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The postal rule, which was established in the 19th century, is still relevant in today's digital age, but its applicability has been called into question with the advent of modern forms of communication, such as email, text messaging, and instant messaging. This paper aims to address the issues related to application of rules of communication provided by Law of Contract. The issue regarding different jurisdictions handling the application of the postal rule in the context of electronic communication is also important to understand. It's important for parties involved in contract formation to be aware of the specific laws and regulations that apply to their situation and how they affect the formation and enforceability of contracts.

Geological traverse between the town of Jabbri and Rupper, southeast Hazara delineates the stratigraphic and structural element of the area presented by high resolution geological map and cross section of the area. Oldest rocks in this section is Precambrian Hazara formation which is disconformably overlain by a Jurassic to Eocene sequence including Samana Suk, Chichali, Lumshiwal, Kawagarh, Hangu, Lockhart, Patala, Margalla-hill-limestone, Chorgali and Kuldana formations. Located in Lesser Himalayas, under the influence of main boundary thrust (MBT), this area developed several thrust systems from north to south including Hazara thrust, Haro thrust, Sangoda thrust, Rupper thrust. The main regional Hazara thrust has Precambrian rock in its hanging wall thrusted over the Jurassic Samna Suk formation. In lower detachment, there are several local thrust systems within Jurassic-Eocene strata.These thrusts trends in NE-SW direction indicating NW-SE compressional regime with the hanging wall Drag folds showing southward vergence. The stereographic plot of mesoscopic scale folds shows at least three folding events and varying plunging directions between the range of 240° and 290°. Most of the folds are plunging towards west and this is yet another indicator of east-west compressional forces. These folds orientations suggest transpressional deformation rather than pure compression. The balanced restore section shows that there is about 2.5 km shortening along 15 km restored section which makes about 16% shortening along the section.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to produce yarns from three different spinning techniques, i.e.Murata Vortex Spinning (MVS) ring spinning and rotor spinning. Those yarns were then used to produce fabrics. Then, the effect of silicone softener on tactile comfort of fabric was investigated. Design/methodology/approach Three different yarns, i.e. Ring, Rotor and MVS yarns, were used to make fabrics using CCI sample loom which were then subjected to post treatments like desizing, scouring and bleaching. After the completion of the dyeing process, silicone-based softener was used to improve the hand feel of fabrics. The structures of three yarns were evaluated using Scanning electron microscopy. The fabrics were evaluated against compression, bending and surface properties using Kawabata evaluation system. Findings The fabric made of MVS yarn depicted more geometrical roughness, coefficient of friction and bending rigidity but less compressibility as compared to fabrics made with other yarns. It was observed that softener concentration has a direct relationship with thickness and bending rigidity of the fabric, and inverse relationship with coefficient of friction and geometrical roughness of the fabric. Originality/value MVS yarn has some superior properties over rotor and ring spun yarn like high production rates, high resistance to pilling, clear appearance and stability against deformation but has disadvantage that it has less compressibility. Therefore, softener is applied on the fabric, to address this issue, so that it could also be used for apparels application.

Nowadays apparel industries face ever-increasing global competition and unpredictable variations in demand. These pressures force manufacturers to consistently improve the efficiency of their manuf...

Auxetic materials have negative Poisson ratio which has a multiple ranges of functional applications. The helical auxetic yarn was successfully developed through direct twist system by using core and wrap yarn or filament, which shows Auxeticity when the HAY is stretched in longitudinal direction in response it expand in transverse direction, Helical Auxetic Yarns were developed using various parameters of the core and warp filament, these parameters are wrapping angle (Twist per meter), diameter ratio, and modulus ratio. The strength of Helical yarn was characterized using single yarn strength and Image J software was used for the calculation of poisson’s ratio. According to test results, it is concluded that the core filament of helical auxetic yarn increased its thickness in transverse direction under stress, and a considerable negative poisson’s ratio was calculated. The values of negative poisson’s ratio described that the auxeticity had a direct relation with core filament thickness or diameter and inversely proportional to the linear density of wrap filament, in case of the wrap angle the auxeticity of HAY yarn had an inverse effect with wrap angle. Kevlar/polypropylene combination sample showed maximum auxeticity at a 15-degree angle while Kevlar/nylon combination sample showed minimum auxeticity at a 25-degree wrap angle.

Inducing auxetic nature is one of the emerging techniques to enhance impact tolerance in 3D woven composites due to their unique bidimensional-energy dissipation capability. The conventional 3D orthogonal structure has inherent auxetic nature; however, such auxeticity is completely restricted due to brittle thermoset resins-based composites. To overcome this problem, three types of 3D woven auxetic structures were developed and used as reinforcement with thermoplastic resins, that is, polycarbonate (PC) and polyvinyl butyral (PVB). The results revealed that the warp interlock structure showed the highest auxeticity, while the bidirectional interlock structure showed the least auxeticity. Charpy and low-velocity impact tests were performed to evaluate the effect of auxeticity on the impact properties of corresponding composites. Warp interlock with PC showed 49% and 47% higher Charpy impact strength and force, respectively, than bidirectional interlock with PC resin. Similarly, the low-velocity impact test results of warp interlock showed 32% and 32.5% higher impact force and absorbed energy, respectively, in warp direction than bidirectional interlock with PC resin.

In this research work, we have studied the dyeing behaviour of fabrics made from ring, rotor and MVS yarns. The discrete structure of respective yarns made by different spinning techniques have significant effect on dyeing behaviour of fabrics. The fabrics were investigated for K/S values of polyester dyed, cotton dyed and polyester+cotton dyed fabrics and their colour fastness to crocking. The analysis of dyeing behaviour revealed that yarn manufacturing technique has substantial effect on the colour strength of their respective fabrics. Due to unique distribution of fibers within the crosssection of yarn, the cotton dyed and polyester+cotton dyed fabrics made from MVS yarns exhibited better K/S values as compared to other fabrics. The fabrics also exhibited a difference in colour fastness to crocking in dry and wet form. The color fastness of fabrics to crocking in dry form were found higher than in wet form. The polyester dyed and polyester+cotton dyed fabrics made from MVS yarns have shown higher color fastness to crocking.