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The Great Lakes Acoustic Telemetry Observation System (GLATOS), organized in 2012, aims to advance and improve conservation and management of Great Lakes fishes by providing information on behavior, habitat use, and population dynamics. GLATOS faced challenges during establishment, including a funding agency-imposed urgency to initiate projects, a lack of telemetry expertise, and managing a flood of data. GLATOS now connects 190+ investigators, provides project consultation, maintains a web-based data portal, contributes data to Ocean Tracking Network's global database, loans equipment, and promotes science transfer to managers. The GLATOS database currently has 50+ projects, 39 species tagged, 8000+ fish released, and 150+ million tag detections. Lessons learned include (1) seek advice from others experienced in telemetry; (2) organize networks prior to when shared data is urgently needed; (3) establish a data management system so that all receivers can contribute to every project; (4) hold annual meetings to foster relationships; (5) involve fish managers to ensure relevancy; and (6) staff require full-time commitment to lead and coordinate projects and to analyze data and publish results. Le systeme d'observation par telemetrie acoustique des Grands Lacs (GLATOS), mis sur pied en 2012, vise a faire avancer et a ameliorer la conservation et la gestion des poissons des Grands Lacs en fournissant de l'information sur les comportements, l'utilisation des habitats et la dynamique des populations. GLATOS a fait face a differents defis durant son etablissement, dont l'urgence d'entreprendre des projets imposee par les organismes de financement, un manque d'expertise en telemetrie et la gestion d'une quantite massive de donnees. GLATOS relie aujourd'hui plus de 190 chercheurs, fournit des conseils sur des projets, maintient un portail de donnees sur le web, fournit des donnees a la base de donnees planetaire de l'Ocean Tracking Network, prete du materiel et fait la promotion du transfert des connaissances scientifiques aux gestionnaires. La base de donnees de GLATOS compte actuellement plus de 50 projets, 39 especes etiquetees, plus de 8000 poissons relaches et plus de 150 millions de detections d'etiquettes. Les lemons tirees comprennent l'importance (1) de demander les avis et conseils d'autres intervenants avec de l'experience en telemetrie, (2) d'organiser les reseaux avant que ne se presentent des besoins urgents d'echange des donnees, (3) d'etablir un systeme de gestion des donnees pour faire en sorte que tous les recepteurs puissent contribuer a tous les projets, (4) d'organiser des reunions annuelles pour renforcer les liens, (5) d'inclure les gestionnaires des peches pour assurer la pertinence des projets et (6) de prevoir le personnel a temps plein necessaire pour assurer la direction et la coordination des projets, l'analyse des donnees et la publication des resultats. [Traduit par la Redaction], Introduction Acoustic telemetry has become increasingly popular for investigating behavior, habitat preferences, and population dynamics of native and invasive fish in fresh and marine waters (e.g., Hussey et al. 2015; [...]

Telemetry is valuable for understanding animal ecology and assessing conservation priorities. Sturgeon species worldwide are imperiled and telemetric methods have been applied to adults, but the feasibility of using this methodology on age-0 sturgeon remains unclear. The pallid sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus albus) is a federally endangered species in the central United States and little is known about its early life ecology. The use of telemetry on age-0 pallid sturgeon would greatly increase understanding of their early life ecology. We assessed growth, survival, and swimming performance of age-0 pallid sturgeon tagged with 0.2 g, nonfunctioning radio telemetry tags to determine whether radio telemetry can be used on such small sturgeon. Tags were surgically implanted internally and attached externally, with a control group that only experienced handling. Age-0 sturgeon with internally implanted tags grew slowly and had low survival, while counterparts within the control group and those with external tags grew faster and had almost 100% survival. No differences in critical swimming speed occurred among the internally tagged, externally tagged, and control fish. We suggest externally tagging age-0 sturgeon may be possible. However, a small telemetry transmitter that uses technology (e.g., ultrasonic) which transmits well in deep rivers while maintaining a minimum tag weight and maximizing battery life is needed., INTRODUCTION Telemetry is one of the most widely used methods for examining ecological patterns of animals (Trefethen, 1956; Winter, 1996). Radio and ultrasonic transmitters are commonly used to monitor animal [...]

Estimating the timing and magnitude of fish movements relative to environmental factors can provide insight into why fishes behave as they do. To make broad-level inferences about fish movement in lotic environments, we conducted random-effects meta-analyses on the effects of river flow magnitude on (i) non-migratory movements, (ii) upstream migratory movements, (iii) downstream migratory movements, and (iv) fine-scale activity. We found a significant positive effect of river discharge on non-migratory movements ([bar.r] = 0.41 (mean) [+ or -] 0.07 (SE), Z = 6.06, p < 0.01, k (sample size) = 27); fishes made larger and (or) more frequent movements during periods of elevated discharge. Furthermore, non-salmonids were more affected by river flow than salmonids. River discharge also had a significant positive effect on the rate, frequency, and probability of upstream migratory movements ([bar.r] = 0.23 [+ or -] 0.10, Z = 2.24, p < 0.05, k = 8). However, the effect of discharge on the rate of downstream migratory movements ([bar.r] = -0.05 [+ or -] 0.15, Z = -0.35, p > 0.05, k = 5) and fine-scale activity ([bar.r] = 0.01 [+ or -] 0.11, Z = 0.08, p > 0.05, k = 5) were not significant. Heterogeneity of effect sizes was evident in all meta-analyses as well as inclusion and (or) publication bias. Collectively, our meta-analyses suggested that changes to a river's flow regime can modulate non-migratory fish behaviour, the consequences of which need to be explored in terms of habitat use and energy budgets. However, more studies are needed to examine potential effect modifiers and improve sample sizes overall. Key words: river, flow regime, hydropower, telemetry, swimming activity, fish movement. L'estimation de la chronologie et de l'ordre de grandeur des mouvements des poissons en relation avec les facteurs du milieu fournissent des indices pour comprendre comment les poissons agissent comme ils le font. Afin d'etablir des inferences a larges echelles a propos du mouvement des poissons dans des milieux lotiques, les auteurs ont conduit des metaanalyses a effets aleatoires concernant les effets de l'ampleur du flux des rivieres sur (i) les mouvements non-migratoires, (ii) les mouvements migratoires vers l'amont, (iii) les mouvements migratoires vers l'aval et (iv) l'activite a echelle fine. Ils ont constate un effet positif de la decharge des rivieres sur les mouvements non migratoires ([barra.r] = 0,41 (moyenne) [+ o -] 0,07 (SE), Z = 6,06, p < 0,01, k (dimension de l'echantillon) = 27); les poissons ont effectue des deplacements plus importants et plus frequents lors de periodes de decharge plus abondantes. De plus, les non-salmonides etaient plus affectes que les salmonides. La decharge des rivieres exerce aussi un effet positif significatif sur le taux/frequence/probabilite des mouvements migratoires en amont ([barra.r] = 0,23 [+ o -] 0,10, Z = 2,24, p < 0,05, k = 8). Cependant, l'effet de la decharge sur les taux de migration vers l'aval ([barra.r] = -0,05 [+ o -] 0,15, Z = -0,35, p > 0,05, k = 5) et sur l'activite a echelle fine ([barra.r] = 0,01 [+ o -] 0,11, Z = 0,08, p > 0,05, k = 5) n'etait pas significatif. L'heterogeneite des dimensions des effets etait evidente dans toutes les metaanalyses incluant les biais des inclusions/publications. Collectivement, les metaanalyses des auteurs suggerent que les changements de regime de flux d' une riviere peuvent moduler le comportement non migratoire des poissons, dont on doit explorer les consequences en terme d'utilisation de l'habitat et de budgets energetiques. Cependant, on doit conduire d'autres etudes pour examiner l' effet des modificateurs potentiels et ameliorer les dimensions des echantillons en general. Mofs-cles : riviere, regime de flux, pouvoir hydroelectrique, telemetrie, activite natatoire, mouvement des poissons., Introduction There is growing recognition that alterations to river flow regimes threaten the biodiversity and ecosystem functions of rivers on a global scale (Nilsson et al. 2005). Transportation, water supply, [...]

An integrated circuit for wireless real-time monitoring of neurochemical activity in the nervous system is described. The chip is capable of conducting high-resolution amperometric measurements in four settings of the input current. The chip architecture includes a first-order [DELTA][SIGMA] modulator ([DELTA][SIGMA]M) and a frequency-shift-keyed (FSK) voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) operating near 433 MHz. It is fabricated using the AMI 0.5 [micro]m double-poly triple-metal n-well CMOS process, and requires only one off-chip component for operation. Measured dc current resolutions of ~250 fA, ~1.5 pA, ~4.5 pA, and ~17 pA were achieved for input currents in the range of [+ or -] 5, [+ or -] 37, [+ or -] 150, and [+ or -] 600 nA, respectively. The chip has been interfaced with a diamond-coated, quartz-insulated, microneedle, tungsten electrode, and successfully recorded dopamine concentration levels as low as 0.5 [micro]M wirelessly over a transmission distance of ~0.5 m in flow injection analysis experiments. Index Terms--Amperometry, delta-sigma modulator, diamond microelectrode, dopamine, neurochemical monitoring, wireless integrated circuit.

Both nonlinear and fractal properties of beat-to-beat R-R interval variability signal (RRV) of freely moving lizards (Gallotia galloti) were studied in baseline and under autonomic nervous system blockade. Nonlinear techniques allowed us to study the complexity, chaotic behavior, nonlinearity, stationarity, and regularity over time of RRV. Scaling behavior of RRV was studied by means of fractal techniques. The autonomic nervous system blockers used were atropine, propranolol, prazosin, and yohimbine. The nature of RRV was linear in baseline and under [beta]-, [[alpha].sub.1]- and [[alpha].sub.2]-adrenoceptor blockades. Atropine changed the linear nature of RRV to nonlinear and increased its stationarity, regularity and fractality. Propranolol increased the complexity and chaotic behavior, and decreased the stationarity, regularity, and fractality of RRV. Both prazosin and yohimbine did not change any of the nonlinear and fractal properties of RRV. It is suggested that 1) the use of both nonlinear and fractal analysis is an appropriate approach for studying cardiac period variability in reptiles; 2) the cholinergic activity, which seems to make the [[alpha].sub.1]-, [[alpha].sub.2]- and [beta]-adrenergic activity interaction unnecessary, determines the linear behavior in basal RRV; 3) fractality, as well as both RRV regularity and stationarity over time, may result from the balance between cholinergic and [beta]-adrenergic activities opposing actions; 4) [beta]-adrenergic activity may buffer both the complexity and chaotic behavior of RRV, and 5) neither the [[alpha].sub.1]-nor the [[alpha].sub.2]-adrenergic activity seem to be involved in the mediation of either nonlinear or fractal components of RRV. autonomic nervous system; fractal analysis; nonlinear analysis; recurrence plot; telemetry

NKCC1 is a widely expressed isoform of the Na-2Cl-K cotransporter that mediates several direct and indirect vascular effects and regulates expression and release of renin. In this study, we used NKCC1-deficient ([NKCC1.sup.-/-]) and wild-type (WT) mice to assess day/night differences of blood pressure (BP), locomotor activity, and renin release and to study the effects of high (8%) or low (0.03%) dietary NaCl intake on BP, activity, and the renin/aldosterone system. On a standard diet, 24-h mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and heart rate determined by radiotelemetry, and their day/night differences, were not different in [NKCC1.sup.-/-] and WT mice. Spontaneous and wheel-running activities in the active night phase were lower in [NKCC1.sup.-/-] than WT mice. In [NKCC1.sup.-/-] mice on a high-NaCl diet, MAP increased by 10 mmHg in the night without changes in heart rate. In contrast, there was no salt-dependent blood pressure change in WT mice. MAP reductions by hydralazine (1 mg/kg) or isoproterenol (10 [micro]g/mouse) were significantly greater in [NKCC1.sup.-/-] than WT mice. Plasma renin (PRC; ng ANG I x [ml.sup.-1] x [h.sup.i]) and aldosterone (aldo; pg/ml) concentrations were higher in [NKCC1.sup.-/-] than WT mice (PRC: 3,745 [+ or -] 377 vs. 1,245 [+ or -] 364; aldo: 763 [+ or -] 136 vs. 327 [+ or -] 98). Hyperreninism and hyperaldosteronism were found in [NKCC1.sup.-/-] mice during both day and night. High Na suppressed PRC and aldosterone in both [NKCC1.sup.-/-] and WT mice, whereas a low-Na diet increased PRC and aldosterone in WT but not [NKCC1.sup.-/-] mice. We conclude that 24-h MAP and MAP circadian rhythms do not differ between [NKCCI.sup.-/-] and WT mice on a standard diet, probably reflecting a balance between anti- and prohypertensive factors, but that blood pressure of [NKCC1.sup.-/-] mice is more sensitive to increases and decreases of Na intake. radiotelemetry; running wheels; renin; aldosterone; vasodilators; sodium-2 chloride-potassium cotransporter-deficient mice

In this paper, a wireless measurement system designed to monitor temperature inside a slat of an aircraft is presented. Both measurement signals and supply power for sensors installed on the remote part are transmitted by means of electromagnetic waves, which allows the system to work without connecting cables. The power delivered to the remote part is sufficient for a general-purpose microcontroller and separate platinum resistor thermal sensors, which significantly enhaces flexibility of the solution in comparison to other wireless sensing approaches based on a single dedicated ultralow power IC. Care was taken to maintain compliance of the system with RTCA/DO160E electromagnetic compatibility norms defined for aeronautic electronic equipment as well as with U.S. and European norms for general-purpose electronic devices. Index Terms--Remote powering, radio-frequency identification (RFID), telemetry, wireless sensing.

In this correspondence we present a new method for mitigating multipath and adjacent channel interference in aeronautical telemetry systems. The proposed method uses a linear equalizer that is derived using Kalman filtering theory, which has been used successfully for channel equalization for high-speed communication systems. We illustrate the proposed method with numerical examples obtained from simulations that show the improvement in bit error rate performance (BER) for two modulation schemes using advanced range telemetry (ARTM) tier-1 waveforms currently used in aeronautical telemetry systems.

This paper presents a novel inductive link for wireless transmission of power and data to biomedical implantable micro-electronic devices using multiple carrier signals. Achieving higher data bandwidth without compromising the power efficiency is the driving force behind using multiple separate carriers. Two separate pairs of coils have been utilized for inductive power and forward data transmission, plus a pair of miniature antennas for back telemetry. One major challenge, however, is to minimize the interference among these carriers especially on the implantable side, where size and power are highly limited. Planar power coils with spiral shape are optimized in geometry to provide maximum coupling coefficient k. The data coils are designed rectangular in shape and wound across the power coils diameter to be oriented perpendicular to the power coil planes. The goal is to maximize data coils direct coupling, while minimize their cross-coupling with the power coils. The effects of coils geometry, orientation, relative distance, and misalignments on the coupling coefficients have been modeled and experimentally evaluated. Index Terms--Coupling, implantable microelectronic devices (IMDs), inductive link, neuroprosthesis, planar spiral coils, telemetry.

This paper presents a fully integrated battery-free sensing system that uses a two-site wireless pressure measurement for the detection of arterial stenosis. The remotely powered system uses a backscatter-modulated passive-telemetry interface and transmits sensor as well as reference information to an external system. The monolithic process used to realize the system integrates a 3 [micro]m BiCMOS circuit with silicon-on-glass absolute pressure sensors and an on-chip antenna. The wireless sensor interface consumes 340 [micro]W and uses capacitance-to-frequency conversion for readout of the vacuum-sealed pressure transducers. The integrated device has a 200 [micro]m profile and a volume of 2 [mm.sup.3]. The system can sense a reduction in flow of 13%, corresponding to a differential pressure of 3 mmHg. [1675] Index Terms--Implantable sensor, monolithic integration, on-chip antenna, pressure sensor, wireless telemetry.

Inductively coupled coil pair is the most common way of wirelessly transferring power to medical implants. However, the coil displacements and/or loading changes may induce large fluctuations in transmitted power into the implant if no adaptive control is used. In such cases, it is required to transmit excessive power to accommodate all the working conditions, which substantially reduces the power efficiency and imposes potential safety concerns. We have implemented a power transfer system with adaptive control technique to eliminate the power variations due to the loading or coupling coefficient changes. A maximum of 250 mW power is transmitted through an optimized coil pair driven by Class-E power amplifier. Load shift keying is implemented to wirelessly transfer data back from the secondary to primary side over the same coil pair, with data rate of 3.3 kbps and packet error rate less than [10.sup.-5]. A pseudo pulsewidth modulation has been designed to facilitate back data transmission along with forward power transmission. Through this back telemetry the system transmits the information on received power, back from implant to primary side. According to the data received, the system adjusts the supply voltage of the Class-E power amplifier through a digitally controlled dc-dc converter, thus varying the power sent to the implant. The key system parameters are optimized to ensure the stability of the closed-loop system. Measurements show that the system can transmit the 'just-needed' power for a wide range of coil separation and/or loading conditions, with power efficiency doubled when compared to the uncompensated link. Index Terms--Back telemetry, closed-loop control, inductive link, power telemetry, reverse telemetry, transcutaneous power transfer.

The impact of frequency selective multipath fading on the bit error rate performance of ARTM Tier-1 waveforms (FQPSK and SOQPSK) is derived and analyzed. In the presence of a strong specular reflection with relative magnitude IF |[[inverted L].sub.1]|, the ARTM Tier-1 waveforms suffer a loss in performance of [(1 - |[[inverted L].sub.1]|).sup.-4[square root of |[[inverted L].sub.1]| for |[[inverted L].sub.1]| < 0.5 and a relatively high error floor at approximately [10.sup.-2] for |[[inverted L].sub.1]| [greater than or equal to] 0.5. The ARTM Tier-1 waveforms possess twice the spectral efficiency of PCM/FM, but exhibit a greater loss and higher error floors than PCM/FM for the same multipath conditions and signal-to-noise ratio.

A multipath channel model for wideband aeronautical telemetry links is presented. Channel sounding data were collected at Edwards AFB, CA, at both L-band and lower S-band. Frequency domain analysis techniques were used to evaluate candidate channel models. The channel model is composed of three propagation paths: a line-of-sight direct path and two specular reflections. The first specular reflection is characterized by a relative amplitude of 70% to 96% of the line-of-sight amplitude and a delay of 10-80 ns. This path is the result of 'ground bounces' off the dry lake bed at Edwards and is a typical terrain feature at DoD test ranges located in the western United States. The amplitude and delay of this path are defined completely by the flight path geometry. The second path has a much lower amplitude and a longer delay. The gain of this path is well modeled as a zero-mean complex Gaussian random variable. The relative amplitude is approximately 2% to 8% of the line-of-sight amplitude. The mean excess delay is 155 ns with an rms delay spread of 74 ns.

A radio frequency (RF) telemetry system with a shape memory alloy microelectrode was designed and fabricated. The total size and weight are 15 mm x 8 mm and 0.1 g, respectively. Since the telemeter is small and light enough to be loaded on a small animal such as an insect, the system can be used for the neural recording of a freely moving insect. The RF-telemeter can transmit signals by frequency modulation transmission at 80-90 MHz. The transmitted signals can be received up to about 16 meters away from the telemeter with a high signal-to-noise ratio. The neural activity can be detected without attenuation by using an instrumentation amplifier with its input impedance set to 2 M[ohm] at 1 kHz. The telemeter was loaded on a cockroach and the neural activity during a free-walk was successfully measured through this telemetry system. Index Terms--FM transmitter, free-walking, insect, neural recording, RF-telemetry, wireless recording.

The results of a numerical investigation of the electromagnetic scattering from two-dimensional (2-D) targets on a time-evolving sea surface are presented. The 2-D radar cross section (RCS), or 'echo width,' is computed as a function of time as the sea surface evolves linearly using the spectrally accelerated generalized forward-backward method. It is shown that the RCS varies with time on the order of seconds, which is much longer than the typical pulse width or pulse repetition rate of search radars. It is also observed that for low-grazing angles of incidence the primary sea surface influence on the RCS comes from the long waves in the ocean spectrum. Index Terms--Integral equations, iterative methods, marine vehicles, remote sensing, rough surfaces, sea surface.

A reliable method of transmitting downhole information to the surface while drilling is essential to improve drilling applications. We have designed a numerical algorithm for simulation of electric-signal transmission through the drill string, based on the telegrapher equation (a circuit model). The drill string is then represented by a transmission line with varying geometrical and electromagnetic properties versus depth, depending on the characteristics of the drill string/formation system. These properties are implicitly modeled by the series impedance and the shunt admittance of the transmission line. The telegrapher equation is solved in the high-frequency range by using a direct method. Index Terms--Drill string, electric current, simulation, transmission line.

There are two important methods generally used in telemetry studies to assess survival. They are the Kaplan-Meier approach and the Trent and Rongstad approach. The impact of violation of assumptions has yet to be examined fully, and a brief evaluation has been carried out. The assumption that dead and live animals have equal censoring rates has been evaluated using a simulation, with the finding of large biases as a result of violations. Violation of the constant survival rate assumption in the Trent-Rongstadt approach have also been examined.

Previous efforts to obtain information from onboard sensors involved writing the data to an EPROM located in the launch package, performing a 'soft' catch of the projectile, and recovering the chip in order to download the data. This method requires soft catch capability and has been limited to velocities of less than 1 km/s. We have developed a method to measure in-bore quantities on board a railgun launch package and transmit the information out of the barrel in real time using an optical data link. The onboard transmitter, which is mounted on the front end of the launch package, is either a repackaged laser diode or a high intensity LED. During launch, light pulses are transmitted down the bore, reflected off a mirror just outside the muzzle, and received with a telescope and attached photomultiplier tube. Successful operation has been achieved for accelerations up to 105 kgees and velocities up to 2.0 km/s. An analog encoded version of the system has been built and used to perform an armature voltage measurement. Index Terms - g-hardened electronics, high-g acceleration, in-bore diagnostics, optical telemetry, railguns.

The measurement of low-level dissolved C[O.sub.2] using a fiberoptic sensor is described. The sensor, based on the Severinghaus C[O.sub.2] electrode principle, consists of a C[O.sub.2]sensitive bicarbonate buffer solution containing the pH-sensitive fluorescent dye carboxy-SNAFL-1 immobilized at the end of an optical fiber using a gas-permeable membrane. The sensor is used in a ratiometric mode and has a reversible working dynamic range between 200 and 1000 ppm pC[O.sub.2] and a sensitivity [+ or -]1 ppm. Results are presented for the sensor calibration, effects of temperature, and response time characteristics. An integrated measurement system with electrooptic and data acquisition modules coupled to a satellite transmission system was tested in Vineyard Sound, MA, and data are presented that demonstrate continuous monitoring of pC[O.sub.2] in surface seawater.

We monitored movements of 30 (11 male, 19 female) adult raccoons (Procyon lotor) from February 1990 to July 1992 on the Welder Wildlife Refuge, Texas, to identify differences in seasonal sizes of home range between males and females. Sizes of home range of males varied little (P > 0.05) among seasons, and males had larger (P < 0.05) home ranges than females in all seasons. There was considerable variation in size of home range among individual females; however, median sizes of home range for females did not change among seasons. Size of home ranges of males were larger (P < 0.05) than would be expected based on the relationship between body mass and size of home range in mammals and suggested that movements of males were not dictated solely by energetic requirements. Social behavior appears to play an important role in the size of home range of male raccoons. Key words: Procyon lotor, raccoon, home range, radiotelemetry, Texas

The NASA Dryden Flight Research Center developed and flight-tested a novel real-time airdata sensing system equipped with flush pressure orifices. The system, which used inertial trajectory values for calibration, employs nonlinear regression for the real-time computing of airdata parameters. Flight test results show that Mach number, angle of attack and angle of sideslip is almost equivalent to those generated by ship system airdata computer values.

As part of the development of short-range sensors using microwaves, we present a process called 'cellular telemetry' devoted to the positioning of a point-source in a predefined area. We report the principle of the process and the first experimental results obtained with a system working at 10 GHz, able to position a source in an area of about one square meter with an accuracy of approximately one centimeter.

The increasing need for a continuous communications link with U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) spacecraft during test missions in low Earth orbit (LEO) has resulted in greater interest in geosynchronous data relay services. This may be a more economical alternative to building additional remote tracking stations for the Air Force Satellite Control Network (AFSCN), and avoids tying up operational assets for a test mission. A low-cost near-term approach for such a space-based data relay system would utilize two existing Defense Satellite Communication System III spacecraft, two existing ground terminals, and a small, standardized terminal using autonomous antenna pointing for the space vehicle under test. Such a system design is presented.

Range measurements to objects in the world relative to mobile platforms such as ground or air vehicles are critical for visually aided navigation and obstacle detection/avoidance. An approach is presented that consists of a synergistic combination of two types of passive ranging method: binocular stereo and motion stereo. We show a new way to model the errors in binocular and motion stereo in conjunction with an inertial navigation system (INS) and derive the appropriate Kalman filter to refine the estimates from these two stereo ranging techniques. We present results using laboratory images that show that refined estimates can be optimally combined to give range values which are more accurate than any one of the individual estimates from binocular and motion stereo. By incorporating a blending filter, the approach has the potential of providing accurate, dense range measurements for all the pixels in the field of view (FOV).

The performance of deep-space telemetry signals that employ a residual carrier modulation technique is compared in the presence and absence of a subcarrier. When the subcarrier is present, the performance for the resulting pulse-coded modulation/phase-shift keyed/phase-modulated (PCM/PSK/PM) scheme is evaluated for both sine-wave and square-wave subcarriers and non-return-to zero (NRZ) data. When the subcarrier is absent, the performance for the resulting PCM/PM technique is evaluated for both the NRZ and the bi-phase data format. The comparison is based on telemetry performance as well as bandwidth efficiency. The first criterion is characterized in terms of the symbol error rate (SER) as a function of symbol SNR, loop bandwidth-to-data rate ratio, and modulation index. The bandwidth efficiency is characterized by the occupancy factor. The results of both the analysis and measurements show that when the interference-to-carrier ratio (ICR) is less than -20 dB, the performance degradation in the absence of a subcarrier is negligible. Various combinations of loop bandwidth-to-data rate ratios and modulation indices that achieve this performance are derived and listed. Bandwidth occupancy comparison indicates that PCM/PM/NRZ is the most efficient in this regard. Therefore, by eliminating the subcarrier and using the PCM/PM/NRZ scheme, many advantages can be realized without any sacrifice in performance.

Eleven Papio hamadryas were subject to telemetric evaluation of heart rate, arterial blood pressure and renal and mesenteric or femoral blood flow. The postures/locomotions (P/Ls) were identified by using the pictures of cardiovascular variables. Frequency distributions are related to overlapping P/Ls

Extremely low frequencies (ELF) are employed to transmit data from underground to the ground surface for Measurement-While-Drilling Electromagnetic (MWD-EM) telemetry system. Based on electromagnetic field theory, the work is aimed at predicting the receivability of the signals on the ground surface. A unified analytic method that is suitable for vertical well, directional well, and horizontal well is presented. Attenuation properties are examined for various parameters, including the earth's conductivity, operating frequency and the length of the drill string. Frequency dependence of the receivability in reference to a noise level is illustrated for different depths of well and different earth cases. It is also demonstrated that the electric field distributions on the ground surface have the same features for the three types of well, and the measurements should be carried out near the well heads for any type of well. A scale model experiment is made to test our theoretical results. The measured data and the computed results are comparable.

An IBM compatible PC board has been developed to simplify acquisition and execution of quick look on telemetry signals. The PCM-FORMATTER can synchronize and decommutate Non Return to Zero Level (NRZL) or Split Phase Level (SPL) streams in the range of 5 Kbits/sec to 128 Kbits/sec. Up to eight different functions can enhance the real time data preelaboration. Periodically the host PC can read the reconstructed format frames from two dual port memory buffers. An Application Software package helps the user in preparing his board, and allows a sensible reduction in the data handling code. This code, that is prepared by the user, works like a subroutine making the required elaboration on an entire format subframe at a time. The faster the execution is the higher the proportion of the analyzed data. The Hardware, based on a FPGA, can be adapted by Software in a different device to operate different tasks.

Methodologies to improve Landsat TM forest classifications of alpine regions through the removal of some radiometric and geometric distortions are tested. Besides correcting for sensor and system induced errors, geometric corrections are performed using a digital elevation model. Then scene related effects such as differences in illumination as well as the height dependent atmospheric influence and adjacency effects are corrected. The obtained improvement of the accuracy of a forest classification can be demonstrated against excellent ground truth.

: Heart rates were obtained simultaneously from FM radio transmitters and heart rate monitors externally mounted on unanesthetized and unrestrained mixed-breed goats. Data from transmitters were highly correlated (r = .92, P < .0001) with data from monitors and the percentage difference in heart rates between the two devices was less than that observed between animals. Analyses also revealed that radio transmitters provided a reliable, repeatable, and valid method for the noninvasive measurement of goat heart rates. Key Words: Heart Rate, Goats, Telemetry, Data Collection, A noninvasive procedure for obtaining goat heart rates was developed by comparing the results obtained from FM radio transmitters and heart rate monitors attached to unanesthesized and unrestrained mixed breed goats. Results of the study show that radio transmitters can be utilized to accurately measure heart rates from goats basing on its near approximate results to heart rate monitors.

Event rates encountered by satellite-borne sensors typically exceed the available telemetry bandwidth, necessitating on-board data analysis. One method of reducing output telemetry requirements, employed by data processing units (DPUs) on several recent and forthcoming satellites (VIKING, CRRES, CAMMICE) is to partition the underlying event parameter spaces into disjoint classes, and to downlink statistics based on these classes rather than individual events. The DPUs utilize a hardware implemented binary search algorithm to classify each valid event into one of several mass and mass per charge-state (M/Q) groups, using look-up tables written under software control. Mass and M/Q group boundaries are defined via polynomial curves in the underlying parameter spaces. The boundary curves were obtained using a combination of global and local least-squares approximation algorithms applied to pre-flight sensor calibration data.

A vibroacoustic analysis toolkit for launch vehicle telemetry was refactored as a service architecture using Globus Toolkit 4.0. We grid-enabled two tools in the analysis flow, managing their remote execution workflow from a desktop client. We examine the performance of the tools and the processing time for the entire tool chain. The results indicate that coordinated communication and execution scheduling as part of workflow management can significantly improve overall efficiency. Our experience also shows that the service-oriented architecture approach, using grid computing tools, can provide a more flexible system design, in addition to improved performance and increased utilisation of resources.

Collars from two different manufacturers were simultaneously tested for positional accuracy, success rates, and proportion of 3-imensional fixes under different vegetative communities and conditions. It was shown that both collar brands achieved 100% success rates under the optimal conditions at the control site.

A theoretical analysis for the surface-acoustic-wave-based wireless transponder in a wireless system has been proposed in this paper. Radio transponders were also implemented based upon the theory of coupling of modes. The proposed theory can be employed in the simulation of amplitude- and phase-coded devices with different segments. Index Terms--SAW, telemetry, transponders.

The use of telemetry in gun-launched projectiles is not as common as in missile and aircraft systems. A primary reason is the launch environment of guns. Conventional solid propellant guns often produce launch accelerations approaching 100 000 g's. Additionally, if the bore is rifled, large lateral accelerations are also produced. Recently, the Hardened Subminiature Telemetry and Sensor System (HSTSS) program has developed and demonstrated a series of telemetry products and technologies specifically designed to make gun-launched in-bore and flight measurements more routine and affordable. This paper reviews the products and flight experiences from the HSTSS program and addresses the potential use of the HSTSS products and techniques for use on projectiles launched from electromagnetic rail guns.

Many species carry out their most interesting activities where they can not be observed or monitored. Marine mammals are perhaps extreme in this group, accomplishing their most astounding activities both distant from land and deep in the sea. Collection, storage and transmission of data about these activities are constrained by the energy requirements and size of the recording loggers and transmitters. The more bits of information collected, stored and transmitted, the more battery is required and the larger the tag must be. We therefore need to be selective about the information we collect, while maintaining detail and fidelity. To accomplish this in the study of marine mammals, we have designed 'intelligent' data logger/transmitters that provide context-driven data compression, data relay, and automated data base storage. We later combine these data with remotely sensed environmental information and other oceanographic data sets to recreate the environmental context for the animal's activity, and we display the combined data using computer animation techniques. In this way, the system can provide near real time 'observation' of animal behaviour and physiology from the remotest parts on the globe. To illustrate the approach, we will present examples of its use in southern elephant seals and beluga whales from the polar seas.

A narrowband channel model for multipath fading in aeronautical telemetry applications is described. This channel is composed of a line-of-sight signal, a specular reflection whose strength is 20% to 80% that of the line-of-sight signal, and a diffuse multipath component whose power is 10 to 20 dB less than that of the line-of-sight signal. Thus the channel is close to additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) with strong specular interference. Data collected from three test ranges is used to test the accuracy of the model and form the basis of the description.

The characteristics of spontaneous cardiac arrhythmias leading to sudden cardiac death are largely unknown. To study arrhythmias in animal models, an eight-channel implantable radio telemetry system has been developed to record continuously cardiac electrograms over a period of weeks to months, with maintenance restricted to changing batteries. The inputs are connected in a unipolar manner. Each channel has a gain of fifty and is AC coupled, band limited to 0.07-260 Hz. The signals are digitized with 12 bits resolution at 1000 samples/s. The amplifiers, analog-to-digital converter, and control logic are packaged in an implantable unit. An umbilical cable is passed through the skin to an external backpack unit for power and data transmission. A custom serial interface card, a PC/104 form factor 25-MHz 80386-based single-board computer with a PCMCIA wireless local area network (WLAN) card, and battery power supply make up the backpack. Data are read into the parallel port of the computer, buffered, then transmitted over the WLAN to the laboratory network where it can be analyzed and archived. Approximately 12 h of 14000 bytes/s data can be collected with each set of batteries. The system is suitable for continuous monitoring of animal models of spontaneous arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. Index Terms--Data acquisition, electrogram, radio telemetry, spontaneous arrhythmias.

A miniature telemetric pressure-measuring system is presented in this paper. The system uses passive telemetry to transfer power to the transponder and pressure data to the remote base unit. Such telemetric systems are becoming ever more important in the biomedical field as the interest for in-vivo measurements of different biological parameters both of humans and animals is increasing. A novel capacitive-type pressure sensor based on an SiGeB diaphragm is used as a sensing element. The merits of combining a capacitive pressure sensor and passive telemetry lies in the inherent low-power consumption of the sensor and the continuous availability of power through induction. The pressure sensor is connected to an integrated interface circuit, which includes a capacitance to frequency converter and an internal voltage regulator to suppress supply voltage fluctuations on the transponder side. In addition, the sensor and accompanying interface circuit take up very little space so as to be suitable for implantation. [480] Index Terms--Blood-pressure measurements, passive telemetry, pressure sensors.