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Tegula xanthostigma (A. Adams, 1853) has two shell colour forms: a black form and a brown-green form that was once named as Chlorostoma lischkei Pilsbry, 1889. Recent molecular phylogenetic and eco...

The northeast Pacific species of the trochoidean families Tegulidae and Turbinidae are described and illustrated. These two families are discussed and each includes two genera: Tegulidae with the genera Tegula (eight species) and Norrisia (one species), and Turbinidae with the genera Megastrea (two species) and Pomaulax (one species).

Gastropods constituted one of the most successful faunal groups in the Danish Basin around the Cretaceous-Palaeogene (K-Pg) boundary, both with regard to abundance and diversity. Only 19 species were known previously; this number is here increased to 140. The end-Cretaceous Danish fauna is represented by 79 taxa of which 85 % became extinct at the boundary. A new fauna of 72 species arose within a remarkably short time interval of less than half a million years. The extinction seems to have hit rather randomly with regard to feeding strategies, while geographical range stands out as the single most important factor in survivorship. The succeeding speciation was controlled by changes in substrate and food availability, where non-carnivores and taxa dependent on a hard substrate were replaced by hunting carnivores and mud-adapted taxa in response to the disappearance of the Cretaceous bryozoan mounds. The gastropod genus Loxotoma Fischer, 1885 is renamed as Palaeoloxotoma nom. nov. due to its junior synonymy with a moth. 38 new species are erected. These are Acirsa torensis n. sp., Acmaea selandica n. sp., Ageria laxa n. sp., Ageria skeldervigensis n. sp., Amaea alicae n. sp., Amaea stevniensis n. sp., Amaurellina ravni n. sp., Arene jakobseni n. sp., Ataphrus (Ataphrus) knoesensis n. sp., Bathrotomaria jakobseni n. sp., Ceratia rodvigensis n. sp., Cerithiella selandica n. sp., Cerithiopsis restemlongis n. sp., Claviscala minor n. sp., Coniscala umbilica n. sp., Cranopsis cretacea n. sp., Cylichna stevniensis n. sp., Dolicholatirus lorenzi n. sp., Epalxis? rosenkrantzi n. sp., Epetrium s.l. skeldervigensis n. sp., Eucycloscala gracilicostatus n. sp., Fusinus schnetleri n. sp., Mathilda dania n. sp., Mesalia danica n. sp., Opaliopsis carlsbergi n. sp., Pseudocochlespira transversa n. sp., Pseudotoma danica n. sp., Tatara pseudosassia n. sp., Tectus? indecorus n. sp., Temnotropis stevniensis n. sp., Thereitis carlsbergi n. sp., Thereitis cretacea n. sp., Thylacodes contendis n. sp., Unitas heinbergi n. sp., Vatopsis heinbergi n. sp., Vexillum? rosenkrantzi n. sp., Vexillum tenestolidum n. sp. and Zebinella selandica n. sp.

Cittarium pica is an endangered Caribbean gastropod of ecological and economic importance. In order to provide the basis for the aquaculture development and/or population management of this species, the relationships among its body size and physiological variables associated with the energetic balance were assessed. Individual measurements of rates of egestion (ER), ingestion (IR), absorption (AR), oxygen consumption (OCR), ammonia excretion (UR), mucus production (MR), absorption efficiency (AE) and scope for growth (SFG), were carried out on specimens between 0.01 and 12.07 g of dry weight of the soft parts (DW) under controlled laboratory conditions. Most of the variables showed positive potential relationships with the DW of the animals (ER mg h−1 = 1.51 DW0.37, IR mg h−1 = 4.13 DW0.32, AR = 2.56 DW0.30, OCR mL O2 h−1 = 0.38 DW0.74, UR μg NH4 -N h−1 = 19.17 DW0.78, MR mg h−1 = 1.28 DW0.14 and SFG = 36.92 DW0.22). AE did not show any relationship with this variable. The large snails had faster input and output of energy compared to the small specimens, also having proportionally greater energetic expenditures, mucus production, and energetic balance.

Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) is the most prevalent non-bacterial food-borne form of poisoning in French Polynesia, which results from the consumption of coral reef fish naturally contaminated with ciguatoxins produced by dinoflagellates in the genus Gambierdiscus. Since the early 2000s, this French territory has also witnessed the emergence of atypical forms of ciguatera, known as ciguatera shellfish poisoning (CSP), associated with the consumption of marine invertebrates. In June 2014, nine tourists simultaneously developed a major and persistent poisoning syndrome following the consumption of the gastropod Tectus niloticus collected in Anaho, a secluded bay of Nuku Hiva Island (Marquesas Archipelago, French Polynesia). The unusual nature and severity of this event prompted a multidisciplinary investigation in order to characterize the etiology and document the short/long-term health consequences of this mass-poisoning event. This paper presents the results of clinical investigations based on hospital medical records, medical follow-up conducted six and 20 months post-poisoning, including a case description. This study is the first to describe the medical signature of T. niloticus poisoning in French Polynesia and contributed to alerting local authorities about the potential health hazards associated with the consumption of this gastropod, which is highly prized by local communities in Pacific island countries and territories.

Rochia nilotica is a common marine gastropod species in family Tegulidae. At present, less molecular information of genus Rochia was reported. In the present study, we first determined the complete...

Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) is a foodborne disease caused by the consumption of seafood (fish and marine invertebrates) contaminated with ciguatoxins (CTXs) produced by dinoflagellates in the genus Gambierdiscus. The report of a CFP-like mass-poisoning outbreak following the consumption of Tectus niloticus (Tegulidae, Gastropod) from Anaho Bay on Nuku Hiva Island (Marquesas archipelago, French Polynesia) prompted field investigations to assess the presence of CTXs in T. niloticus. Samples were collected from Anaho Bay, 1, 6 and 28 months after this poisoning outbreak, as well as in Taiohae and Taipivai bays. Toxicity analysis using the neuroblastoma cell-based assay (CBA-N2a) detected the presence of CTXs only in Anaho Bay T. niloticus samples. This is consistent with qPCR results on window screen samples indicating the presence of Gambierdiscus communities dominated by the species G. polynesiensis in Anaho Bay. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analyses revealed that P-CTX-3B was the major congener, followed by P-CTX-3C, P-CTX-4A and P-CTX-4B in toxic samples. Between July 2014 and November 2016, toxin content in T. niloticus progressively decreased, but was consistently above the safety limit recommended for human consumption. This study confirms for the first time T. niloticus as a novel vector of CFP in French Polynesia.

The spawning and larval development of Tegula euryomphala (Jones, 1844) were studied under laboratory conditions. The release of gametes was stimulated by raising temperature from 16 to 19 °C, and could be induced during several months of the year. Males always spawned first. Eggs were 155.6 μm in diameter and remained unattached to each other. Development was similar to that described for other Trochoidea and lasted 3–5 days at 19 °C. Larvae hatched approximately 24 h post-fertilization at the pre-torsional veliger stage. The larval protoconch of the metamorphic veliger measured 247 μm and was ornamented with six spiral threads and weakly ordered granulation. Larvae metamorphose without any natural substratum.

Four species of copepods are described based on specimens of both sexes from tegulid top shells (Vestigastropoda) caught from coastal waters of southern Japan. Three species, including two undescribed and one known of the genus Panaietis (Copepoda: Cyclopoida: Anthessiidae) were found in the pharynx and esophagus of gastropods. Panaietis incamerata Stebbing, 1900, P. doraconis n. sp., and P. satsuma n. sp. are distinguished from its congeners by the dorsal plates on the first pedigerous somite, the genital somite, the shape of the spines on legs, the number of setae on legs 1 and 2, and the position and shape of leg 5. Pseudanthessius imo n. sp. (Cyclopoida: Pseudanthessiidae) was found in the mantle cavity of the host. This copepod differs from its congeners in the proportions of the caudal ramus, the armature and proportion of the antenna, the armature of the exopod and general shape of the endopod of leg 4, and the presence of a post-rostral process.

Williams, S.T. (2012). Advances in molecular systematics of the vetigastropod superfamily Trochoidea. —Zoologica Scripta, 41, 571–595. The gastropod superfamily Trochoidea Rafinesque, 1815 is comprised of a diverse range of species, including large and charismatic species of commercial value as well as many small or enigmatic taxa that are only recently being represented in molecular studies. This study includes the first sequences for rarely collected species from the genera Gaza Watson, 1879, Callogaza Dall, 1881, Antimargarita Powell, 1951 and Kaiparathina Laws, 1941. There is also greater taxon sampling of genera that have proved difficult to place in previous phylogenetic analyses, like Tectus Montfort, 1810, Tegula Lesson, 1832, Margarites Gray, 1847, Margarella Thiele, 1893 and trochoid skeneimorphs. There is also greater sampling of poorly represented families Solariellidae and Liotiidae. Bayesian analysis of combined gene data sets based on four (28S, 12S, 16S and COI) or five genes (plus 18S) suggests that there are eight, possibly nine families in Trochoidea including the families Margaritidae and Tegulidae, which are recognized for the first time at familial rank. Other trochoidean families confirmed are Calliostomatidae, Liotiidae, Skeneidae, Solariellidae, Trochidae and Turbinidae. A clade including Cittarium and the commercially important genera Rochia and Tectus may represent a possible ninth family, but this is not formally recognized or described here and awaits confirmation from further studies. Relationships among families were not generally well supported except in the 5-gene tree. In the 5-gene tree, Turbinidae, Liotiidae, Tegulidae, Cittarium, Rochia and Tectus form a well-supported clade consistent with the previous molecular and morphological studies linking these groups. This clade forms another well-supported clade with Margaritidae and Solariellidae. Trochidae is sister to Calliostomatidae with strong support. Subfamilial relationships within Trochidae are consistent with recent molecular studies, with the addition of one new subfamily, Kaiparathininae Marshall 1993 (previously a tribe). Only two subfamilies are recognized within Turbinidae, both with calcareous opercula: Prisogasterinae and Turbininae. Calliostomatidae includes a new subfamily Margarellinae. Its assignment to Calliostomatidae, although well supported by molecular evidence, is surprising considering morphological evidence.

Tectus (Cardinalia) virgatus (Gmelin, 1791) Trochus virgatus Gmelin, 1791: 3580, no. 83. Viader, 1937: 55. Paes da Franca, 1960 b: 56, pl. 2, fig. 1. Kensley, 1973: 34, fig. 53. Sheppard, 1984: 46. Jarrett, 2000: 6, fig. 15. Type loc.: ‘ In India ’; location of type material unknown. Trochus (Cardinalia) virgatus — E.A. Smith, 1903 a: 388. Lamy, 1909: 330. Barnard, 1963 a: 253. Moura, 1972: 21, pl. 2, fig. 6. Zuschin et al., 2009: 102, pl. 12, figs 1–3. Tectus (Cardinalia) virgatus — Moura, 1966: 26, pl. 1, fig. 2. Moura, 1969: 16. Herbert, 1993: 299, figs 109–115 (detailed chresonymy). Deuss et al., 2013: 138, fig. a. Distribution. Red Sea, East Africa and western Indian Ocean islands south to central Zululand (Leven Point) and formerly also in Durban Bay; local specimens living on shallow subtidal reefs to 20 m. Notes. Records from Indonesia and the Philippines seem unlikely (Herbert 1993)., Published as part of Herbert, David G., 2015, An annotated catalogue and bibliography of the taxonomy, synonymy and distribution of the Recent Vetigastropoda of South Africa (Mollusca), pp. 1-98 in Zootaxa 4049 (1) on page 73, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4049.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/245367, {"references":["Gmelin, J. F. (1791) Caroli a Linne, Systema Naturae. Vol. 1. Part 6. 13 th Edition. Georg Emanuel Beer, Lipsiae, Vermes, pp. 3021 - 3910.","Viader, R. (1937) Revised catalogue of the testaceous Mollusca of Mauritius and its dependencies. Mauritius Institute Bulletin, 1, i - xiii + 1 - 111, plus map.","Sheppard, A. L. S. (1984) The molluscan fauna of Chagos (Indian Ocean) and an analysis of its broad distribution patterns. Coral Reefs, 3, 43 - 50. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00306139","Jarrett, A. G. (2000) Marine Shells of the Seychelles. Carol Green Publishing, Cambridge, 149 pp.","Smith, E. A. (1903 a) A list of species of Mollusca from South Africa, forming an appendix to G. B. Sowerby's \" Marine Shells of South Africa \". Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London, 5, 354 - 402.","Lamy, E. (1909) Coquilles marines recueillies par M. F. Geay a Madagascar (1905). Memoires de la Societe Zoologique de France, 22, 299 - 346, pl. 15.","Barnard, K. H. (1963 a) Contributions to the knowledge of South African marine Mollusca. Part IV. Gastropoda: Prosobranchiata: Rhipidoglossa, Docoglossa. Tectibranchiata. Polyplacophora. Solenogastres. Scaphopoda. Annals of the South African Museum, 47, 201 - 360.","Moura, A. R. (1972) Contribuicao para o conhecimento dos moluscos subfosseis do Relanzapo (Nacala-Mocambique).","Zuschin, M., Janssen, R. & Baal, C. (2009) Gastropods and their habitats from the northern Red Sea (Egypt: Safaga). Part 1: Patellogastropoda, Vetigastropoda and Cycloneritimorpha. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, 111 (A), 73 - 158.","Moura, A. R. (1966) Gastropodes dos recifes corais elevados de Messonta e Matibane (Mocambique). Revista dos Estudos Gerais Universitarios de Mo c ambique, Series 2, 3, 15 - 54, pls. 1 - 10.","Moura, A. R. (1969) Contribuicao para o conhecimento dos gres costeiros do Sul do Save (Mocambique). Boletim dos Servicos de Geologia e Minas de Mocambique, 35, 5 - 42, pls. 1 - 11.","Herbert, D. G. (1993) Revision of the Trochinae, tribe Trochini (Mollusca: Prosobranchia: Trochidae) in southern Africa. Annals of the Natal Museum, 34, 239 - 308.","Deuss, M. Richard, G. & Verneau, N. (2013) Mollusques de Mayotte. Naturalistes Environement et Patrimonie de Mayotte, Mamoudzou, 378 pp."]}

Herbert, David G. (2015): An annotated catalogue and bibliography of the taxonomy, synonymy and distribution of the Recent Vetigastropoda of South Africa (Mollusca). Zootaxa 4049 (1): 1-98, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4049.1.1

Tectus mauritianus (Gmelin, 1791) —new record Trochus mauritianus Gmelin, 1791: 3582. Odhner, 1919: 32. Viader, 1937: 55. Braga, 1952: 33, pl. 6, fig. 7. Jarrett, 2000: 5, fig. 14. Type loc.: ‘ frequens ad insulas Barboniae [sic] et S. Mauritii ’ [frequent at the islands of Bourbon (Réunion) and Mauritius]; location of type material unknown. Trochus (Pyramis) Mauritianus [sic]— Martens, 1880: 295. Trochus (Tectus) mauritianus — Pilsbry, 1889 in 1889 – 1890: 23, pl. 2, figs 11, 12 and pl. 4, figs 24, 25, 27. Lamy, 1909: 331. Dautzenberg, 1929: 534. Bisacchi, 1931: 177. Moura, 1972: 21, pl. 2, fig. 5. Tectus (Tectus) mauritianus — Moura, 1966: 25, pl. 1, fig. 1. Moura, 1969: 16. Deuss et al., 2013: 138, fig. b. Tectus mauritianus — Drivas & Jay, 1988: 34, pl. 2, fig. 4. Distribution. South-western Indian Ocean, from Tanzania, the Seychelles, Comoros, Mascarene Islands, Madagascar and Mozambique; locally recorded only from the Durban area, but probably occurring only as occasional waifs from populations to the north; living LST and shallow subtidal reefs. Subgenus Cardinalia Gray, 1842. Type species (s.d. Wenz 1938): Trochus virgatus Gmelin, 1791., Published as part of Herbert, David G., 2015, An annotated catalogue and bibliography of the taxonomy, synonymy and distribution of the Recent Vetigastropoda of South Africa (Mollusca), pp. 1-98 in Zootaxa 4049 (1) on page 73, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4049.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/245367, {"references":["Gmelin, J. F. (1791) Caroli a Linne, Systema Naturae. Vol. 1. Part 6. 13 th Edition. Georg Emanuel Beer, Lipsiae, Vermes, pp. 3021 - 3910.","Odhner, N. H. (1919) Contribution a la faune malacologique de Madagascar. Arkiv for Zoologi, 12, 1 - 52.","Viader, R. (1937) Revised catalogue of the testaceous Mollusca of Mauritius and its dependencies. Mauritius Institute Bulletin, 1, i - xiii + 1 - 111, plus map.","Braga, J. M. (1952) Materiais para o estudo da fauna malacologica de Mocambique. Anais Junta Investigacoes do Ultramar, 7 (3), 5 - 67, pls. 1 - 14. [Publicacoes do Instituto de Zoologia \" Dr Augusto Nobre \"]","Jarrett, A. G. (2000) Marine Shells of the Seychelles. Carol Green Publishing, Cambridge, 149 pp.","Martens, E. von (1880) Mollusken. In: Mobius, K. (Ed.), Beitrage zur Meeresfauna der Insel Mauritius und der Seychellen. Gutmann, Berlin, pp. 181 - 352, pls. 19 - 22.","Pilsbry, H. A. (1889 - 1890) Trochidae. In: Tryon, G. W. (Ed.), Manual of Conchology, Series 1, 11, pp. 1 - 519, pls. 1 - 67. [Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, pp. 1 - 208, pls. 1 - 50, 1889; pp. 209 - 519, pls. 51 - 67, 1890.]","Pilsbry, H. A. (1890 - 1891) Stomatellidae, Scissurellidae, Pleurotomariidae, Haliotidae, Scutellinidae, Addisoniidae, Cocculinidae, Fissurellidae. In: Tryon, G. W. (Ed.), Manual of Conchology, Series 1, 12, pp. 1 - 323, pls. 1 - 64. [Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, pp. 1 - 192, pls. 1 - 45, 1890; pp. 193 - 323, pls. 46 - 64, 1891.]","Lamy, E. (1909) Coquilles marines recueillies par M. F. Geay a Madagascar (1905). Memoires de la Societe Zoologique de France, 22, 299 - 346, pl. 15.","Dautzenberg, P. (1929) Contribution a l'etude de la faune de Madagascar. Mollusca II, Mollusca marina testacea. Faunes des colonies Francais, 3 (4), 115 - 430 (321 - 636).","Bisacchi, J. (1931) Alcuni Trochus del Mar Rosso. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale \" Giacomo Doria \", 55, 176 - 182.","Moura, A. R. (1972) Contribuicao para o conhecimento dos moluscos subfosseis do Relanzapo (Nacala-Mocambique).","Moura, A. R. (1966) Gastropodes dos recifes corais elevados de Messonta e Matibane (Mocambique). Revista dos Estudos Gerais Universitarios de Mo c ambique, Series 2, 3, 15 - 54, pls. 1 - 10.","Moura, A. R. (1969) Contribuicao para o conhecimento dos gres costeiros do Sul do Save (Mocambique). Boletim dos Servicos de Geologia e Minas de Mocambique, 35, 5 - 42, pls. 1 - 11.","Deuss, M. Richard, G. & Verneau, N. (2013) Mollusques de Mayotte. Naturalistes Environement et Patrimonie de Mayotte, Mamoudzou, 378 pp.","Drivas, J. & Jay, M. (1988) Coquillages de La Reunion et de l'ile Maurice. Times Editions, Singapore, 159 pp."]}