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1. First results of Herschel/PACS observations of Neptune

Author

Lellouch, E., Hartogh, P., Feuchtgruber, H., Vandenbussche, B., de Graauw, T., Moreno, R., Jarchow, C., Cavalié, T., Orton, G., Banaszkiewicz, M., Blecka, M. I., Bockelée-Morvan, D., Crovisier, J., Encrenaz, T., Fulton, T., Küppers, M., Lara, L. M., Lis, D. C., Medvedev, A. S., Rengel, M., Sagawa, H., Swinyard, B., Szutowicz, S., Bensch, F., Bergin, E., Billebaud, F., Biver, N., Blake, G. A., Blommaert, J. A. D. L., Cernicharo, J., Courtin, R., Davis, G. R., Decin, L., Encrenaz, P., Gonzalez, A., Jehin, E., Kidger, M., Naylor, D., Portyankina, G., Schieder, R., Sidher, S., Thomas, N., de Val-Borro, M., Verdugo, E., Waelkens, C., Walker, H., Aarts, H., Comito, C., Kawamura, J. H., Maestrini, A., Peacocke, T., Teipen, R., Tils, T., and Wildeman, K.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

We report on the initial analysis of a Herschel/PACS full range spectrum of Neptune, covering the 51-220 micrometer range with a mean resolving power of ~ 3000, and complemented by a dedicated observation of CH4 at 120 micrometers. Numerous spectral features due to HD (R(0) and R(1)), H2O, CH4, and CO are present, but so far no new species have been found. Our results indicate that (i) Neptune's mean thermal profile is warmer by ~ 3 K than inferred from the Voyager radio-occultation; (ii) the D/H mixing ratio is (4.5+/-1) X 10**-5, confirming the enrichment of Neptune in deuterium over the protosolar value (~ 2.1 X 10**-5); (iii) the CH4 mixing ratio in the mid stratosphere is (1.5+/-0.2) X 10**-3, and CH4 appears to decrease in the lower stratosphere at a rate consistent with local saturation, in agreement with the scenario of CH4 stratospheric injection from Neptune's warm south polar region; (iv) the H2O stratospheric column is (2.1+/-0.5) X 10**14 cm-2 but its vertical distribution is still to be determined, so the H2O external flux remains uncertain by over an order of magnitude; and (v) the CO stratospheric abundance is about twice the tropospheric value, confirming the dual origin of CO suspected from ground-based millimeter/submillimeter observations., Comment: Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics (special issue on Herschel first results)

Published
2010
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2. The Herschel-Heterodyne Instrument for the Far-Infrared (HIFI)

Author

de Graauw, Th., Helmich, F. P., Phillips, T. G., Stutzki, J., Caux, E., Whyborn, N. D., Dieleman, P., Roelfsema, P. R., Aarts, H., Assendorp, R., Bachiller, R., Baechtold, W., Barcia, A., Beintema, D. A., Belitsky, V., Benz, A. O., Bieber, R., Boogert, A., Borys, C., Bumble, B., Caïs, P., Caris, M., Cerulli-Irelli, P., Chattopadhyay, G., Cherednichenko, S., Ciechanowicz, M., Coeur-Joly, O., Comito, C., Cros, A., de Jonge, A., de Lange, G., Delforges, B., Delorme, Y., den Boggende, T., Desbat, J.-M., Diez-González, C., di Giorgio, A. M., Dubbeldam, L., Edwards, K., Eggens, M., Erickson, N., Evers, J., Fich, M., Finn, T., Franke, B., Gaier, T., Gal, C., Gao, J. R., Gallego, J.-D., Gauffre, S., Gill, J. J., Glenz, S., Golstein, H., Goulooze, H., Gunsing, T., Güsten, R., Hartogh, P., Hatch, W. A., Higgins, R., Honingh, E. C., Huisman, R., Jackson, B. D., Jacobs, H., Jacobs, K., Jarchow, C., Javadi, H., Jellema, W., Justen, M., Karpov, A., Kasemann, C., Kawamura, J., Keizer, G., Kester, D., Klapwijk, T. M., Klein, Th., Kollberg, E., Kooi, J., Kooiman, P.-P., Kopf, B., Krause, M., Krieg, J.-M., Kramer, C., Kruizenga, B., Kuhn, T., Laauwen, W., Lai, R., Larsson, Bengt, Leduc, H. G., Leinz, C., Lin, R. H., Liseau, René, Liu, G. S., Loose, A., López-Fernandez, I., Lord, S., Luinge, W., Marston, A., Martín-Pintado, J., Maestrini, A., Maiwald, F. W., McCoey, C., Mehdi, I., Megej, A., Melchior, M., Meinsma, L., Merkel, H., Michalska, M., Monstein, C., Moratschke, D., Morris, P., Muller, H., Murphy, J. A., Naber, A., Natale, E., Nowosielski, W., Nuzzolo, F., Olberg, M., Olbrich, M., Orfei, R., Orleanski, P., Ossenkopf, V., Peacock, T., Pearson, J. C., Peron, I., Phillip-May, S., Piazzo, L., Planesas, P., Rataj, M., Ravera, L., Risacher, C., Salez, M., Samoska, L. A., Saraceno, P., Schieder, R., Schlecht, E., Schlöder, F., Schmülling, F., Schultz, M., Schuster, K., Siebertz, O., Smit, H., Szczerba, R., Shipman, R., Steinmetz, E., Stern, J. A., Stokroos, M., Teipen, R., Teyssier, D., Tils, T., Trappe, N., van Baaren, C., van Leeuwen, B.-J., van de Stadt, H., Visser, H., Wildeman, K. J., Wafelbakker, C. K., Ward, J. S., Wesselius, P., Wild, W., Wulff, S., Wunsch, H.-J., Tielens, X., Zaal, P., Zirath, H., Zmuidzinas, J., Zwart, F., de Graauw, Th., Helmich, F. P., Phillips, T. G., Stutzki, J., Caux, E., Whyborn, N. D., Dieleman, P., Roelfsema, P. R., Aarts, H., Assendorp, R., Bachiller, R., Baechtold, W., Barcia, A., Beintema, D. A., Belitsky, V., Benz, A. O., Bieber, R., Boogert, A., Borys, C., Bumble, B., Caïs, P., Caris, M., Cerulli-Irelli, P., Chattopadhyay, G., Cherednichenko, S., Ciechanowicz, M., Coeur-Joly, O., Comito, C., Cros, A., de Jonge, A., de Lange, G., Delforges, B., Delorme, Y., den Boggende, T., Desbat, J.-M., Diez-González, C., di Giorgio, A. M., Dubbeldam, L., Edwards, K., Eggens, M., Erickson, N., Evers, J., Fich, M., Finn, T., Franke, B., Gaier, T., Gal, C., Gao, J. R., Gallego, J.-D., Gauffre, S., Gill, J. J., Glenz, S., Golstein, H., Goulooze, H., Gunsing, T., Güsten, R., Hartogh, P., Hatch, W. A., Higgins, R., Honingh, E. C., Huisman, R., Jackson, B. D., Jacobs, H., Jacobs, K., Jarchow, C., Javadi, H., Jellema, W., Justen, M., Karpov, A., Kasemann, C., Kawamura, J., Keizer, G., Kester, D., Klapwijk, T. M., Klein, Th., Kollberg, E., Kooi, J., Kooiman, P.-P., Kopf, B., Krause, M., Krieg, J.-M., Kramer, C., Kruizenga, B., Kuhn, T., Laauwen, W., Lai, R., Larsson, Bengt, Leduc, H. G., Leinz, C., Lin, R. H., Liseau, René, Liu, G. S., Loose, A., López-Fernandez, I., Lord, S., Luinge, W., Marston, A., Martín-Pintado, J., Maestrini, A., Maiwald, F. W., McCoey, C., Mehdi, I., Megej, A., Melchior, M., Meinsma, L., Merkel, H., Michalska, M., Monstein, C., Moratschke, D., Morris, P., Muller, H., Murphy, J. A., Naber, A., Natale, E., Nowosielski, W., Nuzzolo, F., Olberg, M., Olbrich, M., Orfei, R., Orleanski, P., Ossenkopf, V., Peacock, T., Pearson, J. C., Peron, I., Phillip-May, S., Piazzo, L., Planesas, P., Rataj, M., Ravera, L., Risacher, C., Salez, M., Samoska, L. A., Saraceno, P., Schieder, R., Schlecht, E., Schlöder, F., Schmülling, F., Schultz, M., Schuster, K., Siebertz, O., Smit, H., Szczerba, R., Shipman, R., Steinmetz, E., Stern, J. A., Stokroos, M., Teipen, R., Teyssier, D., Tils, T., Trappe, N., van Baaren, C., van Leeuwen, B.-J., van de Stadt, H., Visser, H., Wildeman, K. J., Wafelbakker, C. K., Ward, J. S., Wesselius, P., Wild, W., Wulff, S., Wunsch, H.-J., Tielens, X., Zaal, P., Zirath, H., Zmuidzinas, J., and Zwart, F.

Abstract

Aims: This paper describes the Heterodyne Instrument for the Far-Infrared (HIFI) that was launched onboard ESA's Herschel Space Observatory in May 2009. Methods: The instrument is a set of 7 heterodyne receivers that are electronically tuneable, covering 480-1250 GHz with SIS mixers and the 1410-1910 GHz range with hot electron bolometer (HEB) mixers. The local oscillator (LO) subsystem comprises a Ka-band synthesizer followed by 14 chains of frequency multipliers and 2 chains for each frequency band. A pair of auto-correlators and a pair of acousto-optical spectrometers process the two IF signals from the dual-polarization, single-pixel front-ends to provide instantaneous frequency coverage of 2 × 4 GHz, with a set of resolutions (125 kHz to 1 MHz) that are better than 0.1 km s-1. Results: After a successful qualification and a pre-launch TB/TV test program, the flight instrument is now in-orbit and completed successfully the commissioning and performance verification phase. The in-orbit performance of the receivers matches the pre-launch sensitivities. We also report on the in-orbit performance of the receivers and some first results of HIFI's operations. Herschel is an ESA space observatory with science instruments provided by European-led Principal Investigator consortia and with important participation from NASA.

Published
2010
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3. The Herschel-Heterodyne Instrument for the Far-Infrared (HIFI)

Author

Graauw, T. de, Helmich, F.P., Phillips, T.G., Stutzki, J., Caux, E., Whyborn, N.D., Dieleman, P., Roelfsema, P.R., Aarts, H., Assendorp, R., Bachiller, R., Baechtold, W., Barcia, A., Beintema, D.A., Belitsky, V., Benz, A.O., Bieber, R., Boogert, A., Borys, C., Bumble, B., Caïs, P., Caris, M., Cerulli-Irelli, P., Chattopadhyay, G., Cherednichenko, S., Ciechanowicz, M., Coeur-Joly, O., Comito, C., Cros, A., Jonge, A. de, Lange, G. de, Delforges, B., Delorme, Y., Boggende, T. den, Desbat, J.M., Diez-González, C., Di Giorgio, A.M., Dubbeldam, L., Edwards, K., Eggens, M., Erickson, N., Evers, J., Fich, M., Finn, T., Franke, B., Gaier, T., Gal, C., Gao, J.R., Gallego, J.D., Gauffre, S., Gill, J.J., Glenz, S., Golstein, H., Goulooze, H., Gunsing, T., Güsten, R., Hartogh, P., Hatch, W.A., Higgins, R., Honingh, E.C., Huisman, R., Jackson, B.D., Jacobs, H., Jacobs, K., Jarchow, C., Javadi, H., Jellema, W., Justen, M., Karpov, A., Kasemann, C., Kawamura, J., Keizer, G., Kester, D., Klapwijk, T.M., Klein, T., Kollberg, E., Kooi, J., Kooiman, P.P., Kopf, B., Krause, M., Krieg, J.M., Kramer, C., Kruizenga, B., Kuhn, T., Laauwen, W., Lai, R., Larsson, B., Leduc, H.G., Leinz, C., Lin, R.H., Liseau, R., Liu, G.S., Loose, A., López-Fernandez, I., Lord, S., Luinge, W., Marston, A., Martín-Pintado, J., Maestrini, A., Maiwald, F.W., McCoey, C., Mehdi, I., Megej, A., Melchior, M., Meinsma, L., Merkel, H., Michalska, M., Monstein, C., Moratschke, D., Morris, P., Muller, H., Murphy, J.A., Naber, A., Natale, E., Nowosielski, W., Nuzzolo, F., Olberg, M., Olbrich, M., Orfei, R., Orleanski, P., Ossenkopf, V., Peacock, T., Pearson, J.C., Peron, I., Phillip-May, S., Piazzo, L., Planesas, P., Rataj, M., Ravera, L., Risacher, C., Salez, M., Samoska, L.A., Saraceno, P., Schieder, R., Schlecht, E., Schlöder, F., Schmülling, F., Schultz, M., Schuster, K., Siebertz, O., Smit, H., Szczerba, R., Shipman, R., Steinmetz, E., Stern, J.A., Stokroos, M., Teipen, R., Teyssier, D., Tils, T., Trappe, N., Baaren, C. van, Leeuwen, B.J. van, Stadt, H. van de, Visser, H., Wildeman, K.J., Wafelbakker, C.K., Ward, J.S., Wesselius, P., Wild, W., Wulff, S., Wunsch, H.J., Tielens, X., Zaal, P., Zirath, H., Zmuidzinas, J., Zwart, F., Graauw, T. de, Helmich, F.P., Phillips, T.G., Stutzki, J., Caux, E., Whyborn, N.D., Dieleman, P., Roelfsema, P.R., Aarts, H., Assendorp, R., Bachiller, R., Baechtold, W., Barcia, A., Beintema, D.A., Belitsky, V., Benz, A.O., Bieber, R., Boogert, A., Borys, C., Bumble, B., Caïs, P., Caris, M., Cerulli-Irelli, P., Chattopadhyay, G., Cherednichenko, S., Ciechanowicz, M., Coeur-Joly, O., Comito, C., Cros, A., Jonge, A. de, Lange, G. de, Delforges, B., Delorme, Y., Boggende, T. den, Desbat, J.M., Diez-González, C., Di Giorgio, A.M., Dubbeldam, L., Edwards, K., Eggens, M., Erickson, N., Evers, J., Fich, M., Finn, T., Franke, B., Gaier, T., Gal, C., Gao, J.R., Gallego, J.D., Gauffre, S., Gill, J.J., Glenz, S., Golstein, H., Goulooze, H., Gunsing, T., Güsten, R., Hartogh, P., Hatch, W.A., Higgins, R., Honingh, E.C., Huisman, R., Jackson, B.D., Jacobs, H., Jacobs, K., Jarchow, C., Javadi, H., Jellema, W., Justen, M., Karpov, A., Kasemann, C., Kawamura, J., Keizer, G., Kester, D., Klapwijk, T.M., Klein, T., Kollberg, E., Kooi, J., Kooiman, P.P., Kopf, B., Krause, M., Krieg, J.M., Kramer, C., Kruizenga, B., Kuhn, T., Laauwen, W., Lai, R., Larsson, B., Leduc, H.G., Leinz, C., Lin, R.H., Liseau, R., Liu, G.S., Loose, A., López-Fernandez, I., Lord, S., Luinge, W., Marston, A., Martín-Pintado, J., Maestrini, A., Maiwald, F.W., McCoey, C., Mehdi, I., Megej, A., Melchior, M., Meinsma, L., Merkel, H., Michalska, M., Monstein, C., Moratschke, D., Morris, P., Muller, H., Murphy, J.A., Naber, A., Natale, E., Nowosielski, W., Nuzzolo, F., Olberg, M., Olbrich, M., Orfei, R., Orleanski, P., Ossenkopf, V., Peacock, T., Pearson, J.C., Peron, I., Phillip-May, S., Piazzo, L., Planesas, P., Rataj, M., Ravera, L., Risacher, C., Salez, M., Samoska, L.A., Saraceno, P., Schieder, R., Schlecht, E., Schlöder, F., Schmülling, F., Schultz, M., Schuster, K., Siebertz, O., Smit, H., Szczerba, R., Shipman, R., Steinmetz, E., Stern, J.A., Stokroos, M., Teipen, R., Teyssier, D., Tils, T., Trappe, N., Baaren, C. van, Leeuwen, B.J. van, Stadt, H. van de, Visser, H., Wildeman, K.J., Wafelbakker, C.K., Ward, J.S., Wesselius, P., Wild, W., Wulff, S., Wunsch, H.J., Tielens, X., Zaal, P., Zirath, H., Zmuidzinas, J., and Zwart, F.

Abstract

Aims. This paper describes the Heterodyne Instrument for the Far-Infrared (HIFI) that was launched onboard ESA's Herschel Space Observatory in May 2009. Methods. The instrument is a set of 7 heterodyne receivers that are electronically tuneable, covering 480-1250 GHz with SIS mixers and the 1410-1910 GHz range with hot electron bolometer (HEB) mixers. The local oscillator (LO) subsystem comprises a Ka-band synthesizer followed by 14 chains of frequency multipliers and 2 chains for each frequency band. A pair of auto-correlators and a pair of acousto-optical spectrometers process the two IF signals from the dual-polarization, single-pixel front-ends to provide instantaneous frequency coverage of 2 × 4 GHz, with a set of resolutions (125 kHz to 1 MHz) that are better than 0.1 km s-1. Results. After a successful qualification and a pre-launch TB/TV test program, the flight instrument is now in-orbit and completed successfully the commissioning and performance verification phase. The in-orbit performance of the receivers matches the pre-launch sensitivities. We also report on the in-orbit performance of the receivers and some first results of HIFI's operations.

Published
2010

4. TheHerschel-Heterodyne Instrument for the Far-Infrared (HIFI)

Author

de Graauw, Th., primary, Helmich, F. P., additional, Phillips, T. G., additional, Stutzki, J., additional, Caux, E., additional, Whyborn, N. D., additional, Dieleman, P., additional, Roelfsema, P. R., additional, Aarts, H., additional, Assendorp, R., additional, Bachiller, R., additional, Baechtold, W., additional, Barcia, A., additional, Beintema, D. A., additional, Belitsky, V., additional, Benz, A. O., additional, Bieber, R., additional, Boogert, A., additional, Borys, C., additional, Bumble, B., additional, Caïs, P., additional, Caris, M., additional, Cerulli-Irelli, P., additional, Chattopadhyay, G., additional, Cherednichenko, S., additional, Ciechanowicz, M., additional, Coeur-Joly, O., additional, Comito, C., additional, Cros, A., additional, de Jonge, A., additional, de Lange, G., additional, Delforges, B., additional, Delorme, Y., additional, den Boggende, T., additional, Desbat, J.-M., additional, Diez-González, C., additional, Di Giorgio, A. M., additional, Dubbeldam, L., additional, Edwards, K., additional, Eggens, M., additional, Erickson, N., additional, Evers, J., additional, Fich, M., additional, Finn, T., additional, Franke, B., additional, Gaier, T., additional, Gal, C., additional, Gao, J. R., additional, Gallego, J.-D., additional, Gauffre, S., additional, Gill, J. J., additional, Glenz, S., additional, Golstein, H., additional, Goulooze, H., additional, Gunsing, T., additional, Güsten, R., additional, Hartogh, P., additional, Hatch, W. A., additional, Higgins, R., additional, Honingh, E. C., additional, Huisman, R., additional, Jackson, B. D., additional, Jacobs, H., additional, Jacobs, K., additional, Jarchow, C., additional, Javadi, H., additional, Jellema, W., additional, Justen, M., additional, Karpov, A., additional, Kasemann, C., additional, Kawamura, J., additional, Keizer, G., additional, Kester, D., additional, Klapwijk, T. M., additional, Klein, Th., additional, Kollberg, E., additional, Kooi, J., additional, Kooiman, P.-P., additional, Kopf, B., additional, Krause, M., additional, Krieg, J.-M., additional, Kramer, C., additional, Kruizenga, B., additional, Kuhn, T., additional, Laauwen, W., additional, Lai, R., additional, Larsson, B., additional, Leduc, H. G., additional, Leinz, C., additional, Lin, R. H., additional, Liseau, R., additional, Liu, G. S., additional, Loose, A., additional, López-Fernandez, I., additional, Lord, S., additional, Luinge, W., additional, Marston, A., additional, Martín-Pintado, J., additional, Maestrini, A., additional, Maiwald, F. W., additional, McCoey, C., additional, Mehdi, I., additional, Megej, A., additional, Melchior, M., additional, Meinsma, L., additional, Merkel, H., additional, Michalska, M., additional, Monstein, C., additional, Moratschke, D., additional, Morris, P., additional, Muller, H., additional, Murphy, J. A., additional, Naber, A., additional, Natale, E., additional, Nowosielski, W., additional, Nuzzolo, F., additional, Olberg, M., additional, Olbrich, M., additional, Orfei, R., additional, Orleanski, P., additional, Ossenkopf, V., additional, Peacock, T., additional, Pearson, J. C., additional, Peron, I., additional, Phillip-May, S., additional, Piazzo, L., additional, Planesas, P., additional, Rataj, M., additional, Ravera, L., additional, Risacher, C., additional, Salez, M., additional, Samoska, L. A., additional, Saraceno, P., additional, Schieder, R., additional, Schlecht, E., additional, Schlöder, F., additional, Schmülling, F., additional, Schultz, M., additional, Schuster, K., additional, Siebertz, O., additional, Smit, H., additional, Szczerba, R., additional, Shipman, R., additional, Steinmetz, E., additional, Stern, J. A., additional, Stokroos, M., additional, Teipen, R., additional, Teyssier, D., additional, Tils, T., additional, Trappe, N., additional, van Baaren, C., additional, van Leeuwen, B.-J., additional, van de Stadt, H., additional, Visser, H., additional, Wildeman, K. J., additional, Wafelbakker, C. K., additional, Ward, J. S., additional, Wesselius, P., additional, Wild, W., additional, Wulff, S., additional, Wunsch, H.-J., additional, Tielens, X., additional, Zaal, P., additional, Zirath, H., additional, Zmuidzinas, J., additional, and Zwart, F., additional

Published
2010
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5. First results ofHerschel-PACS observations of Neptune

Author

Lellouch, E., primary, Hartogh, P., additional, Feuchtgruber, H., additional, Vandenbussche, B., additional, de Graauw, T., additional, Moreno, R., additional, Jarchow, C., additional, Cavalié, T., additional, Orton, G., additional, Banaszkiewicz, M., additional, Blecka, M. I., additional, Bockelée-Morvan, D., additional, Crovisier, J., additional, Encrenaz, T., additional, Fulton, T., additional, Küppers, M., additional, Lara, L. M., additional, Lis, D. C., additional, Medvedev, A. S., additional, Rengel, M., additional, Sagawa, H., additional, Swinyard, B., additional, Szutowicz, S., additional, Bensch, F., additional, Bergin, E., additional, Billebaud, F., additional, Biver, N., additional, Blake, G. A., additional, Blommaert, J. A. D. L., additional, Cernicharo, J., additional, Courtin, R., additional, Davis, G. R., additional, Decin, L., additional, Encrenaz, P., additional, Gonzalez, A., additional, Jehin, E., additional, Kidger, M., additional, Naylor, D., additional, Portyankina, G., additional, Schieder, R., additional, Sidher, S., additional, Thomas, N., additional, de Val-Borro, M., additional, Verdugo, E., additional, Waelkens, C., additional, Walker, H., additional, Aarts, H., additional, Comito, C., additional, Kawamura, J. H., additional, Maestrini, A., additional, Peacocke, T., additional, Teipen, R., additional, Tils, T., additional, and Wildeman, K., additional

Published
2010
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8. The Herschel -Heterodyne Instrument for the Far-Infrared (HIFI)

Author

Graauw, T., Helmich, F. P., Phillips, T. G., Stutzki, J., Caux, E., Whyborn, N. D., Dieleman, P., Roelfsema, P. R., Aarts, H., Assendorp, R., Bachiller, R., Baechtold, W., Barcia, A., Beintema, D. A., Belitsky, V., Benz, A. O., Bieber, R., Boogert, A., Borys, C., Bumble, B., Caïs, P., Caris, M., Cerulli-Irelli, P., Chattopadhyay, G., Cherednichenko, S., Ciechanowicz, M., Coeur-Joly, O., Comito, C., Cros, A., Jonge, A., Lange, G., Delforges, B., Delorme, Y., Den Boggende, T., Desbat, J. -M, Diez-González, C., Di Giorgio, A. M., Dubbeldam, L., Edwards, K., Eggens, M., Erickson, N., Evers, J., Fich, M., Finn, T., Franke, B., Gaier, T., Gal, C., Gao, J. R., Gallego, J. -D, Gauffre, S., Gill, J. J., Glenz, S., Golstein, H., Goulooze, H., Gunsing, T., Güsten, R., Hartogh, P., Hatch, W. A., Higgins, R., Honingh, E. C., Huisman, R., Jackson, B. D., Jacobs, H., Jacobs, K., Jarchow, C., Javadi, H., Jellema, W., Justen, M., Karpov, A., Kasemann, C., Kawamura, J., Keizer, G., Kester, D., Klapwijk, T. M., Klein, T., Kollberg, E., Kooi, J., Kooiman, P. -P, Kopf, B., Krause, M., Krieg, J. -M, Kramer, C., Kruizenga, B., Kuhn, T., Laauwen, W., Lai, R., Larsson, B., Leduc, H. G., Leinz, C., Lin, R. H., Liseau, R., Liu, G. S., Loose, A., López-Fernandez, I., Lord, S., Luinge, W., Marston, A., Martín-Pintado, J., Maestrini, A., Maiwald, F. W., Mccoey, C., Mehdi, I., Megej, A., Melchior, M., Meinsma, L., Merkel, H., Michalska, M., Monstein, C., Moratschke, D., Morris, P., Muller, H., Murphy, J. A., Naber, A., Natale, E., Nowosielski, W., Nuzzolo, F., Olberg, M., Olbrich, M., Orfei, R., Orleanski, P., Ossenkopf, V., Peacock, T., Pearson, J. C., Peron, I., Phillip-May, S., Lorenzo Piazzo, Planesas, P., Rataj, M., Ravera, L., Risacher, C., Salez, M., Samoska, L. A., Saraceno, P., Schieder, R., Schlecht, E., Schlöder, F., Schmülling, F., Schultz, M., Schuster, K., Siebertz, O., Smit, H., Szczerba, R., Shipman, R., Steinmetz, E., Stern, J. A., Stokroos, M., Teipen, R., Teyssier, D., Tils, T., Trappe, N., Baaren, C., Leeuwen, B. -J, Stadt, H., Visser, H., Wildeman, K. J., Wafelbakker, C. K., Ward, J. S., Wesselius, P., Wild, W., Wulff, S., Wunsch, H. -J, Tielens, X., Zaal, P., Zirath, H., Zmuidzinas, J., and Zwart, F.

11. First results of Herschel-PACS observations of Neptune*

Author

Lellouch, E., Hartogh, P., Feuchtgruber, H., Vandenbussche, B., de Graauw, T., Moreno, R., Jarchow, C., Cavalié, T., Orton, G., Banaszkiewicz, M., Blecka, M. I., Bockelée-Morvan, D., Crovisier, J., Encrenaz, T., Fulton, T., Küppers, M., Lara, L. M., Lis, D. C., Medvedev, A. S., Rengel, M., Sagawa, H., Swinyard, B., Szutowicz, S., Bensch, F., Bergin, E., Billebaud, F., Biver, N., Blake, G. A., Blommaert, J. A. D. L., Cernicharo, J., Courtin, R., Davis, G. R., Decin, L., Encrenaz, P., Gonzalez, A., Jehin, E., Kidger, M., Naylor, D., Portyankina, G., Schieder, R., Sidher, S., Thomas, N., de Val-Borro, M., Verdugo, E., Waelkens, C., Walker, H., Aarts, H., Comito, C., Kawamura, J. H., Maestrini, A., Peacocke, T., Teipen, R., Tils, T., and Wildeman, K.

Abstract

We report on the initial analysis of a Herschel-PACS full range spectrum of Neptune, covering the 51–220 μm range with a mean resolving power of ~3000, and complemented by a dedicated observation of CH4at 120 μm. Numerous spectral features due to HD (R(0) and R(1)), H2O, CH4, and CO are present, but so far no new species have been found. Our results indicate that (i) Neptune's mean thermal profile is warmer by ~3 K than inferred from the Voyagerradio-occultation; (ii) the D/H mixing ratio is (4.5 ±1) × 10-5, confirming the enrichment of Neptune in deuterium over the protosolar value (~2.1 × 10-5); (iii) the CH4mixing ratio in the mid stratosphere is (1.5 ±0.2) × 10-3, and CH4appears to decrease in the lower stratosphere at a rate consistent with local saturation, in agreement with the scenario of CH4stratospheric injection from Neptune's warm south polar region; (iv) the H2O stratospheric column is (2.1 ±0.5) × 1014cm-2but its vertical distribution is still to be determined, so the H2O external flux remains uncertain by over an order of magnitude; and (v) the CO stratospheric abundance is about twice the tropospheric value, confirming the dual origin of CO suspected from ground-based millimeter/submillimeter observations.

Published
2010

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