmospheres. Comparison with nitrate levels measured by the curiosity rover's sample analysis at mars instrument

Author

Navarro-González, Rafael, Navarro, Karina, Coll, Patrice, Mckay, Christopher, Sutter, Brad, Stern, Jennifer, Archer, P., Mcadam, Amy, Szopa, Cyril, Freissinet, Caroline, Franz, H., Buch, Arnaud, Prats, B., Millan, Maeva, Eigenbrode, L., Coscia, David, Teinturier, S., Bonnet, Jean-Yves, Glavin, D., Williams, A., Raulin, François, Cabane, Michel, Ming, D., Malespin, C., Mahaffy, Paul, Martín-Torres, F., Zorzano-Mier, Maria-Paz, Atreya, Sushil, Fraeman, A., Vasavada, Ashwin, Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares [Mexico], Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México = National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), NASA Ames Research Center (ARC), Jacobs Technology ESCG, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), NASA Johnson Space Center (JSC), NASA, PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés et Matériaux (LGPM), CentraleSupélec-Université Paris-Saclay, GSFC Solar System Exploration Division, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Telespazio France, Department of Computer science, Electrical and Space engineering, Luleå University of Technology (LUT), Centro de Astrobiologia [Madrid] (CAB), Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System, Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), and Cardon, Catherine

Subjects
[SDU] Sciences of the Universe [physics], [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

International audience

Published
2021

4. Application of TMAH thermochemolysis to the detection of nucleobases: Application to the MOMA and SAM space experiment

Author

Pin Lu, Paul R. Mahaffy, M. Morisson, Cyril Szopa, Melissa Guzman, Jason P. Dworkin, Maeva Millan, J. L. Eigenbrode, Jean-Yves Bonnet, Caroline Freissinet, Sarah Stewart Johnson, Amy J. Williams, Yuanyuan He, D. Coscia, Arnaud Buch, Daniel P. Glavin, Charles Malespin, Rafael Navarro-González, Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés et Matériaux - EA 4038 (LGPM), CentraleSupélec, PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche (M.E.N.E.S.R.), University of Florida [Gainesville] (UF), Georgetown University [Washington] (GU), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Laboratorio de Química de Plasmas y Estudios Planetarios [Mexico], Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares [Mexico], Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Telespazio France, and Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)

Subjects
Hot Temperature, Guanine, Mars, MOMA, 02 engineering and technology, Pyrimidinones, 01 natural sciences, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Analytical Chemistry, Nucleobase, chemistry.chemical_compound, Limit of Detection, Hypoxanthine, [SDU.OCEAN]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Ocean, Atmosphere, Tetramethylammonium hydroxide, Nucleobases, Chromatography, Tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH)SAM, 010401 analytical chemistry, Uracil, Space Flight, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Derivatization, 0104 chemical sciences, Thymine, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Purines, Sample Analysis at Mars, Thermochemolysis, GC-MS, 0210 nano-technology, Cytosine, Pyrolysis
Abstract

International audience; Thermochemolysis of seven nucleobases—adenine, thymine, uracil, cytosine, guanine, xanthine, and hypoxanthine—in tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) was studied individually by pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry in the frame of the Mars surface exploration. The analyses were performed under conditions relevant to the Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument of the Mars Curiosity Rover and the Mars Organic Molecule Analyzer (MOMA) instrument of the ExoMars Rover. The thermochemolysis products of each nucleobase were identified and the reaction mechanisms studied. The thermochemolysis temperature was optimized and the limit of detection and quantification of each nucleobase were also investigated. Results indicate that 600°C is the optimal thermochemolysis temperature for all seven nucleobases. The methylated products trimethyl-adenine, 1, 3-dimethyl-thymine, 1, 3-dimethyl-uracil, trimethyl-cytosine, 1, 3, 7-trimethyl-xanthine (caffeine), and dimethyl-hypoxanthine, respectively, are the most stable forms of adenine, thymine, uracil, cytosine, guanine, and xanthine, and hypoxanthine in TMAH solutions. The limits of detection for adenine, thymine, and uracil were 0.075 nmol; the limits of detection for guanine, cytosine, and hypoxanthine were higher, at 0.40, 0.55, and 0.75 nmol, respectively. These experiments allowed to well constrain the analytical capabilities of the thermochemolysis experiments that will be performed on Mars to detect nucleobases.

Published
2019

5. Gaia Data Release 2. First stellar parameters from Apsis

Author

Orlagh Creevey, Coryn A. L. Bailer-Jones, Yveline Lebreton, Nicolas Mary, A. Burlacu, G. Walmsley, A. Jean-Antoine-Piccolo, Rene Andrae, C. Ordénovic, B. Pichon, L. Chaoul, Morgan Fouesneau, Georges Kordopatis, Frédéric Thévenin, Andreas J. Korn, C. Panem, Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie (MPIA), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Joseph Louis LAGRANGE (LAGRANGE), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Telespazio France, Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Uppsala Universitet [Uppsala], Institut de Physique de Rennes (IPR), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA (UMR_8109)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Gaia Multilateral Agreement, DLR (German space agency) [50 QG 0602, 50 QG 1001, 50 QG 1403], Swedish National Space Board (SNSB), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique = Laboratory of Space Studies and Instrumentation in Astrophysics (LESIA), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Université de Rennes (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
stars fundamental parameters, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, methods data analysis, Luminosity, Photometry (optics), surveys, 0103 physical sciences, Bolometric correction, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Red clump, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), Physics, methods statistical, [PHYS]Physics [physics], 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Observable, Astrometry, Radius, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Stars, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], catalogs
Abstract

The second Gaia data release (Gaia-DR2) contains, beyond the astrometry, three-band photometry for 1.38 billion sources. We have used these three broad bands to infer stellar effective temperatures, Teff, for all sources brighter than G=17 mag with Teff in the range 3000-10 000 K (161 million sources). Using in addition the parallaxes, we infer the line-of-sight extinction, A_G, and the reddening, E[BP-RP], for 88 million sources. Together with a bolometric correction we derive luminosity and radius for 77 million sources. These quantities as well as their estimated uncertainties are part of Gaia-DR2. Here we describe the procedures by which these quantities were obtained, including the underlying assumptions, comparison with literature estimates, and the limitations of our results. Typical accuracies are of order 324 K (Teff), 0.46 mag (A_G), 0.23 mag (E[BP-RP]), 15% (luminosity), and 10% (radius). Being based on only a small number of observable quantities and limited training data, our results are necessarily subject to some extreme assumptions that can lead to strong systematics in some cases (not included in the aforementioned accuracy estimates). One aspect is the non-negativity contraint of our estimates, in particular extinction. Yet in several regions of parameter space our results show very good performance, for example for red clump stars and solar analogues. Large uncertainties render the extinctions less useful at the individual star level, but they show good performance for ensemble estimates. We identify regimes in which our parameters should and should not be used and we define a "clean" sample. Despite the limitations, this is the largest catalogue of uniformly-inferred stellar parameters to date. More precise and detailed astrophysical parameters based on the full BP/RP spectrophotometry are planned as part of the third Gaia data release., Comment: A&A in press

Published
2018

6. Operations of the Sample Analysis at Mars instrument suite onboard the Curiosity rover

Author

Caroline Freissinet, Arnaud Buch, Samuel Teinturier, Micah Johnson, Jean-Yves Bonnet, Eric Lorigny, Cyril Szopa, Michel Cabane, Paul R. Mahaffy, Mehdi Benna, Charles Malespin, Stephen Indyk, David Coscia, B. D. Prats, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales ( LATMOS ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Telespazio France, IMPEC - LATMOS, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), CentraleSupélec, Honeybee Robotics Ltd, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center ( GSFC ), eINFORMe inc., Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales ( CNES ), Goddard Earth Sciences and Technology and Research ( GESTAR ), Universities Space Research Association ( USRA ) -NASA, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), PLANETO - LATMOS, Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés et Matériaux - EA 4038 (LGPM), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Goddard Earth Sciences and Technology and Research (GESTAR), and Universities Space Research Association (USRA)-NASA

Subjects
[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], Martian, Scientific instrument, Engineering, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Spectrometer, business.industry, Payload, Suite, Mars Exploration Program, 01 natural sciences, Workflow, [ PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH ] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], 0103 physical sciences, Sample Analysis at Mars, Aerospace engineering, business, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, [ SDU.ASTR ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

The Sample Analysis at Mars instrument suite, onboard the Curiosity rover, has been analyzing the martian environment since August 05th 2012, as one of the main tools of the Mars Science Laboratory mission. This suite is composed of three independent but interoperable instruments, namely a Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer, a Tunable Laser Spectrometer and a Gas Chromatograph, plus a sophisticated Sample Manipulation System. SAM is used to analyze soils, rocks and atmosphere. For instance, it detected in situ martian complex organics for the first time, provide us with a several years survey of the atmospheric composition and helped understand how the martian environment evolved through the planet history. At 40 kg, it represents half of the scientific payload weight of Curiosity and is one of the two analytical instruments of the mission. This instrument suite is the result of an international collaboration between the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory and a consortium of French laboratories supported by the Center National d’Etudes Spatiales (the French space agency). This contribution will present the organization of the SAM operational workflow from the ground infrastructure, to flight operations and laboratory supporting work. It will also describe how the CNES hosts and supports the SAM team during this exciting mission.

Published
2018

7. An efficient 1D numerical model adapted to the study of transient convecto-diffusive heat and mass transfer in directional solidification

Author

Ghislain Boutet, Jean-Paul Garandet, Daniel Henry, Séverine Millet, Valéry Botton, Virgile Tavernier, Laboratoire de Mecanique des Fluides et d'Acoustique (LMFA), École Centrale de Lyon (ECL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), INSA Euro-Méditerranée, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), Telespazio France, Département de Modélisation des Systèmes et Structures (DM2S), CEA-Direction des Energies (ex-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire) (CEA-DES (ex-DEN)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Laboratoire d’Instrumentation et d’Expérimentation en mécanique des Fluides et Thermo-hydraulique (LIEFT), Service de Thermo-hydraulique et de Mécanique des Fluides (STMF), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-CEA-Direction des Energies (ex-Direction de l'Energie Nucléaire) (CEA-DES (ex-DEN)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Département de Modélisation des Systèmes et Structures (DM2S), and Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
010302 applied physics, Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes, Materials science, Mechanical Engineering, Segregation, Thermodynamics, Crystal growth, 02 engineering and technology, Mechanics, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, Thermal diffusivity, 01 natural sciences, Homogenization (chemistry), [SPI.MECA.MEFL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Fluids mechanics [physics.class-ph], Effective diffusion, Mass transfer, 0103 physical sciences, Optimization methods, Thermophysical parameters, Liquid interface, Seebeck, 0210 nano-technology, Directional solidification
Abstract

International audience; We combine an effective diffusivity model with a numerical approach initially proposed by Meyer (1981) to simulate transient heat and mass transfer phenomena in a directionally solidifying Sn-Bi rod. This particularly efficient 1D numerical model is light enough to be used within the frame of optimization methods at reasonable numerical cost. This approach is tested against reference in situ measurements obtained under microgravity conditions during the Mephisto program. We simulate the final homogenization transient of several experimental runs with different pulling velocities. The solid/liquid interface temperature evolution with time is extracted from the simulations and compared with that obtained by Seebeck in line measurements. After optimization of the model the observed discrepancy between the simulated and measured data is less than 1.5%. This validates both the proposed very efficient 1D numerical approach and the consistency of the set of thermophysical parameters values for dilute Sn-Bi alloys.

Published
2017

8. Complémentarité des images Pléiades et drone pour la viticulture de précision dans le cadre du programme EarthLab

Author

Jean-Pierre Wigneron, Arnaud Jaën, Christian Germain, Lilian Valette, Jean-Charles Samalens, Elodie Pagot, Dominique Guyon, Jérôme Helbert, Christelle Barbey, ProdInra, Migration, Telespazio France, Laboratoire de l'intégration, du matériau au système (IMS), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (ISPA), Telespazio, and Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1

Subjects
QA71-90, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, media_common.quotation_subject, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, Pléiades, Art, Viticulture de précision, Instruments and machines, Drone, Computer Science Applications, TA1501-1820, [SDE.MCG] Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, [SDU.STU] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, HE9713-9715, Applied optics. Photonics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Humanities, [SPI.SIGNAL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Signal and Image processing, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Cellular telephone services industry. Wireless telephone industry, media_common, [SPI.SIGNAL] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Signal and Image processing
Abstract

National audience; Une étude comparative entre des acquisitions Pléiades et par drone a été menée pour des applications de viticulture de précision dans la région Aquitaine, sur le vignoble de Buzet et deux domaines du Bordelais. Cette étude montre une bonne cohérence entre les résultats obtenus à partir des différents capteurs, à la fois pour la caractérisation des paramètres parcellaires et pour l’estimation de la vigueur de la vigne. En particulier, Pléiades met en évidence les variabilités et hétérogénéités intra-parcellaires. Pléiades est donc pertinent pour caractériser des domaines viticoles à l’échelle de l’appellation. Cependant, la résolution du satellite Pléiades limite la détection des plus petites structures à l’intérieur des rangs et empêche la caractérisation des parcelles pour lesquelles les rangs sont plus resserrés (écarts inférieurs à deux mètres). Le recours à des technologies de meilleure résolution (notamment le drone) est complémentaire afin d’obtenir des caractérisations plus précises à l’échelle d’un domaine.

Published
2014

9. Influence of Calcium Perchlorate on the Search for Martian Organic Compounds with MTBSTFA/DMF Derivatization.

Author

He Y, Buch A, Szopa C, Millan M, Freissinet C, Navarro-Gonzalez R, Guzman M, Johnson S, Glavin D, Williams A, Eigenbrode J, Teinturier S, Malespin C, Coscia D, Bonnet JY, Lu P, Cabane M, and Mahaffy P

Subjects
Calcium, Dimethylformamide, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Perchlorates, Extraterrestrial Environment, Mars
Abstract

N-tert -butyldimethylsilyl- N -methyltrifluoroacetamide (MTBSTFA), mixed with the solvent N,N -dimethylformamide (DMF), is used as a derivatizing reagent by the Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) experiment onboard NASA's Curiosity rover and will soon be utilized by the Mars Organic Molecule Analyzer experiment onboard the ESA/Roscosmos Rosalind Franklin rover. The pyrolysis products of MTBSTFA, DMF, and the MTBSTFA/DMF mixtures, obtained at different temperatures, were analyzed. Two different pyrolysis modes were studied, flash pyrolysis and ramp pyrolysis (35°C/min), to evaluate the potential influence of the sample heating speed on the production of products in space chromatographs. The effect of the presence of calcium perchlorate on the pyrolysis products of MTBSTFA/DMF was also studied to ascertain the potential effect of perchlorate species known to be present at the martian surface. The results show that MTBSTFA/DMF derivatization should be applied below 300°C when using flash pyrolysis, as numerous products of MTBSTFA/DMF were formed at high pyrolysis temperatures. However, when an SAM-like ramp pyrolysis was applied, the final pyrolysis temperature did not appear to influence the degradation products of MTBSTFA/DMF. All products of MTBSTFA/DMF pyrolysis are listed in this article, providing a major database of products for the analysis of martian analog samples, meteorites, and the in situ analysis of martian rocks and soils. In addition, the presence of calcium perchlorate does not show any obvious effects on the pyrolysis of MTBSTFA/DMF: Only chloromethane and TBDMS-Cl (chloro-tertbutyldimethylsilane) were detected, whereas chlorobenzene and other chlorine-bearing compounds were not detected. However, other chlorine-bearing compounds were detected after pyrolysis of the Murchison meteorite in the presence of calcium perchlorate. This result reinforces previous suggestions that chloride-bearing compounds could be reaction products of martian samples and perchlorate.

Published
2021
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10. Influence of Calcium Perchlorate on the Search for Organics on Mars with Tetramethylammonium Hydroxide Thermochemolysis.

Author

He Y, Buch A, Szopa C, Williams AJ, Millan M, Malespin CA, Glavin DP, Freissinet C, Eigenbrode JL, Teinturier S, Coscia D, Bonnet JY, Stern JC, Stalport F, Guzman M, Chaouche-Mechidal N, Lu P, Navarro-Gonzalez R, Butin V, El Bekri J, Cottin H, Johnson S, Cabane M, and Mahaffy PR

Subjects
Calcium, Extraterrestrial Environment, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Quaternary Ammonium Compounds, Mars, Perchlorates
Abstract

The Mars Organic Molecule Analyzer (MOMA) and Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instruments onboard the Exomars 2022 and Mars Science Laboratory rovers, respectively, are capable of organic matter detection and differentiating potentially biogenic from abiotic organics in martian samples. To identify organics, both these instruments utilize pyrolysis-gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, and the thermochemolysis agent tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) is also used to increase organic volatility. However, the reactivity and efficiency of TMAH thermochemolysis are affected by the presence of calcium perchlorate on the martian surface. In this study, we determined the products of TMAH pyrolysis in the presence and absence of calcium perchlorate at different heating rates (flash pyrolysis and SAM-like ramp pyrolysis with a 35°C·min -1 heating rate). The decomposition mechanism of TMAH pyrolysis in the presence of calcium perchlorate was studied by using stepped pyrolysis. Moreover, the effect of calcium perchlorate (at Mars-relevant concentrations) on the recovery rate of fatty acids with TMAH thermochemolysis was studied. Results demonstrate that flash pyrolysis yields more diversity and greater abundances of TMAH thermochemolysis products than does the SAM-like ramp pyrolysis method. There is no obvious effect of calcium perchlorate on TMAH degradation when the [ClO 4 - ] is lower than 10 weight percent (wt %). Most importantly, the presence of calcium perchlorate does not significantly impact the recovery rate of fatty acids with TMAH thermochemolysis under laboratory conditions, which is promising for the detection of fatty acids via TMAH thermochemolysis with the SAM and MOMA instruments on Mars.

Published
2021
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11. Application of TMAH thermochemolysis to the detection of nucleobases: Application to the MOMA and SAM space experiment.

Author

He Y, Buch A, Morisson M, Szopa C, Freissinet C, Williams A, Millan M, Guzman M, Navarro-Gonzalez R, Bonnet JY, Coscia D, Eigenbrode JL, Malespin CA, Mahaffy P, Glavin DP, Dworkin JP, Lu P, and Johnson SS

Subjects
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Hot Temperature, Limit of Detection, Mars, Purines chemistry, Pyrimidinones chemistry, Pyrolysis, Space Flight instrumentation, Purines analysis, Pyrimidinones analysis
Abstract

Thermochemolysis of seven nucleobases-adenine, thymine, uracil, cytosine, guanine, xanthine, and hypoxanthine-in tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) was studied individually by pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry in the frame of the Mars surface exploration. The analyses were performed under conditions relevant to the Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument of the Mars Curiosity Rover and the Mars Organic Molecule Analyzer (MOMA) instrument of the ExoMars Rover. The thermochemolysis products of each nucleobase were identified and the reaction mechanisms studied. The thermochemolysis temperature was optimized and the limit of detection and quantification of each nucleobase were also investigated. Results indicate that 600°C is the optimal thermochemolysis temperature for all seven nucleobases. The methylated products trimethyl-adenine, 1, 3-dimethyl-thymine, 1, 3-dimethyl-uracil, trimethyl-cytosine, 1, 3, 7-trimethyl-xanthine (caffeine), and dimethyl-hypoxanthine, respectively, are the most stable forms of adenine, thymine, uracil, cytosine, guanine, and xanthine, and hypoxanthine in TMAH solutions. The limits of detection for adenine, thymine, and uracil were 0.075 nmol; the limits of detection for guanine, cytosine, and hypoxanthine were higher, at 0.40, 0.55, and 0.75 nmol, respectively. These experiments allowed to well constrain the analytical capabilities of the thermochemolysis experiments that will be performed on Mars to detect nucleobases., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Published
2019
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12. Atmospheric Correction Inter-comparison eXercise.

Author

Doxani G, Vermote E, Roger JC, Gascon F, Adriaensen S, Frantz D, Hagolle O, Hollstein A, Kirches G, Li F, Louis J, Mangin A, Pahleva N, Pflug B, and Vanhellmont Q

Abstract

The Atmospheric Correction Inter-comparison eXercise (ACIX) is an international initiative with the aim to analyse the Surface Reflectance (SR) products of various state-of-the-art atmospheric correction (AC) processors. The Aerosol Optical Thickness (AOT) and Water Vapour (WV) are also examined in ACIX as additional outputs of an AC processing. In this paper, the general ACIX framework is discussed; special mention is made of the motivation to initiate this challenge, the inter-comparison protocol and the principal results. ACIX is free and open and every developer was welcome to participate. Eventually, 12 participants applied their approaches to various Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 image datasets acquired over sites around the world. The current results diverge depending on the sensors, products and sites, indicating their strengths and weaknesses. Indeed, this first implementation of processor inter-comparison was proven to be a good lesson for the developers to learn the advantages and limitations of their approaches. Various algorithm improvements are expected, if not already implemented, and the enhanced performances are yet to be investigated in future ACIX experiments.

Published
2018
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13. Mapping of Rice Varieties and Sowing Date Using X-Band SAR Data.

Author

Phan H, Le Toan T, Bouvet A, Nguyen LD, Pham Duy T, and Zribi M

Abstract

Rice is a major staple food for nearly half of the world's population and has a considerable contribution to the global agricultural economy. While spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data have proved to have great potential to provide rice cultivation area, few studies have been performed to provide practical information that meets the user requirements. In rice growing regions where the inter-field crop calendar is not uniform such as in the Mekong Delta in Vietnam, knowledge of the start of season on a field basis, along with the planted rice varieties, is very important for correct field management (timing of irrigation, fertilization, chemical treatment, harvest), and for market assessment of the rice production. The objective of this study is to develop methods using SAR data to retrieve in addition to the rice grown area, the sowing date, and the distinction between long and short cycle varieties. This study makes use of X-band SAR data from COSMO-SkyMed acquired from 19 August to 23 November 2013 covering the Chau Thanh and Thoai Son districts in An Giang province, Viet Nam, characterized by a complex cropping pattern. The SAR data have been analyzed as a function of rice parameters, and the temporal and polarization behaviors of the radar backscatter of different rice varieties have been interpreted physically. New backscatter indicators for the detection of rice paddy area, the estimation of the sowing date, and the mapping of the short cycle and long cycle rice varieties have been developed and assessed. Good accuracy has been found with 92% in rice grown area, 96% on rice long or short cycle, and a root mean square error of 4.3 days in sowing date. The results have been discussed regarding the generality of the methods with respect to the rice cultural practices and the SAR data characteristics., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funding sponsors had no role in the design of this research, in the analyses, interpretation data and decision to publish the results.

Published
2018
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