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The concept of virtue is used by Aristotle in the sense of form. The concept of virtue is at the core of the question of how the good life is possible, which is at the basis of ethics. According to Aristotle, the good life is the activity of the soul in accordance with virtue. Therefore, virtue is the basic principle of ethical disciplines as it is a critical concept in the attainment of the good form of human life. The concept of virtue, which underlies Aristotelian teleological ethics, is positioned at a different point in Kantian ethics. Kant does not present a virtue-based ethical doctrine, but the determining concepts of his doctrine, the principles of good will and duty, have an indirect connection with virtue. The statement "act as if the maxim of your actions were to become through your will a general natural law", which is the determinant and ultimate criterion of Kantian ethics, is defined as an unconditional law. Therefore, for Kant, virtue or any other concept cannot be the condition of an unconditional law, a moral law. Nevertheless, virtue is defined by Kant as the moral power of the good will, a factor that protects it and distinguishes it from everything sensuous. This study aims to evaluate the importance of the concept of virtue for teleological and deontological ethics by comparing Aristotelian and Kantian ethics. Therefore, first, the basic principles of the Aristotelian doctrine of virtue will be discussed through the connection between good-eudeimonia and virtue. Then, Kant's virtue duties will be analyzed in the context of Kant's view of virtue as a type of living in accordance with the ultimate goal of duty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through his broad perspectives and curiosity, Howard Rachlin took behaviorism, added critical perspectives and behavioral economics, and contributed substantially to developing behaviorism as an approach to addressing complex human actions and engagements. This essay describes the influence of Rachlin's work in three areas that reflect this broader growth of the field: 1) teleological behaviorism as a response to essentialist thinking about behavior, typified by Ryle's category mistake and including concepts in psychopathology; 2) self‐control as choices among rewards differing by amount and delay and the application of this model to clinical and preventive interventions; and 3) behavioral economic modeling of social support as a commodity substitutable for other commodities of interest such as nicotine. These and the body of Rachlin's work suggest a view not only of interdependencies among behaviors, patterns of behavior, and their consequences, but more broadly, of interdependencies among different settings and their effects on behavior, leading to a behaviorism of systems and contexts. Replacing essentialist discourse of individuals, individual behaviors, and discrete influences, a world view or Weltanschauung emerges of diffuse interdependencies across patterns, individuals, settings, systems, probabilities, and consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Explanations often highlight inductively rich relationships thatsupport further generalizations: learning that the knife is sharpbecause it is for cutting, we correspondingly infer that other thingsfor cutting might also be sharp. When do children appreciate thatexplanations are good guides to generalization? We report a study inwhich 108 4- to 7-year-old children evaluated mechanistic,functional, and categorical explanations for the properties of objects,and subsequently generalized those properties to novel objects onthe basis of shared mechanisms, functions, or category membership.Older children, but not younger children, were significantly morelikely to generalize when the explanation they had received matchedthe subsequent basis for generalization (e.g., generalizing on thebasis of a shared mechanism after hearing a mechanisticexplanation). These findings shed light on how explanation andgeneralization are coordinated over development, as well as the roleof explanations in young children’s learning

Most theoretical efforts in marketing ethics focus on the normative approach, not the positive approach. Theories emphasize formulating guidelines and rules that can assist marketers in their efforts to behave ethically; however, the general theory of marketing ethics is descriptive; the theory tries to explain the decision-making process for the condition having ethical content. The discussion and valuation process involves normative ethical notions based on moral philosophy. On the other hand, the theory indicates that a personal moral norms concept based on an understanding of the society moral values levels enables an individual to make ethical decisions. The societal level of moral norms promotes social trust, based on deontological ethics. Resulting in social trust, promoting businesses' productivity and economic growth. However, the broad understanding of marketing ethics needs a holistic understanding of the existing knowledge. This will help to identify and explore ethical issues involved in the marketing industry. The primary purpose of this paper was to provide critical analysis and synthesis of the literature related to the general theory of marketing ethics and the strategies that sales managers in the pharmaceutical industry use to improve ethical marketing training to reduce unethical sales representative behavior. The review is organized so it includes six primary sections: a general theory of marketing ethics, causes and effects of unethical behavior, benefits of addressing unethical behavior, challenges faced in addressing unethical behavior, relationship building as the appropriate strategy for addressing unethical behavior, and training strategies to reduce unethical behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I defend teleological theories of belief against the exclusivity objection. I argue that despite the exclusive influence of truth in doxastic deliberation, multiple epistemic aims interact when we consider what to believe. This is apparent when we focus on the processes involved in specific instances (or concrete cases) of doxastic deliberation, such that the propositions under consideration are specified. First, I outline a general schema for weighing aims. Second, I discuss recent attempts to defend the teleological position in relation to this schema. And third, I develop and defend my proposal that multiple epistemic aims interact in doxastic deliberation—a possibility which, as of yet, has received no serious attention in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, I begin by outlining the qualities and attributes associated with experiences of mana, focusing particularly on the way the term 'mana' was used by C.G. Jung in his published work. I note that Jung associated mana with the accumulation and transfer of psychic energy (libido), with the appearance and appropriation of elemental fire, and by extension, with the metamorphic experience of constellating consciousness. In this context, informed by Jung's accounts and modes of expression, the term mana personality becomes a provisional designation for a recurrent dynamic of archetypal experiential configurations whose telos appears to be the reorientation of consciousness to its origin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Slavica Litteraria is the property of Masaryk University, Faculty of Arts and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Background How acceptance of evolution relates to understanding of evolution remains controversial despite decades of research. It even remains unclear whether cultural/attitudinal factors or cognitive factors have a greater impact on student ability to learn evolutionary biology. This study examined the influence of cultural/attitudinal factors (religiosity, acceptance of evolution, and parents’ attitudes towards evolution) and cognitive factors (teleological reasoning and prior understanding of natural selection) on students’ learning of natural selection over a semester-long undergraduate course in evolutionary medicine. Method Pre-post course surveys measured cognitive factors, including teleological reasoning and prior understanding of natural selection, and also cultural/attitudinal factors, including acceptance of evolution, parent attitudes towards evolution, and religiosity. We analyzed how these measures influenced increased understanding of natural selection over the semester. Results After controlling for other related variables, parent attitude towards evolution and religiosity predicted students’ acceptance of evolution, but did not predict students’ learning gains of natural selection over the semester. Conversely, lower levels of teleological reasoning predicted learning gains in understanding natural selection over the course, but did not predict students’ acceptance of evolution. Conclusions Acceptance of evolution did not predict students’ ability to learn natural selection over a semester in an evolutionary medicine course. However, teleological reasoning did impact students’ ability to learn natural selection.

Copyright of Studii de Ştiintă şi Cultură is the property of Studii de Stiinta si Cultura and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this article was to explore the history and application of an Adlerian therapeutic technique known as two points on a line. First introduced by Rudolf Dreikurs, this diagnostic tool provides clinicians with a method for quickly assessing a client's lifestyle themes and line of psychological movement. The process for administering this technique is achieved by locating the binding logic that connects two seemingly independent or contrary pieces of information that the client provides. As the line of logic becomes clearer, larger unifying patterns emerge and the client's central lifestyle theme can be identified. This technique requires the skills of intelligent guessing and the formulation of working hypotheses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents an approach to illustrate fundamental theories of ethics through the use of the television series Game of Thrones. Fundamental theories of ethics are illustrated by the situations and decisions made by the TV series characters. Each episode has the potential to serve as an effective tool for discussing ethical philosophies, such as utilitarianism, pragmatic egoism, and existentialism. The presentation of each ethical stance is evaluated and includes an analysis of the ethical principles of a character from the perspective of deontological, teleological and subjective ethical theories. A pre-test and post-test of forty-three sophomore students studying in a business school was conducted to assess the instructional value of this teaching tool. The findings indicate this approach had a positive effect on developing an understanding of ethics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are two rival accounts about belief in the literature of philosophy, one is the teleological account and the other is the normative account. Defenders of the teleological account and most defenders of the normative one typically take the accounts as interpretations of Bernard Williams's slogan. The slogan holds that 'belief aims at truth'. In this paper, I will first clarify the teleological and normative accounts of belief. I will also argue that the teleological account and versions of the normative account taken as interpretation of Williams's slogan are implausible for they neither can give sense to some intrinsic features of belief nor can give sense to some well-known philosophical principles in the literature. On the basis of my arguments against the teleological and normative accounts, I will end by proposing some evidence against Williams's slogan.

Background: How acceptance of evolution relates to understanding of evolution remains controversial despite decades of research. It even remains unclear whether cultural/attitudinal factors or cognitive factors have a greater impact on student ability to learn evolutionary biology. This study examined the influence of cultural/attitudinal factors (religiosity, acceptance of evolution, and parents' attitudes towards evolution) and cognitive factors (teleological reasoning and prior understanding of natural selection) on students' learning of natural selection over a semester-long undergraduate course in evolutionary medicine. Method: Pre-post course surveys measured cognitive factors, including teleological reasoning and prior understanding of natural selection, and also cultural/attitudinal factors, including acceptance of evolution, parent attitudes towards evolution, and religiosity. We analyzed how these measures influenced increased understanding of natural selection over the semester. Results: After controlling for other related variables, parent attitude towards evolution and religiosity predicted students' acceptance of evolution, but did not predict students' learning gains of natural selection over the semester. Conversely, lower levels of teleological reasoning predicted learning gains in understanding natural selection over the course, but did not predict students' acceptance of evolution. Conclusions: Acceptance of evolution did not predict students' ability to learn natural selection over a semester in an evolutionary medicine course. However, teleological reasoning did impact students' ability to learn natural selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Driyarkara is an Indonesian philosopher who has original way of thinking. This paper aims to explore and analyze his ideas of moral and decency. According to Driyarkara, moral is a human need. Without moral, humanity will be in chaos. Based on Driyarkara's point of view, moral is a consequence of consciousness; therefore, having high moral standard is a human nature. Furthermore, conscience can be a moral standard for determining right or wrong as long as the conscience itself has not been “raped”. When conducting a moral consideration, every human has to use his own reason which is reflected in Driyarkara's Purity of Reason Dialectic. For him, all moral efforts show that human always want to achieve the perfection which is considered as God. The Driyarkara ethics could be classified as the deontological ethics. But it is the deontological ethics which has theological, humanist-naturalist, and axiological dimensions so that it can be defined as teleological as well. If we correlate the Driyarkara ethics and the Postmodern Era where morality has already been blurring, we can place the Driyarkara ethics which is considered teleological and deontological as a solid alternative of morality.

This paper characterizes the linguistic situation in Europe in the context of the global language situation. It describes the significance of the "Project Nation" for the European national languages. European unification after World War II is examined in terms of its linguistic consequences in a number of linguistically sensitive areas such as the economy and science. The language-political activities of the European Council and the European Union are characterized. A distinct language concept is necessary for furthering the linguistic development of Europe – such a language concept should take into account the teleological, the gnoseological and the communitary dimension of language in equal measure. I argue against a pseudo-solution for the language question through the propagation of a "lingua franca" and instead plead for a complex linguistic education concept for Europe, in which multilingualism is regarded and language-politically stated as a cultural and intercultural challenge. Central to this concept is the development of a workable hermeneutics.

A empresa pode ser vista como um sistema aberto capaz de trocar energia com seu ambiente ou, mais modernamente, como um sistema eminentemente social. A compreensão de um sistema não pode ser obtida apenas através da análise; estudá-lo cientificamente é descobrir, sobretudo, o inter-relacionamento entre as partes. Profissões e empregos de análise de sistemas, engenharia de sistemas surgiram como decorrência do enfoque sistêmico. A teoria moderna das organizações passa pela discussão da Teoria Geral dos Sistemas, que acaba sendo uma maneira inteligível de estudar uma organização. Outra repercussão decorrente do enfoque sistêmico é a interdisciplinaridade.(abordagem adequada ao estudo e compreensão da função contábil, pois esta é resultado direto dos modelos de decisão utilizados por seus usuários). A informação contábil pode contribuir para a percepção e compreensão das entidades empresariais modernas como entes sistêmicos, objeto de interesse de vários grupos sociais.The company can be seen as an open system capable of exchanging energy with its environment, but, in a modern view, as an eminently social system. The understanding of a system cannot be obtained through analysis. To study it scientifically means to discover, above all, the interrelationship between the parts. System analysis professions and jobs, system engineering arose as a result of the systemic focus. Modern organizational theory goes through the discussion of General Systemic Theory, which ends up being an intelligible way of studying an organization. Another repercussion that results from the systemic focus is interdisciplinariness. This is an adequate approach to the study and understanding of the accounting function, because it is a direct result of the decision models used by its users. Accounting information can contribute to the perception and comprehension of modern company entities as systemic beings, which is an object that interests different social groups.

Copyright of Derecho Penal y Criminologia is the property of Universidad Externado de Colombia, Departamento de Derecho Penal y Criminologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper shows how we can plausibly extend the guise of the good thesis in a way that avoids intellectualist challenge, allows animals to be included, and is consistent with the possibility of performing action under the cognition of their badness. The paper also presents some independent arguments for the plausibility of this interpretation of the thesis. To this aim, a teleological conception of practical attitudes as well as a cognitivist account of arational desires is offered. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Purpose -- The objective of this paper is to describe the teleological actions needed to assess and manage critical incidents that cause negative emotions in service encounters. Teleological actions are movements into the future that are believed to be move either towards a predictable/known or unpredictable/unknown state or condition. The authors distinguish between, define and apply three categories: transformative -- ad hoc and present-based actions; formative -- pre-determined and past-based actions; and rationalist -- goal-directed and future-based actions. Design/methodology/approach -- A qualitative study, based upon a two-phase approach applying convenience and judgemental sampling, was used. Focussing on one teleological theory, a process of abductive matching was applied throughout the study. Abductive matching refers to recurring themes, patterns and categories that are uncovered through the iterative processes of analysis. The teleological framework structured and guided the data collection and empirical observations. Findings -- Seen through the perspective of teleological actions, the study enhances our understanding of the manner in which critical incidents generate negative emotions in service encounters. Through the same perspective, the investigation also reveals that the outcome of a negative service encounter depends upon the interactive interface between service provider and service receiver. Research limitations/implications -- The teleological actions between service providers and service receivers in negative service encounters appear to be mediators between cause-and-effect on the one hand (critical incident and negative emotions) and a perceptual gap on the other (outcome of negative service encounter). The teleological perspective also provides numerous opportunities for further research in this area. Practical implications -- Managers should strive to understand the teleological actions potentially undertaken by service receivers, so that they can deal with the teleological actions of their front-line staff accordingly. The interactive interface between a service provider and a service receiver is crucial in assessing and managing critical incidents. Originality/value -- Based on teleological actions, the investigation provides both a valuable and complementary contribution on assessing and managing critical incidents and the negative emotions that are often triggered in the service-encounter interface between a service provider and a service receiver. Providers also need to educate their staff on what can occur and on how to react appropriately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses the thought model where psychosomatic disturbances are presumed to emerge through the acting subject's diverse goals and their sub-goals. People are born with the skills required for their life effort. This works in normal situations related to the environment and the self, but calls for changes in anomalous circumstances. People then have at their disposal a plasticity in their competence, that is, they learn and fumble for new goals and functions. Plasticity is a help in the subject's life effort, but it often leads to harmful changes, too, in the functions and structures of the subject's psychophysical system, in other words, to psychosomatic symptoms. When people experience that their competence is inadequate and find it laborious to learn new goals and functions, they may resort to psychosomatic symptoms and sadomasochism and fix them into permanent forms of acting. Psychoanalysis can help people free themselves from these forms of activity by helping them to make them conscious and through that, turn them into the possibility of choosing other alternatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary objective of this research was to compare various groups of Greek university students for their level of knowledge of Evolution by means of Natural Selection (ENS). For the purpose of the study, we used a well known questionnaire the Conceptual Inventory of Natural Selection (CINS) and 352 biology majors and non-majors students from the University of Athens took part in it. A principal components analysis revealed problems with the items designed to assess the concepts ofpopulation stability,differential survivalandvariation inheritable, therefore these items need to be reconsidered. Nonetheless, the results of the CINS for each Greek sub-group showed that the higher the involvement in evolution education, the higher the students' performances on the CINS test. This linear correlation, together with other evidence, supports the CINS authors' claims about the usefulness of the CINS as an assessment of instruction. Unfortunately, Greek university students gave many teleological and proximate answers to many of the CINS items. Comparisons between least and most evolutionary educated university students revealed that the latter gave more evolutionary answers. Oddly, advanced biology majors students did not show an improvement in all the 20 items of the CINS (only in 14 out of the 20 items) compared to novice biology students. They even gave more teleological answers to the conceptnatural resources are limitedthan novice biology majors students. Finally, Greek university students' level of knowledge of ENS seems to be closer to Canadian than US students'. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Copyright of Revista de Filosofía UIS is the property of Universidad Industrial de Santander and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Business ethics is usually taught either from a philosophical perspective that derives guiding normative principles from abstract theories of philosophical ethics or from an atheoretical perspective that has students analyze cases that present difficult ethical issues and propose solutions on a casuistic basis. This article proposes a third approach—the Principles Approach—that derives guiding normative principles teleologically from the nature of market activity itself. The article demonstrates how the Principles Approach can meet the four main challenges facing those who teach ethics in business schools—the challenges of definition, abstract, cultural relativism, and integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Criminal law is a unitary science which is integrated by the legal dogmatic, the criminology and the criminal policy. Today's criminal law dogmatic should be teleological. It should be in service of the constitutional law state, and tends to reduce and contains the unacceptable irrational violence of the punitive authority power. The criminal laws as unitary science interact with legal and not legal knowledge, bringing as a consequence a disciplinary and inter disciplinary relation. The dogmatic criminal law must work in a disciplinary relation with the procedural law. Off course, the dogmatic dynamic should be at the forefront of the new criminal process parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The assumed aim of this article is to point out that "the most common definition of lying" has conditions that suit to some logics from the family of the modals such as the assertoric, the doxastic-epistemic and the teleologicalal ones. Even so I have considered that the three announced concepts lack at least a dimension, the one that also holds to modal logics, namely, the deontic dimension. I don't claim to solve the sensitive problems of the domain. I propose a systematization-tool meant to assimilate the analysed cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores how the use of process theories can lead to a better understanding of the university spin-off venture formation process. The most frequently used conceptualization of the new venture formation process is the stage model or life-cycle theory. However, no conceptual framework exists to describe how the venturing process proceeds from one stage to the next. Based on a longitudinal study of the initiation and early development of four university spin-offs, this article shows that life-cycle, teleological, dialectic and evolutionary theories explain different aspects of the spin-off venturing process. In combination, these theories may provide a more holistic understanding of the academic entrepreneurship process. The assumptions of each theory suggest important implications for further research on academic entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial processes in general. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Rawls's view that the right is prior to the good has been criticized by various scholars from divergent points of view. Some contend that Rawls's teleological/deontological distinction based on the priority of the right is misleading while others claim that no plausible ethical theory can determine what is right prior to the good. There is no consensus on how to interpret the priority of right to the good; nor is there an agreement on the criteria of teleological/deontological distinction. In this article, I argue that the critics' interpretations of the principle of the priority of right to the good as well as their conceptions of the teleological/deontological distinction have serious shortcomings to the extent that they ignore rich theoretical resources we find in Kant's moral and political philosophy. Kant's conception of human dignity and his division of the doctrine of virtue and the doctrine of right supply powerful arguments to clarify and sustain the idea of the priority of right to the good and the teleological/deontological division. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper tries to explore the implications of the demographic transition theory and to evaluate critically the postulated factors of the theory in developing countries. The theory can only work in countries where the conditions included in the assumptions of the theory prevail. It was concluded that the DTT could be applied to developing countries if it is conceived in terms of teleological ideology. One of the problems with the theory of demographic transition is that we have never quite agreed on precisely what it is and many theorists classified the transition in the various stages regarding the European context where there had no convergence among them. On the other hand they did not make any clear distinction between theory and practice without providing tautological value judgements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the differences between Turkish buyers and sellers with respect to ethical sensitivity and the perceived impact of ethically questionable behavior on the buyer-seller relationship. Based on a survey sent to buyers and sellers, buyers are more ethically sensitive than sellers. The results also showed that buyers tend to view the impact of ethically questionable behavior as more negative than do sellers.

This manuscript reviews the background of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) as well as the ethical foundations of individual privacy. This includes a historical perspective on personal privacy, a review of the United States Constitutional privacy interpretations, the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights, European Union Regulations, as well as the positions of industry and advocacy groups. A brief review of the information technology ethics literature is also included. The RFID privacy concerns are three-fold: pre-sales activities, sales transaction activities, and post-sales uses. A proposal to address these privacy concerns is detailed, generally based on past philosophical frameworks and specifically on the Fair Information Practices that the Federal Trade Coma mission has outlined for the electronic marketplace (e-commerce). It is proposed that by application of these Fair Information Practices, the major privacy issues of RFID can be addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article addresses the question of whether human reproductive cloning could be ethically justifiable in at least some cases involving infertile couples who would choose cloning as a way to have a genetically related child. At present, the risk of congenital anomalies constitutes a compelling argument against human reproductive cloning. The article explores whether reproductive cloning could be ethically justifiable if, at some future time, cloning becomes possible without an elevated risk of anomalies. It is argued that freedom to use cloning is a form of procreative freedom and, as such, deserves respect. All of the objections that have been raised against human reproductive cloning fall under three main categories: those that appeal to the interests of the child, those based on consequences for society, and those arising from teleological views. Objections that appeal to the child's interests are, in turn, of two main kinds: consequentialist and deontological. All of these types of objections are examined, and it is found that each involves serious problems that prevent it from being a reasonable objection in the context of the infertility cases considered. It is concluded that human reproductive cloning would be ethically justifiable in at least some cases involving infertile couples, provided that it could be performed without an elevated risk of anomalies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The view that moral cognition is subserved by a two-tieredarchitecture is defended: Moral reasoning is the result both ofspecialized, informationally encapsulated modules which automaticallyand effortlessly generate intuitions; and of general-purpose,cognitively penetrable mechanisms which enable moral judgment in thelight of the agent's general fund of knowledge. This view is contrastedwith rival architectures of social/moral cognition, such as Cosmidesand Tooby's view that the mind is wholly modular, and it is argued thata two-tiered architecture is more plausible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]