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The purpose of the article is to provide a list and briefly analyze international legal mechanisms, as well as legal sources and acts of the EU aimed at regulating the use of the Internet and electronic communication technologies within the organization; identify areas, status and directions of internal and external harmonization of the described regulatory mechanisms. Scientific novelty of the work is to consider the mechanisms and basic regulations of the European Union in the process of their creation and in terms of their role in the formation of a single digital space of the organization. Specific works of domestic scientists in the relevant field were generalized and supplemented, as well as the basis for further research was established. In the early 2000s, EU lawmakers focused on the develop-ment of basic regulations in the field of telecommunications, digital networks and Internet services. As a result, a number of Directives and decisions have been adopted since 2002; at the same time, the development of regulatory mechanisms that would operate within the digital space of the EU actively lasts since 2009. This new stage in the process of developing harmonized mechanisms for regulating electronic communications services and the Internet culminated in the adoption in 2009 of a number of legal documents, including Regulation (EU) 1211/2009, which established the Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications (hereinafter – BEREC), which took over the role of the national regulatory authority (hereinafter – NRA). In 2018, as part of the creation of a single digital space in the EU, an updated BEREC Regulation was adopted, as well as the Electronic Communications Code (hereinafter – the Code).Now the field of electronic communications and the Internet is undergoing numerous stages of development and reform. The research identified the main directions of EU policies, which include measures to harmonize and unify legislation for more effective interaction within both the EU and external partners: cybersecurity, copyright and personal data, and telecommunications services. These areas, since 2013, have been the focus of efforts, given the complexity of regulation and a rapid development of technologies. In the article, the author covers come theoretical and practical aspects of the European Commission’s activities on Internet regulation and describes the creation of the EU single digital space in terms of the process as a whole.Thus, the result of the study was a descriptive analysis of the process of formation of the EU’s legal framework, roles of organizations and institutions and the status of electronic communications and the Internet regulatory mechanisms.

Blockchain is a technology used to immutably and transparently store information that has gained wide popularity due to the use with cryptocurrency, but it is suitable for many other business scenarios. In this paper, the authors deal with carriers providing voice services by exchanging calls with each other. These companies need to transparently store call detail records (CDR) in order to avoid billing discrepancies which can lead to disputes and risk of interruption of services with heavy consequences from the legal point of view. In this paper, the authors present a solution to this problem by using hyperledger fabric to develop smart contracts, which are invoked to store information about each CDR generated. The proposed solution initially stores CDRs before inputting these to the blockchain network. The paper presents experiments with thorough testing on the blockchain network and also some performance improvements. Results show the effectiveness of avoiding disputes by guaranteeing that CDRs are exchanged effectively and immutably without room for ambiguities or misinterpretation.

In this Journal’s tradition of revisiting past papers which have relevance to today’s events, this article reminds us of the value of the paper “Better telecommunications services for all Australians.” (2015) by Reg Coutts. This paper makes five interrelated recommendations to replace the current Universal Service Obligation (USO) policy in Australia, given the NBN rollout and customer preference for mobile services anywhere anytime. Some of its recommendations were arguably taken up by the Productivity Commission’s Public Inquiry into the USO in 2016-17, and implemented by the Australian Government in the form of a new Universal Service Guarantee.

The purpose of this article on the policy legacies from Australia’s early telecommunications history is not to present a counterfactual to Australia’s choice of public monopoly provision of early telecommunications services, but rather to indicate the extent that politics limited the private sector’s role in deploying early telegraph and telephone infrastructure in Australia. The article begins by outlining a theoretical framework for analysing government’s role in deploying new telecommunications technologies, before investigating some of the less familiar literature on the historical impact of government intervention on the private sector in the early Australian telegraph and telephone industries. It then discusses some of the political issues relating to the subsequent liberalisation of the telecommunications industry in Australia and concludes with a discussion of the historical legacies of government intervention on the private sector in the Australian telecommunications industry.

This chapter introduces and describes the organization and differences between the telecommunication networks, systems, and services. It also includes a section on the fundamental aspects of telecommunication media key for the Smart Grid, namely optical fiber, radio, and power lines. Telecommunication services delivery is the goal of telecommunication networks or systems. Transmission media used in telecommunications are classified into physical and nonphysical. Telecommunication networks spread over territories to connect end users among them, to provide telecommunication services. The traditional world of telecommunication networks was organized around Backbone and Access networks. Any modern telecommunication system combines transport and switching/routing functions in its network devices. The protocol architecture of a telecommunications system is commonly arranged in three separate “planes” to serve different purposes: user plane, control plane, and management plane. Power lines are the supporting medium for the utility communications that travel inside the electricity cables, that is PLC.

This chapter elaborates on a comprehensive definition of what can be understood for a Smart Grid by introducing the basic elements of a power grid and enhancing those with telecommunication technologies. The core underlying criterion supporting the regulation of electric power systems is the maximization of social and environmental welfare in the production and consumption of electric power. Electric power system management is a complex undertaking covering technical, economic, regulatory, social, business, and environmental factors. Information and Communication Technologies, understood as computing and electronic elements coupled with telecommunication networks, have been appreciated and used by the power utility industry at the core of their operations. There are some Smart Grid challenges tightly connected to the use of telecommunications technologies and services. They can be grouped in two broad categories Customer Engagement and Grid Control. The impact of telecommunication services on Smart Grid operations is a key aspect of the enablement of telecommunications for the grid.

The increasing demand for telecommunication services in Ghanaian cities has contributed to the expansion of the telecommunication with its associated health and safety concerns. To regulate the sit...

Debt used in capital excessive composition for Telecommunication Company's business development has decreased profitability company's. In Islamic perspective, debt concept is represented in a loan form, with not additional elements that will lead to ribawi practice. This study purpose is to determine effect of debt policy in an Islamic perspective and capital structure that has implications on profitability telecommunications service companies in Indonesia. The method used is descriptive and verification methods with a quantitative approach, the sample used in this research is 4 telecommunication service companies listed on Indonesia Stock Exchange and last 5 years annual financial reports, so that data amount in this study is 20 data and analysis tools used are Multiple Linear Regression, Correlation Coefficient, Coefficient of Determination, and T-Test. This study results indicate that Debt Policy in Islamic Perspective has a moderate effect and has a positive correlation on profitability, while capital structure has a moderate effect and has a negative correlation on profitability telecommunication service companies in Indonesia.

Fixed telecommunications services, such as internet, telephony, and TV, are still important in many emerging countries. In Colombian telecommunications companies are few and the services they offer...

This paper aimed to develop modified total interpretive structural modeling (M-TISM) for marketing flexibility factors in the context of the Indian telecommunications sector. The study uses grounded theory methodology to identify factors for marketing flexibility and uses a modified total interpretative structural model (TISM) to establish hierarchical linkages among factors. MaxQDA software was used for data coding and analysis. The modified TISM model developed shows metrics used in the telecom industry to assess marketing's performance, namely average revenue per user (ARPU), and customer acquisition, as lagging factors. Conversely, availability of access networks, customer contextual usage patterns, and marketing intelligence functions are leading factors. The study is relevant for both practitioners and academia and has significant implications. For practitioners, the structural linkages identified will help enhance marketing program effectiveness and drive the critical metrics for an industry like average revenue per user (ARPU) and customer acquisitions. The study may help telecom practitioners in saving money, time, and efforts to infuse flexibility in their marketing function. Academia and researchers can take reference from methodologies used in this study for exploring factors of interest and developing hierarchical linkages among them.

The general utilization of telecommunication services and the value users place on communication networks has grown exponentially in the past few decades. The dependence on telecommunication networks has become an essential factor in how people survive during a national or global crisis. Telecommunication network infrastructures such as cables, satellites, and cellular towers play an indispensable role in maintaining society’s stability worldwide when there is a major crisis. Therefore, the protection of these telecommunication assets is critical. However, there have not been any measures to protect these vital infrastructures. This colossal gap prompted the authors to write this paper. The paper is a policy framework designed as a regulatory compliance document to guide the stakeholders in ensuring the underground fiber cable is fully protected. Additionally, the paper gave a direction on how the monitoring agencies can enact laws to make the active fiber cable a critical national infrastructure. There have been a series of underground fiber cable cuts in Ghana and other low-income countries. However, the available policies are not stringent enough to prevent individuals and contractors from activities that may lead to the destruction of underground cables. Based on the lapses identified in the regulatory standards, we proposed a comprehensive policy and regulatory measures to be implemented by the mobile network operators (MNOs) and the state regulatory institutions. This paper touched on regulatory measures to protect the underground fiber cables before, during and deployment. The post-deployment management of the underground fiber cable is critical in ensuring high network performance, reliability and availablibity. The policy plan proposed in this paper has been divided into various sections to make it more convenient for reading and referencing. The paper’s novelty is the scope of work done by designing and formulating policies as guiding measures to control and mitigate the frequent fiber cable cuts. Keywords Policy Document, Critical National Infrastructure, Underground Fiber Cable cut, Policy Compliance, Policy Framework

This study aimed to investigate the extent of the application of the principles of Good Corporate Governance (GCG) and protection of personal data from the point of view of consumers in telecommunications service companies. The case study analyzed the misuse of used telephone card data in a telecommunications service company PT. Z. The empirical judicial method was used in this study. This legal research was carried out by examining documents (document studies), using 2 (two) approaches, the statute approach and the conceptual approach. Primary data were collected through surveys and interviews to prove the findings in the first stage. The results of the study, on the legal aspects showed that the legal protection for consumers as users of telecommunications services has not been fully implemented by PT. Z according to Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection and Law Number 36 of 1999 concerning Telecommunications. Consumer perceptions indicate that PT. Z has not implemented GCG principles properly. Consumer responses to aspects of consumer personal data protection related to the above cases are also not good and tend to be detrimental to consumers. This research showed that the application of GCG principles is not optimal and has an impact on weak aspects of consumer protection. For the implementation of GCG in the future, PT. Z should have good intentions in running its business and provide correct, complete and clear information related to the products it trades, both spoken and written. Keywords : Good corporate governance, consumer protection, personal data protection, telecommunication service

Recently, the need for cellular telecommunication services in Indonesia being a very large number. The customer growth rate must be supported with the infrastructure development. PT. Telkomsel (one of the provider) has its own way of balancing customer needs with infrastructure development, namely building BTS or Base Transceiver Station. This solution has a negative impact, which affected the PT. Telkomsel loses revenue or loss profit if the BTS experiences damage or interference as a result of continuous use. To reduce this profit loss value, PT. Telkomsel carries out scheduled maintenance or maintenance activities on BTS devices. Based on these problems, the practical work carried out by the author aims to find out and understand the repair or repair procedures on computerized BTS devices at PT. Telkomsel, Karawang. The result of practical work activities is that it is known that the application of a computerized system at PT. Telekomunikasi Selular GraPaRi Karawang helps the process of repairing BTS devices in meeting information needs. To monitor damage to BTS equipment, it is done by means of an alarm monitoring system using the iManager u2000 software.

Customer Experience-Management (CEM) has emerged as a key differentiator in recent fierce market of telecommunication. A positive customer experience leads to increased loyalty, lower churn rate, more recommendations and optimistic word of mouth. In this era of technology, digital data has become an asset of any business. This paper proposes a technique that calculates the Customer Experience Management Index (CEMI) of subscribers of cellular network services providers by using their Call Detail Records (CDRs). In the first phase, CDR Dataset of subscribers, using the same cellular network operators, is collected. In the second phase, a close-ended telephonic survey is prepared and conducted on these subscribers of targeted valued community or social network. Six attributes of telecommunication service are selected i.e. network coverage, voice call quality, drop call rate, Short Message Service delivery, internet service and call setup duration. The subscribers are requested to grade each attribute as per their experience while using that service and to rate the service collectively in order to identify the overall experience. Genetic Algorithm (GA) is applied to optimize the weights for each attribute to eventually formulate a mathematical model for CEMI calculation. The proposed technique uses the difference between weighted attributes based on calculated CEMI and actual CEMI provided during survey process as cost function for GA which updates weights in such a way to have minimal value of this cost function. Same attributes are selected from CDRs and they are graded on the same scale which is used in survey based on the events and flags presented in the CDRs. While concluding the results, the obtained optimized weights are applied to the technical attributes of the CDRs data set and the CEMI is calculated. The proposed technique calculates the CEMI in real-time with an accuracy of 84.5 % and error of 0.248.

To date, the introduction of new methods in the telecommunication service and the quality changes in this area of the service require such improvements in the legal order. These aspects are also reflected in the legal regulation of the telecommunication service. The provision of telecommunication involves a complex set of actions of the participants of this legal relationship, such as the acquisition of technical means, the use of technical means and in this connection the installation of this or that material, their maintenance, repair of these devices in case of necessity. In this sense, the relations of telecommunication services include the impersonation of certain signs of the energy supply contract. First of all, in the power supply contract, the power supply organization also supplies energy to the subscriber through the connected network. The telecommunication service also requires the presence of an adjoining network. Therefore, subscriber is connected directly with the service provider through telephone wires and on the basis of the specified number, a telephone connection service is provided to him. Meanwhile, a contract is concluded with a person who has certain equipment in the energy supply contract. This is exactly the case in the contract for the provision of telecommunication services.

A technology appears, namely Long Term Evolution (LTE), which is a fourth generation (4G) cellular network technology. This LTE can provide data transfer speeds of up to 100 Mbps on the downlink side and 50 Mbps on the uplink side. The growth in the number of telecommunication service users in Medan City has caused a decline in network quality, especially 4G LTE technology. By doing a drive test, it can be seen the areas where there is signal strength of a network which aims to improve the signal quality of a network. Benchmark (comparison) of 4G LTE operator service quality is done by measuring, comparing, and analyzing the network quality (performance) of two 4G LTE operators around the Muhammadiyah University of North Sumatra campus. The overall throughput value of operator X is only 0> 3 Mbps, while operator Y is 0> 30 Mbps. The very low throughput value is caused by high traffic users during the day, where the Muhammadiyah University of North Sumatra campus is actively studying and many students use data services. That way, people can find out the causes of the internet speed problems they feel when using the internet during the day.

The objective of this work is to propose a solution to the problem of the lack of telecommunication services, with adequate quality of service and coverage, in the town of Choclococha, Huancavelica-Peru. For this purpose, the design and evaluation of an optical link as a backbone network and a wireless access network is presented. It is an applied and experimental research in which performance parameters were evaluated. The independent variable is the optical transport network and the dependent variable is data communication. The latter is defined by two indicators: throughput and signal reception power at the users. Both indicators were measured in a sample of the population, obtaining results that were validated with respect to the expected values according to specifications and regulations. Thus, the measured throughput exceeds the 40% data rate guaranteed by the telecommunications operator. As for the reception power, it exceeds the sensitivity level of the receiving equipment. Therefore, it is concluded that the proposed solution supports communications with optimum speed and coverage.

This study examines the growth potential of the market leader and market challenger in Japan’s telecommunications services industry. We focus on Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation (NTT) and KDDI, the market leader and challenger (respectively) in terms of sales revenue, total assets, and market share. Following finance literatures, we use higher values of price–earnings ratio (P/E) and market-to-book-value-of-equity ratio (MV/BV) as the indicators of growth potential. High growth firms have the potential to outperform the overall market over a significant period of time providing a good investment opportunity for retail and institutional investors. This study uses financial data of the NTT and KDDI from the period between 2001 and 2016 and applies several regression models to examine the growth potential of the market leader and market challenger in Japan’s telecommunications services industry. Using the P/E and MV/BV as indicators of growth potential, we show that the market challenger’s growth potential is significantly higher than that of the market leader, even after controlling for firm size, liquidity, profitability, leverage, cash flow, and age.

In the globalization era, almost everyone uses the telecommunications in everyday life. The dependence on telecommunication service provider forces the service provider industry to expand the network and offer affordable promotions for all levels of the community. Based on that, “PT. Telkom Indonesia Tbk” as one of the Indonesian companies in the telecommunication sector, must have a strategy of promotion in selling Indihome internet products.This research using the Analytic Hierarchy Process to determine weights from many promotion criteria and various alternatives, and then, using Goal Programming to find the minimum cost promotion by choosing alternatives based on the criteria. The result of this research is obtaining eight effective of nine existing promotional program.

This study aims to measure the performance of PT Telkomsel using the balance scorecard approach from a financial and non-financial perspective; customer perspective, internal business process perspective and, growth and learning perspective. This research is a descriptive study using a mixed method approach, namely a combination of qualitative and quantitative research combined with an explonatory design research model, the data sources of this study are primary data in the form of interviews with informants and questionnaires, and secondary data from literature, financial reports, as well as supporting data related to this research. The results showed a decrease in several financial posts due to changes in government regulations and price competition among telecommunications service providers. From the customer perspective, price product has become a complaint of several customers. From the perspective of internal business processes, it shows the fluctuating value of ARPU and operational costs due to these changes. Continuous training has become a complaint of some employees from a growth and learning perspective, but in general PT Telkomsel's performance with the balance scorecard as a performance measurement tool is already very good.

Information technology (IT) innovations require strategic planning for issues related to the launch time of the new generation, technological advancement, and potential user base. The present study seeks to develop a decision-making model that effectively facilitates the predictive analysis of the diffusion paradigm for multi-generational services and the optimal timing of new service introduction. This paper analyzes the generation substitution and customer attrition behavior simultaneously in the adoption process of service generations. A novel multi-generational diffusion model is proposed for those service innovations that coexist in the market at the same time and divides the firm’s market shares. Also, the proposed study intends to devise a decision model to assess the launch scenarios for a new service generation. The optimization problem takes into account the trade-off between the preceding generation’s subscription level and service development cost. The proposed methodological framework is implemented on the telecommunication service line. An empirical analysis is conducted to examine the model performance and prediction ability as compared to the existing models. The findings show that the parameter estimation using the proposed diffusion model will lead to unbiased parameter values and better forecasting results. A numerical illustration is provided to solve the proposed optimization problem using the multi-attribute utility theory (MAUT). Moreover, sensitivity analysis is performed on critical parameters to examine their impact on the computational results. The present research on optimal introduction time of a new service generation yields crucial managerial insights for businesses and policymakers.

The material of the article is devoted to the study of the potential opportunities for a company to enter the regional telecommunications market. The authors believe that the development strategy should be based on the formation of competitive advantages. T2 Mobile was an example of the implementation of the development strategy. After the transaction of consolidation of Rostelecom and T2 Mobile, it is planned to enter the markets of Sevastopol and Crimea. To assess the factors of the external and internal environment of the Tele2 organization in the developing market, PESTEL analysis and SWOT analysis were used.

يتناول البحث النمذجة الجغرافية لخدمةالاتصالات السلکية واللاسلکية بمرکز بلبيس بمحافظة الشرقيةمتبعا عدة مناهج منها منهج تحليل النظم والمنهج السببي والمنهج المقارن وتم استخدام بعض الاساليب البحثية مثل الدراسة الميدانية والاساليب الکمية والاحصائية لعرضالعوامل الجغرافية الطبيعية والبشرية المؤثرة على شبکة الاتصالات السلکية واللاسلکية بمرکز بلبيس ،وکذا خصائصشبکة الاتصالات السلکية واللاسلکية ومدى تأثرها بالظروف الجغرافية لمنطقة الدراسة، ثم عرض لأهم مشکلات الاتصالات السلکية واللاسلکية ببعض مناطق المرکز وذلک من خلال الاستبيان الميداني.وانتهى البحث بخاتمة تضمنت أهم النتائج والتوصيات . This research focused on geographical modelling of the telecommunications service in Bilbeis City, Al-Sharqia Governorate. It adopted several methodologies, including the systems analysis method, the causal method and the comparative method. Some research methods were used such as field study and quantitative and statistical methods to present the natural and human geographical factors affecting the telecommunications network in Bilbeis City. The research methods also showed the characteristics of the telecommunications network, and the extent to which it was affected by the geographical conditions of the study area. The most important problems related to telecommunications in some areas of Bilbeis City were also presented by conducting the field questionnaire. The research ended with a conclusion that contained the findings and recommendations.

The purpose of the article is to develop and popularize recommendations related to using different methods of criminal analysis during expeditious proceedings and pretrial investigation provided by operational and search units of National Police. Methodology. Taking into account the purpose of article, specifics of object and subject of research it was taken couple of methods. Methodological base of article is the dialectical approach to analysis of using criminal analysis during conducting activities by operational and search units. In research we used the system of scientific methods: formal logic (abstraction, deduction, induction, analogy, synthesis) to detail the meaning of issues; empirical method – during carrying out experiments and interviewing exerts; system analysis method – to consider the innovational ways for solving the issues; theoretical method – during discovering scientific and methodological literature; modelling – during discovering certain objects by modelling their separate aspects. Scientific novelty. The article is a innovational due to necessity of modernization of modern forms and methods of criminal analysis during criminal and expeditious proceedings.It was developed algorithm of conducting analysis information about communication (this analysis is carrying out by officers from operational units at the request of investigators of National Police of Ukraine). Conclusions. It was developed and proposed some changes to Law of Ukraine «About Operational search activity». For example, it was proposed to add (in paragraph 4 first part of article 8) that due to conducting tasks of operational search work it is necessary to get information (that is a property of operators and providers of telecommunication about communications, subscribers, provision of telecommunication services, including receipt of services, their privacy, content, routes of transmission) according to articles 159–166b of Criminal Code of Ukraine taking into account the features mentioned in second part of article 8 of the same Code. Outcomes of research could be used in carrying out scientific projects in this sphere and also police officers in prevention of crimes. Keywords: analysis information about communication; operational units; criminal analysis; operational search measures; covert investigative actions.

To face the tight competition in the telecommunication industry, it is important to minimize the rate of customers stopping their service subscription, which is known as customer churn. For that goal, an explainable predictive customer churn model is an essential tool to be owned by a telecommunication provider. In this paper, we developed the explainable model by utilizing the concept of vector embedding in Deep Learning. We show that the model can reveal churning customers that can potentially be converted back to use the previous telecommunication service. The generated vectors are also highly discriminative between the churning and loyal customers, which enable the developed models to be highly predictive for determining whether a customer would cease his/her service subscription or not. The best model in our experiment achieved a predictive performance of 81.16%, measured by the F1 Score. Further analysis on the clusters similarity and t-SNE plot also confirmed that the generated vectors are discriminative for churn prediction.

The purpose of this paper is to examine differences in factors affecting the probability of online and in-store purchase of telecommunications equipment in the Republic of Croatia. Online questionnaire survey conducted in September 2019 gathered responses that identified respondents’: method of telecommunications services and equipment purchase, their information gathering tools, factors affecting respondents’ telecommunications services and equipment purchasing decisions in general, and online and in-store purchasing decisions. 125 gathered responses were analysed using a binomial logistic regression. The results state that general factors incite respondents to purchase telecommunications equipment and services instore. Factors inciting online purchases are enabling factors and cause respondents to purchase telecommunications services and equipment online. Responses were further divided into subsamples depending on gender and education level. Results are consistent in tested subsamples. In the sample of male respondents, the results are consistent, while the female subsample shows does not exhibit statistically significant results. Furthermore, subsamples that allowed education level differences showed the results are supported for the subsample of respondents with higher education, and are not supported for respondents with secondary education.

La expansión de las Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicación (TIC) en todos los ámbitos de nuestra sociedad se ha producido a gran velocidad y está en constante evolución. Este artículo presenta un análisis documental sobre el papel de las TIC en el desarrollo rural, donde la literatura muestra que las TIC pueden ser una herramienta para promover el desarrollo en condiciones adecuadas de acceso y uso, no obstante, las zonas rurales de los países latinoamericanos y en particular México, muestran disparidades estructurales que limitan el acceso y el uso a estas tecnologías. Por lo tanto, para la obtención de beneficios a través del uso efectivo de las TIC por parte de la población y los sectores productivos rurales, se requiere de políticas públicas con pertinencia local que aumenten la cobertura de los servicios de telecomunicaciones y las iniciativas de alfabetización digital, así comola articulación de la política de TIC con otros programas sociales que contribuyan a una mejor calidad de vida.

Sales prediction analysis requires intelligent data mining techniques with accurate prediction models and high reliability. In most cases, business highly relies on information as well as demand forecast of the sales trends. This research uses B2B sales data for analysis. The B2B data could provide information on how telecommunication company should manage its sales team, products, and budgeting flows. The accurate estimates enable Telecommunication company to survive the market war and increase with market growth. Comprehensible predictive models were studied and analyzed using a technique of machine learning to improve the prediction of the future sale. It is hard to cope with big data and sale prediction accuracy if the system of traditional forecast is used. In this study, machine learning technique was also used to analyze the reliability of B2B sales. In addition, at the end of this research, other measures and techniques used to predict sales were introduced. The predictive model with best performance evaluation is recommended to forecast the trending B2B sales. The study results are put into an order of reliability and accuracy of the best method to predict and forecast including estimation, evaluation, and transformation. The best performance model found was Gradient Boost Algorithm. The result form graph the data close together from beginning till end of data target MSE and MAPE result are the best result than other method, MSE =24.743.000.000,00 and MAPE =0,18. This model performed maximum accuracy in predicting and forecasting of the future B2B sales.

Network function virtualization (NFV) technology continues to gain more attention as a paradigm shift, and telecommunication services can be flexibly deployed and managed. Any service can be represented by a service function chain (SFC) that is a set of virtual network functions (VNFs) to be executed based on the strict order. The NFV-enabled SFCs applied in the future Internet-of-Things (IoT) networks emerge a challenging problem, particularly more and more IoT devices are trying to access their telecommunication services whenever and wherever, SFCs are needed to be dynamically and adaptively reconfigured, thus adapting to the service requests’ dynamics for lower resource consumption and higher revenue for Internet service providers (ISPs). In this article, we study the SFC dynamic reconfiguration problem (SFC-DRP) in the IoT networks, a discrete-time Markov decision process (DTMDP)-based IoT SFC-DRP is formulated by guaranteeing the QoS and resource constraints. We subsequently propose a novel deep Dyna-Q (DDQ) approach to solve this model. Our proposal has been evaluated with the obtained results demonstrating an average CPU root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 0.17, compared to 0.75 obtained while using the original approach. Moreover, our proposed SFC reconfiguration technique can approximate the performance of the integer linear programming (ILP) model within a polynomial time, and outperform the existing benchmarks in terms of the reconfiguration overhead and the resource utilization ratio from service provisioning, respectively.

Telecommunications service providers build highly available networks using equipment redundancy and overload protection mechanisms. However, because of network equipment misconfiguration or a natural disaster, the network equipment failover could be unsuccessful. This article proposes a linear programming model for determining the optimal distribution of user sessions in a commercial network such that the impact of an unsuccessful network equipment failover is minimal. The model has been applied successfully during the design of a commercial network that supports approximately 5 million customers. The proposed model will be useful for managing the telecommunication networks in a way that is more robust to catastrophic failure, providing greater security and better service to users. The article also presents quantitative results that show a modest increase in end-to-end one-way speech transmission delay ranging from 3.5 to 8.1 ms. This delay is also known as mouth-to-ear delay. The article proposes improvements to the linear programming model by putting an upper limit on the potential increase in the mouth-to-ear delay.

The rapid growth of wireless networking technologies, along with the emergence of several new devices that offer or need Internet connection and an ever-increasing demand for wide-band access, especially away from the urban centers, aggravates the problem of the frequency spectrum exhaustion for telecommunications services. The need for more efficient use of the spectrum increases the demand for solutions such as the improvement and deployment of radios with cognitive ability. In this context, this work seeks to contribute to solve the so-called multi-channel rendezvous problem, presenting an asynchronous, distributed and robust mechanism to promote rendezvous and communication opportunities between two or more cognitive radios. The proposed solution employs frequency hopping with new sequences based on combinatorial design theory. Our evaluation indicates that our proposal is able to improve the expected time to rendezvous up to 131% for the same control overhead with respect to existing approaches.

Customer perception is important in the company's business sustainability. In today's competitive global market situation, customers are always looking for services that have more value to meet their needs. Innovation becomes important to differentiate service values ​​in customer perceptions. This paper presents several survey papers which state the significant relationship between the innovation of telecommunications companies and their customers' satisfaction and loyalty. The influence factors considered by customers and aggressively affect their satisfaction also explained in previous surveys. Several innovations have also been carried out by various researchers to improve customer perceptions through excellent customer experience when interacting with customer relationship management. This paper also presents the novel method of developing value-added services for telecommunications companies and the development service roadmap that accurately predicts the successful implementation of an innovation into the market. Further research can utilize the above studies to develop services in other aspects of customer experience on telecommunications services.

Future network based on software-defined networking (SDN) and network function virtualization (NFV) technologies is the main evolution tendency of current Internet, enabling telecommunication service providers (TSPs) to share their virtualized network resources with their contracted users in a flexible and economical manner. One key technical issue is virtualized resources allocation. In order to solve this issue, multiple mapping algorithms have been proposed. However, prior mapping algorithms focus on solving the allocation problem in one centralized underlying substrate network (SN), having the only goal of maximizing the TSPs’ mapping revenue. As energy cost accounts for more than half of the total underlying network cost, it is crucial to minimize the total energy cost, while keeping high mapping revenue. In addition, in the real networking environment, multiple geographically distributed SNs, called interdomain networks, coexist. Hence, it is essential to embed each virtual network (VN) service among the interdomain SNs. Based on this, we first propose the formal problem model and the energy cost model. Then, we propose a novel and efficient mapping strategy, labeled EERID . Our EERID is able to map each VN service among interdomain SNs within polynomial time. The experimental results vividly reveal that EERID significantly reduces energy cost by approximately 18% over the existing energy-aware algorithms. At the same time, our EERID achieves higher embedding revenues than the existing energy-aware mapping algorithms, up to 23%.

In mobile phone supply chains, consumers can choose handsets and telecommunication services as a bundled package or buy handsets and services independently. This article develops a multi-agent simulation model to explore price, subsidy and bundling decisions for competing mobile phone supply chains with network externality, where each chain includes one mobile phone manufacturer and one service operator. There are two bundling strategies: free or bundled. The results indicate that: 1) if the impact of network externality is not too small, then competitive differentiation can be formed when one party adopts a bundled one. If bundled scenario is adopted by both, the total profit is reduced. Consequently, both service operators and manufacturers choose (accept) different bundling strategies; 2) network externality and consumer heterogeneity both increase the advantage of bundled scenario in the asymmetric setting; 3) when the effect of network externality is sufficiently small, free scenario is dominant; and 4) consumer heterogeneity can alleviate competition in the symmetric settings.

Recently, following the rapid commercial deployment of 5G networks, next-generation mobile communication technology (6G) has been attracting increasing attention from global researchers and engineers. 6G is envisioned as a distributed, decentralized, and intelligent innovative network. However, existing application provisioning is still based on a centralized service architecture, ubiquitous edge computing, and decentralized AI technologies have not been fully exploited. In this article, we analyze the problems faced by existing centralized service provisioning architecture, and propose design principles for a decentralized network and service architecture for a future 6G network. Finally, we discuss several open research problems to inspire readers to address these.

The research discussed the design of vendor selection features using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method, inventory control using Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) method, and order notification using Reorder Point (ROP) method. The research aimed to find out the most appropriate time for procurement of goods, selection of vendors that fit the predetermined criteria and determine the number of items that had to be ordered within a period of time. Object-Oriented Analysis and Design (OOAD) method was used in building the system design. The sample of the research was a telecommunications service provider company. The result shows that by applying these three methods, the problems are overcome.

The main ways of innovative activity by multinational corporations are defined and described in the article. The comparative analysis of possible ways to innovate is done according to the following criteria: time, risks, financial expenses. The countries and the industries of multinational corporations with the highest R&D expenditures are identified. It was found out that multinational corporations of Switzerland, the United States, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom are the most innovative and cooperate with startups. The model according to which these corporations innovate with the creation of research centers is described. The differences between the American and Asian models of setting up research centers were analyzed. It was found out that setting up research structures to conduct research and apply development according to market needs is a long process and requires additional money and time. It is concluded that this method of innovating by setting up research units requires a lot of money and provides the possibility of "digital breakthrough" only in the long run. Collaboration of multinational corporations with startups has been found to be medium-term and will help reduce risks and financial costs compared to R&D. Collaboration with startups with possible merge has been proven to be a more attractive way to innovate for corporations. The experience how multinational corporations collaborating with startups is analyzed. It has been found that most corporations choose the way to deal with startups, so 262 companies out of the 500 largest companies according to Forbes Global 2000 are dealing with startups. The share of corporations working with startups by the countries of the world has been investigated. How multinational corporations collaborating with startups by industry is analyzed. It was investigated that almost all corporations active in the telecommunications services, pharmaceuticals and beverage industries are engaging with startups. It was revealed that the more actively the corporation cooperates with startups, the higher its position in the ranking of Forbes Global 500.

In recent years, the unprecedented uptake of streaming services has forced the telecommunication industry to rethink their traditional approach to delivering broadband services. Streaming services contribute to peak traffic load and slow down Internet speeds during the rush hours. Proactive content caching, which stores popular content in helper nodes at the network edge, can help to reduce the peak traffic load. While the focus of proactive caching so far is on network traffic management, the prospect of utilizing surplus renewable energy for content caching has not been adequately addressed. This research shows that proactive content caching using surplus renewable energy has the potential to reduce energy-related costs and bring significant benefits for both network and energy providers. Our research is based on the hypothesis that if proactive caching is performed when solar energy is available at daytime, energy related-costs can be significantly reduced. We formulate the research problem of finding the optimum time for proactive caching as an optimization problem, and minimize energy-related costs. Numerical analysis shows that the proposed approach not only provides significant economic benefits to service providers and households, but also reduces peak-to-average disparity of the energy load and the Internet traffic load.

Nuisance or unsolicited calls and instant messages come at any time in a variety of different ways. These calls would not only exasperate recipients with the unwanted ringing, impacting their productivity, but also lead to a direct financial loss to users and service providers. Telecommunication Service Providers (TSPs) often employ standalone detection systems to classify call originators as spammers or non-spammers using their behavioral patterns. These approaches perform well when spammers target a large number of recipients of one service provider. However, professional spammers try to evade the standalone systems by intelligently reducing the number of spam calls sent to one service provider, and instead distribute calls to the recipients of many service providers. Naturally, collaboration among service providers could provide an effective defense, but it brings the challenge of privacy protection and system resources required for the collaboration process. In this paper, we propose a novel decentralized collaborative system named privy for the effective blocking of spammers who target multiple TSPs. More specifically, we develop a system that aggregates the feedback scores reported by the collaborating TSPs without employing any trusted third party system, while preserving the privacy of users and collaborators. We evaluate the system performance of privy using both the synthetic and real call detail records. We find that privy can correctly block spammers in a quicker time, as compared to standalone systems. Further, we also analyze the security and privacy properties of the privy system under different adversarial models.

Propósito ”“ O mercado secundário de espectro é uma inovação regulatória no Brasil inaugurada pela Lei nº 13.879/2019. Uma vez em funcionamento, pode proporcionar ganhos de eficiência alocativa e produtiva e o aumento da competição na prestação de serviços de telecomunicações, com destaque para as regiões de menor atratividade econômica. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar os fundamentos de mecanismos de fomento à liquidez no mercado secundário de espectro no Brasil. Metodologia/abordagem/design ”“ Para tanto é apresentado o desenho de três mecanismos gerais. O primeiro, do tipo laissez-faire, se refere a um arranjo de mercado sem intervenção do regulador. Em seguida, é discutido um mecanismo de corretagem, com amplo uso no mercado de atacado de telecomunicações brasileiro, e estabelecido sobre instrumentos de transparência e preços orientados a custos. Por fim, são feitas ponderações sobre uma solução de Acesso Compartilhado Autorizado (ACA) com incentivos. Resultados ”“ Os resultados destacam as características e limitações de cada mecanismo. O mecanismo baseado em cessão de autorização de uso de radiofrequências com incentivos demonstra vantagem relativa sobre os demais modelos.