46 results on '"Tefera W"'
Search Results
2. Assessment and mapping of potential sites for small-scale hydropower in Gidabo River catchment.
- Author
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Aybehon, Eyoel Yigeltu, Tefera, W. M., and Akirso, Beyene
- Subjects
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HYDROLOGIC models , *STREAMFLOW , *SOIL moisture , *WATER power , *INDUSTRIAL location - Abstract
This study assessed the small-scale hydropower potential (SHP) of the Gidabo River catchment. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) hydrological model was used to estimate the streamflow in the river networks. The model was calibrated and validated at Messa and Apposto gauging stations, and the results for the coefficient of determination (R2) and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) revealed that the observed and simulated streamflow results agree fairly well at the calibration and validation locations. Thus, the simulated streamflow at the sub-catchment outlets was used to determine design discharge at 50%, 75%, and 95% flow dependability. The potential assessment was conducted under a scenario of 500, 1000 and 2000 m horizontal intervals along the stream networks. The study revealed that the river catchment has the potential to develop run-of-river-type plants at different locations with 50%, 75%, and 95% dependability, though it varies from place to place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Coconut shell-derived biochar and oyster shell powder alter rhizosphere soil biochemical properties and Cd uptake of rice (Oryza sativa L.)
- Author
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Tefera, W., primary, Seifu, W., additional, and Tian, S., additional
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Actively Targeting Redox-Responsive Multifunctional Micelles for Synergistic Chemotherapy of Cancer
- Author
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Haile Fentahun Darge, Kefyalew Dagnew Addisu, Hsieh-Chih Tsai, Yihenew Simegniew Birhan, Endris Yibru Hanurry, Tefera Worku Mekonnen, Hailemichael Tegenu Gebrie, Vinothini Arunagiri, Darieo Thankachan, Tsung-Yun Wu, Juin-Yih Lai, Hao-Ming Chang, Chun-Chiang Huang, and Szu-Yuan Wu
- Subjects
Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Chemical Speciation and Source Apportionment of Fine Particulate Matter PM2.5 in Central Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Author
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Tefera, W., primary, Kumie, A., additional, Berhane, K., additional, Gilliland, F.D., additional, Lai, A., additional, Sricharoenvech, P., additional, Fruin, S., additional, Patz, J., additional, Samet, J.M., additional, and Schauer, J.J., additional
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Smoking prevalence and attributable disease burden in 195 countries and territories, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015
- Author
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Reitsma, M., Fullman, N., Ng, M., Salama, J., Abajobir, A., Abate, K., Abbafati, C., Abera, S., Abraham, B., Abyu, G., Adebiyi, A., Al-Aly, Z., Aleman, A., Ali, R., Al Alkerwi, A., Allebeck, P., Al-Raddadi, R., Amare, A., Amberbir, A., Ammar, W., Amrock, S., Antonio, C., Asayesh, H., Atnafu, N., Azzopardi, P., Banerjee, A., Barac, A., Barrientos-Gutierrez, T., Basto-Abreu, A., Bazargan-Hejazi, S., Bedi, N., Bell, B., Bello, A., Bensenor, I., Beyene, A., Bhala, N., Biryukov, S., Bolt, K., Brenner, H., Butt, Z., Cavalleri, F., Cercy, K., Chen, H., Christopher, D., Ciobanu, L., Colistro, V., Colomar, M., Cornaby, L., Dai, X., Damtew, S., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Dansereau, E., Davletov, K., Dayama, A., Degfie, T., Deribew, A., Dharmaratne, S., Dimtsu, B., Doyle, K., Endries, A., Ermakov, S., Estep, K., Faraon, E., Farzadfar, F., Feigin, V., Feigl, A., Fischer, F., Friedman, J., Ghiwot, T., Gall, S., Gao, W., Gillum, R., Gold, A., Gopalani, S., Gotay, C., Gupta, R., Gupta, V., Hamadeh, R., Hankey, G., Harb, H., Hay, S., Horino, M., Horita, N., Hosgood, H., Husseini, A., Ileanu, B., Islami, F., Jiang, G., Jiang, Y., Jonas, J., Kabir, Z., Kamal, R., Kasaeian, A., Kesavachandran, C., Khader, Y., Khalil, I., Khang, Y., Khera, S., Khubchandani, J., Kim, D., Kim, Y., Kimokoti, R., Kinfu, Y., Knibbs, L., Kokubo, Y., Kolte, D., Kopec, J., Kosen, S., Kotsakis, G., Koul, P., Koyanagi, A., Krohn, K., Krueger, H., Defo, B., Bicer, B., Kulkarni, C., Kumar, G., Leasher, J., Lee, A., Leinsalu, M., Li, T., Linn, S., Liu, P., Liu, S., Lo, L., Lopez, A., Ma, S., Abd El Razek, H., Majeed, A., Malekzadeh, R., Malta, D., Manamo, W., Martinez-Raga, J., Mekonnen, A., Mendoza, W., Miller, Ted, Mohammad, K., Morawska, L., Musa, K., Nagel, G., Neupane, S., Quyen, N., Nguyen, G., Oh, I., Oyekale, A., Mahesh, P., Pana, A., Park, E., Patil, S., Patton, G., Pedro, J., Qorbani, M., Rafay, A., Rahman, M., Rai, R., Ram, U., Ranabhat, C., Refaat, A., Reinig, N., Roba, H., Rodriguez, A., Roman, Y., Roth, G., Roy, A., Sagar, R., Salomon, J., Sanabria, J., Santos, I., Sartorius, B., Satpathy, M., Sawhney, M., Sawyer, S., Saylan, M., Schaub, M., Schluger, N., Schutte, A., Sepanlou, S., Serdar, B., Shaikh, M., She, J., Shin, M., Shiri, R., Shishani, K., Shiue, I., Sigfusdottir, I., Silverberg, J., Singh, J., Singh, V., Slepak, E., Soneji, S., Soriano, J., Soshnikov, S., Sreeramareddy, C., Stein, D., Stranges, S., Subart, M., Swaminathan, S., Szoeke, C., Tefera, W., Topor-Madry, R., Tran, B., Tsilimparis, N., Tymeson, H., Ukwaja, K., Updike, R., Uthman, O., Violante, F., Vladimirov, S., Vlassov, V., Vollset, S., Vos, T., Weiderpass, E., Wen, C., Werdecker, A., Wilson, S., Wubshet, M., Xiao, L., Yakob, B., Yano, Y., Ye, P., Yonemoto, N., Yoon, S., Younis, M., Yu, C., Zaidi, Z., Zaki, M., Zhang, A., Zipkin, B., Murray, C., Forouzanfar, M., Gakidou, E., Reitsma, M., Fullman, N., Ng, M., Salama, J., Abajobir, A., Abate, K., Abbafati, C., Abera, S., Abraham, B., Abyu, G., Adebiyi, A., Al-Aly, Z., Aleman, A., Ali, R., Al Alkerwi, A., Allebeck, P., Al-Raddadi, R., Amare, A., Amberbir, A., Ammar, W., Amrock, S., Antonio, C., Asayesh, H., Atnafu, N., Azzopardi, P., Banerjee, A., Barac, A., Barrientos-Gutierrez, T., Basto-Abreu, A., Bazargan-Hejazi, S., Bedi, N., Bell, B., Bello, A., Bensenor, I., Beyene, A., Bhala, N., Biryukov, S., Bolt, K., Brenner, H., Butt, Z., Cavalleri, F., Cercy, K., Chen, H., Christopher, D., Ciobanu, L., Colistro, V., Colomar, M., Cornaby, L., Dai, X., Damtew, S., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Dansereau, E., Davletov, K., Dayama, A., Degfie, T., Deribew, A., Dharmaratne, S., Dimtsu, B., Doyle, K., Endries, A., Ermakov, S., Estep, K., Faraon, E., Farzadfar, F., Feigin, V., Feigl, A., Fischer, F., Friedman, J., Ghiwot, T., Gall, S., Gao, W., Gillum, R., Gold, A., Gopalani, S., Gotay, C., Gupta, R., Gupta, V., Hamadeh, R., Hankey, G., Harb, H., Hay, S., Horino, M., Horita, N., Hosgood, H., Husseini, A., Ileanu, B., Islami, F., Jiang, G., Jiang, Y., Jonas, J., Kabir, Z., Kamal, R., Kasaeian, A., Kesavachandran, C., Khader, Y., Khalil, I., Khang, Y., Khera, S., Khubchandani, J., Kim, D., Kim, Y., Kimokoti, R., Kinfu, Y., Knibbs, L., Kokubo, Y., Kolte, D., Kopec, J., Kosen, S., Kotsakis, G., Koul, P., Koyanagi, A., Krohn, K., Krueger, H., Defo, B., Bicer, B., Kulkarni, C., Kumar, G., Leasher, J., Lee, A., Leinsalu, M., Li, T., Linn, S., Liu, P., Liu, S., Lo, L., Lopez, A., Ma, S., Abd El Razek, H., Majeed, A., Malekzadeh, R., Malta, D., Manamo, W., Martinez-Raga, J., Mekonnen, A., Mendoza, W., Miller, Ted, Mohammad, K., Morawska, L., Musa, K., Nagel, G., Neupane, S., Quyen, N., Nguyen, G., Oh, I., Oyekale, A., Mahesh, P., Pana, A., Park, E., Patil, S., Patton, G., Pedro, J., Qorbani, M., Rafay, A., Rahman, M., Rai, R., Ram, U., Ranabhat, C., Refaat, A., Reinig, N., Roba, H., Rodriguez, A., Roman, Y., Roth, G., Roy, A., Sagar, R., Salomon, J., Sanabria, J., Santos, I., Sartorius, B., Satpathy, M., Sawhney, M., Sawyer, S., Saylan, M., Schaub, M., Schluger, N., Schutte, A., Sepanlou, S., Serdar, B., Shaikh, M., She, J., Shin, M., Shiri, R., Shishani, K., Shiue, I., Sigfusdottir, I., Silverberg, J., Singh, J., Singh, V., Slepak, E., Soneji, S., Soriano, J., Soshnikov, S., Sreeramareddy, C., Stein, D., Stranges, S., Subart, M., Swaminathan, S., Szoeke, C., Tefera, W., Topor-Madry, R., Tran, B., Tsilimparis, N., Tymeson, H., Ukwaja, K., Updike, R., Uthman, O., Violante, F., Vladimirov, S., Vlassov, V., Vollset, S., Vos, T., Weiderpass, E., Wen, C., Werdecker, A., Wilson, S., Wubshet, M., Xiao, L., Yakob, B., Yano, Y., Ye, P., Yonemoto, N., Yoon, S., Younis, M., Yu, C., Zaidi, Z., Zaki, M., Zhang, A., Zipkin, B., Murray, C., Forouzanfar, M., and Gakidou, E.
- Abstract
Background: The scale-up of tobacco control, especially after the adoption of the Framework Convention for Tobacco Control, is a major public health success story. Nonetheless, smoking remains a leading risk for early death and disability worldwide, and therefore continues to require sustained political commitment. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) offers a robust platform through which global, regional, and national progress toward achieving smoking-related targets can be assessed. Methods: We synthesised 2818 data sources with spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression and produced estimates of daily smoking prevalence by sex, age group, and year for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2015. We analysed 38 risk-outcome pairs to generate estimates of smoking-attributable mortality and disease burden, as measured by disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). We then performed a cohort analysis of smoking prevalence by birth-year cohort to better understand temporal age patterns in smoking. We also did a decomposition analysis, in which we parsed out changes in all-cause smoking-attributable DALYs due to changes in population growth, population ageing, smoking prevalence, and risk-deleted DALY rates. Finally, we explored results by level of development using the Socio-demographic Index (SDI). Findings: Worldwide, the age-standardised prevalence of daily smoking was 25·0% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 24·2–25·7) for men and 5·4% (5·1–5·7) for women, representing 28·4% (25·8–31·1) and 34·4% (29·4–38·6) reductions, respectively, since 1990. A greater percentage of countries and territories achieved significant annualised rates of decline in smoking prevalence from 1990 to 2005 than in between 2005 and 2015; however, only four countries had significant annualised increases in smoking prevalence between 2005 and 2015 (Congo [Brazzaville] and Azerbaijan for men and Kuwait and Timor-Leste for women). In 2015, 11·5% of global deaths (
- Published
- 2017
7. Global, regional, national, and selected subnational levels of stillbirths, neonatal, infant, and under-5 mortality, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015
- Author
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Wang H, Bhutta Z, Coates M, Coggeshall M, Dandona L, Diallo K, Franca E, Fraser M, Fullman N, Gething P, Hay S, Kinfu Y, Kita M, Kulikoff X, Larson H, Liang J, Liang X, Lim S, Lind M, Lopez A, Lozano R, Mensah G, Mikesell J, Mokdad A, Mooney M, Naghavi M, Nguyen G, Rakovac I, Salomon J, Silpakit N, Sligar A, Sorensen R, Vos T, Zhu J, Abajobir A, Abate K, Abbas K, Abd-Allah F, Abdulle A, Abera S, Aboyans V, Abraham B, Abubakar I, Abu-Raddad L, Abu-Rmeileh N, Abyu G, Achoki T, Adebiyi A, Adedeji I, Adelekan A, Adou A, Agarwal A, Ajala O, Akinyemiju T, Akseer N, Alam K, Alam N, Alasfoor D, Aldridge R, Alegretti M, Alemu Z, Ali R, Alkerwi A, Alla F, Al-Raddadi R, Alsharif U, Altirkawi K, Martin E, Alvis-Guzman N, Amare A, Amberbir A, Amegah A, Ameh E, Ammar W, Amrock S, Andersen H, Anderson G, Antonio C, Arlov J, Artaman A, Asayesh H, Asghar R, Assadi R, Atique S, Avokpaho E, Awasthi A, Quintanilla B, Bacha U, Badawi A, Balakrishnan K, Banerjee A, Banigbe B, Barac A, Barber R, Barker-Collo S, Barnighausen T, Barrero L, Bayou T, Bayou Y, Bazargan-Hejazi S, Beardsley J, Bedi N, Bekele T, Bell M, Bello A, Bennett D, Bensenor I, Berhane A, Bernabe E, Betsu B, Beyene A, Bhatt S, Biadgilign S, Bikbov B, Birlik S, Bisanzio D, Bjertness E, Blore J, Bourne R, Brainin M, Brazinova A, Breitborde N, Brown A, Buckle G, Burch M, Butt Z, Campos-Nonato I, Campuzano J, Cardenas R, Carpenter D, Carrero J, Carter A, Casey D, Castaneda-Orjuela C, Rivas J, Castro R, Catala-Lopez F, Cercy K, Chang H, Chang J, Chibueze C, Chisumpa V, Choi J, Chowdhury R, Christopher D, Ciobanu L, Colquhoun S, Cooper C, Cornaby L, Damtew S, Danawi H, Dandona R, das Neves J, Davis A, de Jager P, De Leo D, Degenhardt L, Deribe K, Deribew A, Jarlais D, deVeber G, Dharmaratne S, Dhillon P, Ding E, Doshi P, Doyle K, Duan L, Dubey M, Ebrahimi H, Ellingsen C, Elyazar I, Endries A, Ermakov S, Eshrati B, Esteghamati A, Faraon E, Farid T, Farinha C, Faro A, Farvid M, Farzadfar F, Fereshtehnejad S, Fernandes J, Fischer F, Fitchett J, Foigt N, Franklin R, Friedman J, Furst T, Gambashidze K, Gamkrelidze A, Ganguly P, Gebre T, Gebrehiwot T, Gebremedhin A, Gebru A, Geleijnse J, Gessner B, Ginawi I, Giref A, Gishu M, Gomez-Dantes H, Gona P, Goodridge A, Gopalani S, Goto A, Gouda H, Gugnani H, Guo Y, Gupta R, Gupta V, Gyawali B, Haagsma J, Hafezi-Nejad N, Haile D, Hailu A, Hailu G, Hamadeh R, Hamidi S, Hancock J, Handal A, Hankey G, Harb H, Harikrishnan S, Harun K, Havmoeller R, Hay R, Heredia-Pi I, Hoek H, Horino M, Horita N, Hosgood H, Hotez P, Hoy D, Hsairi M, Hu G, Huang C, Huang J, Huang H, Huiart L, Huynh C, Iburg K, Idrisov B, Innos K, Jacobsen K, Jahanmehr N, Javanbakht M, Jayatilleke A, Jee S, Jeemon P, Jha V, Jiang G, Jiang Y, Jibat T, Jin Y, Jonas J, Kabir Z, Kalkonde Y, Kamal R, Kan H, Kang G, Karch A, Karema C, Kasaeian A, Kaul A, Kawakami N, Kayibanda J, Kazanjan K, Keiyoro P, Kemp A, Kengne A, Keren A, Kereselidze M, Kesavachandran C, Khader Y, Khalil I, Khan A, Khan E, Khang Y, Khonelidze I, Khubchandani J, Kim C, Kim D, Kim Y, Kissoon N, Kivipelto M, Knibbs L, Kokubo Y, Kosen S, Koul P, Koyanagi A, Defo B, Bicer B, Kudom A, Kumar G, Kutz M, Kyu H, Lal D, Lalloo R, Lam H, Lam J, Lansingh V, Larsson A, Leigh J, Leung R, Li Y, Lindsay M, Liu P, Liu S, Lloyd B, Lo W, Logroscino G, Low N, Lunevicius R, Lyons R, Ma S, Abd El Razek H, Abd El Razek M, Mahdavi M, Majdan M, Majeed A, Malekzadeh R, Mapoma C, Marcenes W, Martinez-Raga J, Marzan M, Masiye F, McGrath J, Meaney P, Mehari A, Mehndiratta M, Mekonnen A, Melaku Y, Memiah P, Memish Z, Mendoza W, Meretoja A, Meretoja T, Mhimbira F, Miller T, Mills E, Mirarefin M, Misganaw A, Mock C, Mohammad K, Mohammadi A, Mohammed S, Monasta L, Hernandez J, Montico M, Moore A, Moradi-Lakeh M, Morawska L, Mori R, Mueller U, Murphy G, Murthy S, Nachega J, Naheed A, Naidoo K, Naldi L, Nand D, Nangia V, Neupane S, Newton C, Newton J, Ng M, Ngalesoni F, Nguhiu P, Nguyen Q, Nisar M, Pete P, Norheim O, Norman R, Ogbo F, Oh I, Ojelabi F, Olivares P, Olusanya B, Olusanya J, Oren E, Ota E, Mahesh P, Park E, Park H, Parsaeian M, Caicedo A, Patten S, Pedro J, Pereira D, Perico N, Pesudovs K, Petzold M, Phillips M, Pillay J, Pishgar F, Polinder S, Pope D, Popova S, Pourmalek F, Qorbani M, Rabiee R, Rafay A, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Rahman M, Rahman S, Rai R, Raju M, Ram U, Rana S, Ranabhat C, Rao P, Refaat A, Remuzzi G, Resnikoff S, Reynolds A, Rojas-Rueda D, Ronfani L, Roshandel G, Roth G, Roy A, Ruhago G, Sagar R, Saleh M, Sanabria J, Sanchez-Nino M, Santos I, Santos J, Sarmiento-Suarez R, Sartorius B, Satpathy M, Savic M, Sawhney M, Schneider I, Schottker B, Schwebel D, Seedat S, Sepanlou S, Servan-Mori E, Setegn T, Shahraz S, Shaikh M, Shakh-Nazarova M, Sharma R, She J, Sheikhbahaei S, Shen J, Sheth K, Shibuya K, Shin H, Shin M, Shiri R, Shuie I, Sigfusdottir I, Silva D, Silverberg J, Simard E, Sindi S, Singh A, Singh J, Singh O, Singh P, Singh V, Soriano J, Soshnikov S, Sposato L, Sreeramareddy C, Stathopoulou V, Steel N, Stroumpoulis K, Sturua L, Sunguya B, Swaminathan S, Sykes B, Szoeke C, Tabares-Seisdedos R, Tavakkoli M, Taye B, Tedla B, Tefera W, Tekle T, Shifa G, Terkawi A, Tesfay F, Tessema G, Thapa K, Thomson A, Thorne-Lyman A, Tobe-Gai R, Tonelli M, Topor-Madry R, Topouzis F, Tran B, Troeger C, Truelsen T, Dimbuene Z, Tura A, Tyrovolas S, Ukwaja K, Uneke C, Uthman O, Vaezghasemi M, Vasankari T, Vasconcelos A, Venketasubramanian N, Verma R, Violante F, Vladimirov S, Vlassov V, Vollset S, Wang L, Wang Y, Weichenthal S, Weiderpass E, Weintraub R, Weiss D, Werdecker A, Westerman R, Widdowson M, Wijeratne T, Williams T, Wiysonge C, Wolfe C, Wolfe I, Won S, Wubshet M, Xiao Q, Xu G, Yadav A, Yakob B, Yano Y, Yaseri M, Ye P, Yebyo H, Yip P, Yonemoto N, Yoon S, Younis M, Yu C, Zaidi Z, Zaki M, Zeeb H, Zhang H, Zhao Y, Zheng Y, Zhou M, Zodpey S, Murray C, and GBD 2015 Child Mortality Collabora
- Published
- 2016
8. Country report ETHIOPIA - MFS II EVALUATIONS
- Author
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Lensink, R., Asenso-Okyere, K., Bahiigwa, G., De Cao, E., Eriksen, S., Jemaneh, S., Gutu, T., Hansen, N., Lutz, C., Tadesse, G., Tefera, W., Yirga, C., Zerfu, E., van der Berg, M., Klaver, D.C., Jacobs, J., Hofstede, M., van Ingen, T., Getew, H., Tigabu, A., Babu, S., Buizer, N.N., Desalos, C.B., Kefyalew, D., Kusters, C.S.L., Bulte, E., and Pradhan, M.
- Subjects
Wageningen Centre for Development Innovation ,Life Science ,Management - Abstract
This report on Ethiopia is one of a series of evaluation reports, consisting of ten reports in total, reflecting the results of the jointly-organised MFS II evaluation: - Eight country reports (India, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Uganda, Indonesia, DR Congo, Liberia, Pakistan); - A synthesis report (covering the eight country studies); and - A report with the results of the international lobbying and advocacy programmes. This series of reports assessed the 2011-2015 contribution of the Dutch Co-Financing System (MFS II) towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals, strengthening international civil society, setting the international agenda and changing decision-makers’ policy and practice, with the ultimate goal of reducing structural poverty. On July 2nd, 2015, the reports were approved by the independent steering committee (see below), which concluded that they meet the quality standards of validity, reliability and usefulness set by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
- Published
- 2015
9. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.
- Author
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Abraham B., Patil S.T., Patten S.B., Wang J., Pereira D.M., Cortinovis M., Giussani G., Perico N., Remuzzi G., Pesudovs K., Phillips M.R., Pillay J.D., Plass D., Tobollik M., Polinder S., Pond C.D., Pope C.A., Prasad N.M., Qorbani M., Radfar A., Rafay A., Rana S.M., Rahman M., Rahman S.U., Rajsic S., Rai R.K., Raju M., Ranganathan K., Refaat A.H., Rehm C.D., Ribeiro A.L., Rojas-Rueda D., Roy A., Satpathy M., Tandon N., Rothenbacher D., Saleh M.M., Sanabria J.R., Sanchez-Riera L., Sanchez-Nino M.D., Sarmiento-Suarez R., Sawhney M., Schmidhuber J., Schneider I.J.C., Schutte A.E., Silva D.A.S., Shahraz S., Shin M., Shaheen A., Shaikh M.A., Sharma R., Shigematsu M., Yoon S., Shishani K., Sigfusdottir I.D., Singh P.K., Silveira D.G.A., Silverberg J.I., Yano Y., Soneji S., Stranges S., Steckling N., Sreeramareddy C.T., Stathopoulou V., Stroumpoulis K., Sunguya B.F., Swaminathan S., Sykes B.L., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Talongwa R.T., Tanne D., Tuzcu E.M., Thakur J., Shaddick G., Thomas M.L., Thrift A.G., Thurston G.D., Thomson A.J., Topor-Madry R., Topouzis F., Towbin J.A., Uthman O.A., Tobe-Gai R., Tsilimparis N., Tsala Z., Tyrovolas S., Ukwaja K.N., van Os J., Vasankari T., Venketasubramanian N., Violante F.S., Waller S.G., Uneke C.J., Wang Y., Weichenthal S., Woolf A.D., Xavier D., Xu G., Yakob B., Yip P., Kesavachandran C.N., Montico M., Ronfani L., Yu C., Zaidi Z., Yonemoto N., Younis M.Z., Wubshet M., Zuhlke L.J., Zaki M.E., Zhu J., Forouzanfar M.H., Afshin A., Alexander L.T., Biryukov S., Brauer M., Cercy K., Charlson F.J., Cohen A.J., Dandona L., Estep K., Ferrari A.J., Frostad J.J., Fullman N., Godwin W.W., Griswold M., Hay S.I., Kyu H.H., Larson H.J., Lim S.S., Liu P.Y., Lopez A.D., Lozano R., Marczak L., Mokdad A.H., Moradi-Lakeh M., Naghavi M., Reitsma M.B., Roth G.A., Sur P.J., Vos T., Wagner J.A., Wang H., Zhao Y., Zhou M., Barber R.M., Bell B., Blore J.D., Casey D.C., Coates M.M., Cooperrider K., Cornaby L., Dicker D., Erskine H.E., Fleming T., Foreman K., Gakidou E., Haagsma J.A., Johnson C.O., Kemmer L., Ku T., Leung J., Masiye F., Millear A., Mirarefin M., Misganaw A., Mullany E., Mumford J.E., Ng M., Olsen H., Rao P., Reinig N., Roman Y., Sandar L., Santomauro D.F., Slepak E.L., Sorensen R.J.D., Thomas B.A., Vollset S.E., Whiteford H.A., Zipkin B., Murray C.J.L., Mock C.N., Anderson B.O., Futran N.D., Anderson H.R., Bhutta Z.A., Nisar M.I., Akseer N., Krueger H., Gotay C.C., Kissoon N., Kopec J.A., Pourmalek F., Burnett R., Abajobir A.A., Knibbs L.D., Veerman J.L., Lalloo R., Scott J.G., Alam N.K.M., Gouda H.N., Guo Y., McGrath J.J., Jeemon P., Dandona R., Goenka S., Kumar G.A., Gething P.W., Bisanzio D., Deribew A., Darby S.C., Ali R., Bennett D.A., Jha V., Kinfu Y., McKee M., Murthy G.V.S., Pearce N., Stockl H., Duan L., Jin Y., Li Y., Liu S., Wang L., Ye P., Liang X., Azzopardi P., Patton G.C., Meretoja A., Alam K., Borschmann R., Colquhoun S.M., Weintraub R.G., Szoeke C.E.I., Ademi Z., Taylor H.R., Wijeratne T., Batis C., Barquera S., Campos-Nonato I.R., Contreras A.G., Cuevas-Nasu L., De V., Gomez-Dantes H., Heredia-Pi I.B., Medina C., Mejia-Rodriguez F., Montanez Hernandez J.C., Razo-Garcia C.A., Rivera J.A., Rodriguez-Ramirez S., Sanchez-Pimienta T.G., Servan-Mori E.E., Shamah T., Mensah G.A., Hoff H.J., Neal B., Driscoll T.R., Kemp A.H., Leigh J., Mekonnen A.B., Bhatt S., Furst T., Piel F.B., Rodriguez A., Hutchings S.J., Majeed A., Soljak M., Salomon J.A., Thorne-Lyman A.L., Ajala O.N., Barnighausen T., Cahill L.E., Ding E.L., Farvid M.S., Khatibzadeh S., Wagner G.R., Shrime M.G., Fitchett J.R.A., Aasvang G.M., Savic M., Abate K.H., Gebrehiwot T.T., Gebremedhin A.T., Abbafati C., Abbas K.M., Abd-Allah F., Abdulle A.M., Abera S.F., Melaku Y.A., Abyu G.Y., Betsu B.D., Hailu G.B., Tekle D.Y., Yalew A.Z., Abu-Raddad L.J., Adebiyi A.O., Adedeji I.A., Adou A.K., Adsuar J.C., Agardh E.E., Rehm J., Badawi A., Popova S., Agarwal A., Ahmad A., Akinyemiju T.F., Schwebel D.C., Singh J.A., Al-Aly Z., Aldhahri S.F., Altirkawi K.A., Terkawi A.S., Aldridge R.W., Tillmann T., Alemu Z.A., Tegegne T.K., Alkerwi A., Alla F., Guillemin F., Allebeck P., Rabiee R.H.S., Fereshtehnejad S.M., Kivipelto M., Carrero J.J., Weiderpass E., Havmoeller R., Sindi S., Alsharif U., Alvarez E., Alvis-Guzman N., Amare A.T., Ciobanu L.G., Taye B.W., Amberbir A., Amegah A.K., Amini H., Karema C.K., Ammar W., Harb H.L., Amrock S.M., Andersen H.H., Antonio C.A.T., Faraon E.J.A., Anwari P., Arnlov J., Larsson A., Artaman A., Asayesh H., Asghar R.J., Assadi R., Atique S., Avokpaho E.F.G.A., Awasthi A., Ayala B.P., Bacha U., Bahit M.C., Balakrishnan K., Barac A., Barker-Collo S.L., del Pozo-Cruz B., Mohammed S., Barregard L., Petzold M., Barrero L.H., Basu S., Del L.C., Bazargan-Hejazi S., Beardsley J., Bedi N., Beghi E., Sheth K.N., Bell M.L., Huang J.J., Bello A.K., Santos I.S., Bensenor I.M., Lotufo P.A., Berhane A., Wolfe C.D., Bernabe E., Roba H.S., Beyene A.S., Hassen T.A., Mesfin Y.M., Bhala N., Bhansali A., Biadgilign S., Bikbov B., Bjertness E., Htet A.S., Boufous S., Degenhardt L., Resnikoff S., Calabria B., Bourne R.R.A., Brainin M., Brazinova A., Majdan M., Shen J., Breitborde N.J.K., Brenner H., Schottker B., Broday D.M., Brugha T.S., Brunekreef B., Kromhout H., Butt Z.A., van Donkelaar A., Martin R.V., Cardenas R., Carpenter D.O., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Castillo J., Castro R.E., Catala-Lopez F., Chang J., Chiang P.P., Chibalabala M., Chimed-Ochir O., Jiang Y., Takahashi K., Chisumpa V.H., Mapoma C.C., Chitheer A.A., Choi J.J., Christensen H., Christopher D.J., Cooper L.T., Crump J.A., Poulton R.G., Damasceno A., Dargan P.I., das Neves J., Davis A.C., Newton J.N., Steel N., Davletov K., de Castro E.F., De D., Dellavalle R.P., Des D.C., Dharmaratne S.D., Dhillon P.K., Lal D.K., Zodpey S., Diaz-Torne C., Dorsey E.R., Doyle K.E., Dubey M., Rahman M.H.U., Ram U., Singh A., Yadav A.K., Duncan B.B., Kieling C., Schmidt M.I., Elyazar I., Endries A.Y., Ermakov S.P., Eshrati B., Farzadfar F., Kasaeian A., Parsaeian M., Esteghamati A., Hafezi-Nejad N., Sheikhbahaei S., Fahimi S., Malekzadeh R., Roshandel G., Sepanlou S.G., Hassanvand M.S., Heydarpour P., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Yaseri M., Farid T.A., Khan A.R., Farinha C.S.E.S., Faro A., Feigin V.L., Fernandes J.G., Fischer F., Foigt N., Shiue I., Fowkes F.G.R., Franklin R.C., Garcia-Basteiro A.L., Geleijnse J.M., Jibat T., Gessner B.D., Tefera W., Giref A.Z., Haile D., Manamo W.A.A., Giroud M., Gishu M.D., Martinez-Raga J., Gomez-Cabrera M.C., Gona P., Goodridge A., Gopalani S.V., Goto A., Inoue M., Gugnani H.C., Gupta R., Gutierrez R.A., Orozco R., Halasa Y.A., Undurraga E.A., Hamadeh R.R., Hamidi S., Handal A.J., Hankey G.J., Hao Y., Harikrishnan S., Haro J.M., Hernandez-Llanes N.F., Hoek H.W., Tura A.K., Horino M., Horita N., Hosgood H.D., Hoy D.G., Hsairi M., Hu G., Husseini A., Huybrechts I., Iburg K.M., Idrisov B.T., Kwan G.F., Ileanu B.V., Pana A., Kawakami N., Shibuya K., Jacobs T.A., Jacobsen K.H., Jahanmehr N., Jakovljevic M.B., Jansen H.A.F., Jassal S.K., Stein M.B., Javanbakht M., Jayaraman S.P., Jayatilleke A.U., Jee S.H., Jonas J.B., Kabir Z., Kalkonde Y., Kamal R., She J., Kan H., Karch A., Karimkhani C., Kaul A., Kazi D.S., Keiyoro P.N., Parry C.D., Kengne A.P., Matzopoulos R., Wiysonge C.S., Stein D.J., Mayosi B.M., Keren A., Khader Y.S., Khan E.A., Khan G., Khang Y.H., Won S., Khera S., Tavakkoli M., Khoja T.A.M., Khubchandani J., Kim C., Kim D., Kimokoti R.W., Kokubo Y., Koul P.A., Koyanagi A., Kravchenko M., Varakin Y.Y., Kuate B., Kuchenbecker R.S., Kucuk B., Kuipers E.J., Lallukka T., Shiri R., Meretoja T.J., Lan Q., Latif A.A., Lawrynowicz A.E.B., Leasher J.L., Levi M., Li X., Liang J., Lloyd B.K., Logroscino G., Lunevicius R., Pope D., Mahdavi M., Malta D.C., Marcenes W., Matsushita K., Nachega J.B., Tran B.X., Meaney P.A., Mehari A., Tedla B.A., Memish Z.A., Mendoza W., Mensink G.B.M., Mhimbira F.A., Miller T.R., Mills E.J., Mohammadi A., Mola G.L.D., Monasta L., Morawska L., Norman R.E., Mori R., Mozaff D., Shi P., Werdecker A., Mueller U.O., Paternina A.J., Westerman R., Seedat S., Naheed A., Nangia V., Nassiri N., Nguyen Q.L., Nkamedjie P.M., Norheim O.F., Norrving B., Nyakarahuka L., Obermeyer C.M., Ogbo F.A., Oh I., Oladimeji O., Sartorius B., Olusanya B.O., Olivares P.R., Olusanya J.O., Opio J.N., Oren E., Ortiz A., Ota E., Mahesh P.A., Park E., Patel T., Abraham B., Patil S.T., Patten S.B., Wang J., Pereira D.M., Cortinovis M., Giussani G., Perico N., Remuzzi G., Pesudovs K., Phillips M.R., Pillay J.D., Plass D., Tobollik M., Polinder S., Pond C.D., Pope C.A., Prasad N.M., Qorbani M., Radfar A., Rafay A., Rana S.M., Rahman M., Rahman S.U., Rajsic S., Rai R.K., Raju M., Ranganathan K., Refaat A.H., Rehm C.D., Ribeiro A.L., Rojas-Rueda D., Roy A., Satpathy M., Tandon N., Rothenbacher D., Saleh M.M., Sanabria J.R., Sanchez-Riera L., Sanchez-Nino M.D., Sarmiento-Suarez R., Sawhney M., Schmidhuber J., Schneider I.J.C., Schutte A.E., Silva D.A.S., Shahraz S., Shin M., Shaheen A., Shaikh M.A., Sharma R., Shigematsu M., Yoon S., Shishani K., Sigfusdottir I.D., Singh P.K., Silveira D.G.A., Silverberg J.I., Yano Y., Soneji S., Stranges S., Steckling N., Sreeramareddy C.T., Stathopoulou V., Stroumpoulis K., Sunguya B.F., Swaminathan S., Sykes B.L., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Talongwa R.T., Tanne D., Tuzcu E.M., Thakur J., Shaddick G., Thomas M.L., Thrift A.G., Thurston G.D., Thomson A.J., Topor-Madry R., Topouzis F., Towbin J.A., Uthman O.A., Tobe-Gai R., Tsilimparis N., Tsala Z., Tyrovolas S., Ukwaja K.N., van Os J., Vasankari T., Venketasubramanian N., Violante F.S., Waller S.G., Uneke C.J., Wang Y., Weichenthal S., Woolf A.D., Xavier D., Xu G., Yakob B., Yip P., Kesavachandran C.N., Montico M., Ronfani L., Yu C., Zaidi Z., Yonemoto N., Younis M.Z., Wubshet M., Zuhlke L.J., Zaki M.E., Zhu J., Forouzanfar M.H., Afshin A., Alexander L.T., Biryukov S., Brauer M., Cercy K., Charlson F.J., Cohen A.J., Dandona L., Estep K., Ferrari A.J., Frostad J.J., Fullman N., Godwin W.W., Griswold M., Hay S.I., Kyu H.H., Larson H.J., Lim S.S., Liu P.Y., Lopez A.D., Lozano R., Marczak L., Mokdad A.H., Moradi-Lakeh M., Naghavi M., Reitsma M.B., Roth G.A., Sur P.J., Vos T., Wagner J.A., Wang H., Zhao Y., Zhou M., Barber R.M., Bell B., Blore J.D., Casey D.C., Coates M.M., Cooperrider K., Cornaby L., Dicker D., Erskine H.E., Fleming T., Foreman K., Gakidou E., Haagsma J.A., Johnson C.O., Kemmer L., Ku T., Leung J., Masiye F., Millear A., Mirarefin M., Misganaw A., Mullany E., Mumford J.E., Ng M., Olsen H., Rao P., Reinig N., Roman Y., Sandar L., Santomauro D.F., Slepak E.L., Sorensen R.J.D., Thomas B.A., Vollset S.E., Whiteford H.A., Zipkin B., Murray C.J.L., Mock C.N., Anderson B.O., Futran N.D., Anderson H.R., Bhutta Z.A., Nisar M.I., Akseer N., Krueger H., Gotay C.C., Kissoon N., Kopec J.A., Pourmalek F., Burnett R., Abajobir A.A., Knibbs L.D., Veerman J.L., Lalloo R., Scott J.G., Alam N.K.M., Gouda H.N., Guo Y., McGrath J.J., Jeemon P., Dandona R., Goenka S., Kumar G.A., Gething P.W., Bisanzio D., Deribew A., Darby S.C., Ali R., Bennett D.A., Jha V., Kinfu Y., McKee M., Murthy G.V.S., Pearce N., Stockl H., Duan L., Jin Y., Li Y., Liu S., Wang L., Ye P., Liang X., Azzopardi P., Patton G.C., Meretoja A., Alam K., Borschmann R., Colquhoun S.M., Weintraub R.G., Szoeke C.E.I., Ademi Z., Taylor H.R., Wijeratne T., Batis C., Barquera S., Campos-Nonato I.R., Contreras A.G., Cuevas-Nasu L., De V., Gomez-Dantes H., Heredia-Pi I.B., Medina C., Mejia-Rodriguez F., Montanez Hernandez J.C., Razo-Garcia C.A., Rivera J.A., Rodriguez-Ramirez S., Sanchez-Pimienta T.G., Servan-Mori E.E., Shamah T., Mensah G.A., Hoff H.J., Neal B., Driscoll T.R., Kemp A.H., Leigh J., Mekonnen A.B., Bhatt S., Furst T., Piel F.B., Rodriguez A., Hutchings S.J., Majeed A., Soljak M., Salomon J.A., Thorne-Lyman A.L., Ajala O.N., Barnighausen T., Cahill L.E., Ding E.L., Farvid M.S., Khatibzadeh S., Wagner G.R., Shrime M.G., Fitchett J.R.A., Aasvang G.M., Savic M., Abate K.H., Gebrehiwot T.T., Gebremedhin A.T., Abbafati C., Abbas K.M., Abd-Allah F., Abdulle A.M., Abera S.F., Melaku Y.A., Abyu G.Y., Betsu B.D., Hailu G.B., Tekle D.Y., Yalew A.Z., Abu-Raddad L.J., Adebiyi A.O., Adedeji I.A., Adou A.K., Adsuar J.C., Agardh E.E., Rehm J., Badawi A., Popova S., Agarwal A., Ahmad A., Akinyemiju T.F., Schwebel D.C., Singh J.A., Al-Aly Z., Aldhahri S.F., Altirkawi K.A., Terkawi A.S., Aldridge R.W., Tillmann T., Alemu Z.A., Tegegne T.K., Alkerwi A., Alla F., Guillemin F., Allebeck P., Rabiee R.H.S., Fereshtehnejad S.M., Kivipelto M., Carrero J.J., Weiderpass E., Havmoeller R., Sindi S., Alsharif U., Alvarez E., Alvis-Guzman N., Amare A.T., Ciobanu L.G., Taye B.W., Amberbir A., Amegah A.K., Amini H., Karema C.K., Ammar W., Harb H.L., Amrock S.M., Andersen H.H., Antonio C.A.T., Faraon E.J.A., Anwari P., Arnlov J., Larsson A., Artaman A., Asayesh H., Asghar R.J., Assadi R., Atique S., Avokpaho E.F.G.A., Awasthi A., Ayala B.P., Bacha U., Bahit M.C., Balakrishnan K., Barac A., Barker-Collo S.L., del Pozo-Cruz B., Mohammed S., Barregard L., Petzold M., Barrero L.H., Basu S., Del L.C., Bazargan-Hejazi S., Beardsley J., Bedi N., Beghi E., Sheth K.N., Bell M.L., Huang J.J., Bello A.K., Santos I.S., Bensenor I.M., Lotufo P.A., Berhane A., Wolfe C.D., Bernabe E., Roba H.S., Beyene A.S., Hassen T.A., Mesfin Y.M., Bhala N., Bhansali A., Biadgilign S., Bikbov B., Bjertness E., Htet A.S., Boufous S., Degenhardt L., Resnikoff S., Calabria B., Bourne R.R.A., Brainin M., Brazinova A., Majdan M., Shen J., Breitborde N.J.K., Brenner H., Schottker B., Broday D.M., Brugha T.S., Brunekreef B., Kromhout H., Butt Z.A., van Donkelaar A., Martin R.V., Cardenas R., Carpenter D.O., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Castillo J., Castro R.E., Catala-Lopez F., Chang J., Chiang P.P., Chibalabala M., Chimed-Ochir O., Jiang Y., Takahashi K., Chisumpa V.H., Mapoma C.C., Chitheer A.A., Choi J.J., Christensen H., Christopher D.J., Cooper L.T., Crump J.A., Poulton R.G., Damasceno A., Dargan P.I., das Neves J., Davis A.C., Newton J.N., Steel N., Davletov K., de Castro E.F., De D., Dellavalle R.P., Des D.C., Dharmaratne S.D., Dhillon P.K., Lal D.K., Zodpey S., Diaz-Torne C., Dorsey E.R., Doyle K.E., Dubey M., Rahman M.H.U., Ram U., Singh A., Yadav A.K., Duncan B.B., Kieling C., Schmidt M.I., Elyazar I., Endries A.Y., Ermakov S.P., Eshrati B., Farzadfar F., Kasaeian A., Parsaeian M., Esteghamati A., Hafezi-Nejad N., Sheikhbahaei S., Fahimi S., Malekzadeh R., Roshandel G., Sepanlou S.G., Hassanvand M.S., Heydarpour P., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Yaseri M., Farid T.A., Khan A.R., Farinha C.S.E.S., Faro A., Feigin V.L., Fernandes J.G., Fischer F., Foigt N., Shiue I., Fowkes F.G.R., Franklin R.C., Garcia-Basteiro A.L., Geleijnse J.M., Jibat T., Gessner B.D., Tefera W., Giref A.Z., Haile D., Manamo W.A.A., Giroud M., Gishu M.D., Martinez-Raga J., Gomez-Cabrera M.C., Gona P., Goodridge A., Gopalani S.V., Goto A., Inoue M., Gugnani H.C., Gupta R., Gutierrez R.A., Orozco R., Halasa Y.A., Undurraga E.A., Hamadeh R.R., Hamidi S., Handal A.J., Hankey G.J., Hao Y., Harikrishnan S., Haro J.M., Hernandez-Llanes N.F., Hoek H.W., Tura A.K., Horino M., Horita N., Hosgood H.D., Hoy D.G., Hsairi M., Hu G., Husseini A., Huybrechts I., Iburg K.M., Idrisov B.T., Kwan G.F., Ileanu B.V., Pana A., Kawakami N., Shibuya K., Jacobs T.A., Jacobsen K.H., Jahanmehr N., Jakovljevic M.B., Jansen H.A.F., Jassal S.K., Stein M.B., Javanbakht M., Jayaraman S.P., Jayatilleke A.U., Jee S.H., Jonas J.B., Kabir Z., Kalkonde Y., Kamal R., She J., Kan H., Karch A., Karimkhani C., Kaul A., Kazi D.S., Keiyoro P.N., Parry C.D., Kengne A.P., Matzopoulos R., Wiysonge C.S., Stein D.J., Mayosi B.M., Keren A., Khader Y.S., Khan E.A., Khan G., Khang Y.H., Won S., Khera S., Tavakkoli M., Khoja T.A.M., Khubchandani J., Kim C., Kim D., Kimokoti R.W., Kokubo Y., Koul P.A., Koyanagi A., Kravchenko M., Varakin Y.Y., Kuate B., Kuchenbecker R.S., Kucuk B., Kuipers E.J., Lallukka T., Shiri R., Meretoja T.J., Lan Q., Latif A.A., Lawrynowicz A.E.B., Leasher J.L., Levi M., Li X., Liang J., Lloyd B.K., Logroscino G., Lunevicius R., Pope D., Mahdavi M., Malta D.C., Marcenes W., Matsushita K., Nachega J.B., Tran B.X., Meaney P.A., Mehari A., Tedla B.A., Memish Z.A., Mendoza W., Mensink G.B.M., Mhimbira F.A., Miller T.R., Mills E.J., Mohammadi A., Mola G.L.D., Monasta L., Morawska L., Norman R.E., Mori R., Mozaff D., Shi P., Werdecker A., Mueller U.O., Paternina A.J., Westerman R., Seedat S., Naheed A., Nangia V., Nassiri N., Nguyen Q.L., Nkamedjie P.M., Norheim O.F., Norrving B., Nyakarahuka L., Obermeyer C.M., Ogbo F.A., Oh I., Oladimeji O., Sartorius B., Olusanya B.O., Olivares P.R., Olusanya J.O., Opio J.N., Oren E., Ortiz A., Ota E., Mahesh P.A., Park E., and Patel T.
- Abstract
Background The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 provides an up-to-date synthesis of the evidence for risk factor exposure and the attributable burden of disease. By providing national and subnational assessments spanning the past 25 years, this study can inform debates on the importance of addressing risks in context. Methods We used the comparative risk assessment framework developed for previous iterations of the Global Burden of Disease Study to estimate attributable deaths, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and trends in exposure by age group, sex, year, and geography for 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks from 1990 to 2015. This study included 388 risk-outcome pairs that met World Cancer Research Fund-defined criteria for convincing or probable evidence. We extracted relative risk and exposure estimates from randomised controlled trials, cohorts, pooled cohorts, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources. We used statistical models to pool data, adjust for bias, and incorporate covariates. We developed a metric that allows comparisons of exposure across risk factors-the summary exposure value. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk level, we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. We decomposed trends in attributable burden into contributions from population growth, population age structure, risk exposure, and risk-deleted cause-specific DALY rates. We characterised risk exposure in relation to a Socio-demographic Index (SDI). Findings Between 1990 and 2015, global exposure to unsafe sanitation, household air pollution, childhood underweight, childhood stunting, and smoking each decreased by more than 25%. Global exposure for several occupational risks, high body-mass index (BMI), and drug use increased by more than 25% over the same period. All risks jointly evaluated in 2015 accou
- Published
- 2016
10. Measuring the health-related Sustainable Development Goals in 188 countries: a baseline analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.
- Author
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Nguhiu P., Shigematsu M., Shin M., Yoon S., Shiri R., Shishani K., Sigfusdottir I.D., Silverberg J.I., Yano Y., Singh O.P., Singh P.K., Soreide K., Soriano J.B., Sposato L.A., Sreeramareddy C.T., Stahl H., Stathopoulou V., Steckling N., Stranges S., Strong M., Sunguya B.F., Swaminathan S., Sykes B.L., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tabb K.M., Talongwa R.T., Tarawneh M.R., Tavakkoli M., Taye B., Tuzcu E.M., Thakur J., Thomson A.J., Thurston G.D., Tobe-Gai R., Topor-Madry R., Topouzis F., Tsala Dimbuene Z., Tyrovolas S., Ukwaja K.N., Uneke C.J., Uthman O.A., Vasankari T., Vasconcelos A.M.N., Venketasubramanian N., Violante F.S., Vlassov V.V., Volkow P., Wallin M.T., Weichenthal S., Woolf A.D., Wubshet M., Xu G., Yakob B., Yan L.L., Yip P., Yonemoto N., Younis M.Z., Yu C., Zaidi Z., Zaki M.E., Zambrana-Torrelio C., Zapata T., Zonies D., Singh A., Thrift A.G., Wang L., Lim S.S., Allen K., Dandona L., Forouzanfar M.H., Fullman N., Goldberg E.M., Hay S.I., Holmberg M., Kutz M.J., Larson H.J., Lopez A.D., McNellan C.R., Mokdad A.H., Mooney M.D., Naghavi M., Olsen H.E., Pigott D.M., Vos T., Wang H., Achoki T., Afshin A., Allen C., Anderson G.M., Barber R., Bienhoff K.A., Blore J., Brauer M., Carter A., Casey D., Charlson F.J., Chen A.Z., Coates M.M., Coggeshall M., Cohen A.J., Deshpande A., Erskine H.E., Ferrari A.J., Fitzmaurice C., Foreman K., Fraser M., Friedman J., Frostad J., Godwin W., Graetz N., Griswold M., Haagsma J.A., Haakenstad A., Kassebaum N.J., Kemmer L., Kulikoff X.R., Kyu H.H., Leung J., Lind M., Liu P.Y., Masiye F., Mirarefin M., Misganaw A., Moradi-Lakeh M., Nguyen G., Pinho C., Rao P.C., Reitsma M.B., Roth G.A., Santomauro D.F., Shackelford K., Silpakit N., Sligar A., Sorensen R.J.D., Stanaway J.D., Steiner C., Sur P., Vollset S.E., Wanga V., Whiteford H.A., Zhao Y., Zhou M., Murray C.J.L., Kotsakis G.A., Mock C.N., Anderson B.O., Watkins D.A., Bhutta Z.A., Nisar M.I., Akseer N., deVeber G.A., Jeemon P., Dandona R., Kumar G.A., Gething P.W., Bisanzio D., Cooper C., Ali R., Bennett D.A., Jha V., Weiss D.J., Kinfu Y., Patel V., Langan S.M., McKee M., Murthy G.V.S., Roberts B., Stockl H., Duan L., Jin Y., Li Y., Liu S., Ye P., Liang X., Azzopardi P., Cowie B.C., Meretoja A., Patton G.C., Alam K., Weintraub R.G., Sawyer S.M., Szoeke C.E.I., Taylor H.R., Lozano R., Barrientos-Gutierrez T., Campos-Nonato I.R., Campuzano J.C., Heredia-Pi I.B., Montanez Hernandez J.C., Rios Blancas M.J., Servan-Mori E.E., Shamah Levy T., Salomon J.A., Binagwaho A., Barnighausen T., Cahill L.E., Ding E.L., Farvid M.S., Wagner G.R., Thorne-Lyman A.L., James P., Fitchett J.R.A., Abajobir A.A., Knibbs L.D., Veerman J.L., Lalloo R., Gouda H.N., Guo Y., McGrath J.J., Abate K.H., Gebrehiwot T.T., Gebremedhin A.T., Abbafati C., Abbas K.M., Abd-Allah F., Abdulle A.M., Abraham B., Abubakar I., Aldridge R.W., Banerjee A., Benzian H., Tillmann T., Abu-Raddad L.J., Abu-Rmeileh N.M., Melaku Y.A., Abyu G.Y., Bayou T.A., Betsu B.D., Gebru A.A., Hailu G.B., Tekle D.Y., Yalew A.Z., Adebiyi A.O., Owolabi M.O., Akinyemi R.O., Adedeji I.A., Afanvi K.A., Micha R., Shi P., Singh G.M., Badawi A., Agarwal A., Agrawal A., Ahmad Kiadaliri A., Norrving B., Ahmadieh H., Yaseri M., Jahanmehr N., Ahmed K.Y., Alemu Z.A., Tegegne T.K., Akanda A.S., Akinyemiju T.F., Schwebel D.C., Singh J.A., Al-Aly Z., Driscoll T.R., Leigh J., Mekonnen A.B., Neal B., Alam U., Alasfoor D., AlBuhairan F.S., Alkhateeb M.A., Aldhahri S.F., Altirkawi K.A., Terkawi A.S., Alkerwi A., Alla F., Allebeck P., Rabiee R.H.S., Roy N., Kivipelto M., Carrero J.J., Fereshtehnejad S.M., Weiderpass E., Havmoeller R., Sindi S., Al-Raddadi R., Alvarez E., Alvis-Guzman N., Paternina Caicedo A.J., Amare A.T., Ciobanu L.G., Tessema G.A., Amberbir A., Amegah A.K., Amini H., Furst T., Karema C.K., Ammar W., Harb H.L., Amrock S.M., Andersen H.H., Antonio C.A.T., Anwari P., Arnlov J., Larsson A., Artaman A., Asayesh H., Asghar R.J., Atique S., Avokpaho E.F.G.A., Awasthi A., Ayala Quintanilla B.P., Bacha U., Balakrishnan K., Barac A., Barker-Collo S.L., Mohammed S., Barrero L.H., Basu S., Del L.C., Bazargan-Hejazi S., Beardsley J., Bedi N., Beghi E., Bejot Y., Sheth K.N., Bell M.L., Bello A.K., Santos I.S., Bensenor I.M., Lotufo P.A., Berhane A., Wolfe C.D., Bernabe E., Wolfe I., Bernal O.A., Roba H.S., Beyene A.S., Mesfin Y.M., Bhala N., Bhatt S., Biadgilign S., Bikbov B., Soneji S., Bjertness E., Htet A.S., Bourne R.R.A., Brainin M., Krueger H., Gotay C.C., Kissoon N., Murthy S., Pourmalek F., Brazinova A., Majdan M., Shen J., Breitborde N.J.K., Broday D.M., Brugha T.S., Buchbinder R., Gabbe B., Butt Z.A., van Donkelaar A., Martin R.V., Carabin H., Cardenas R., Caso V., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Castillo Rivas J., Catala-Lopez F., Cavalleri F., Cecilio P., das Neves J., Massano J., Pedro J.M., Chang H., Chang J., Che X., Chiang P.P., Chibalabala M., Chisumpa V.H., Mapoma C.C., Choi J.J., Chowdhury R., Christensen H., Cirillo M., Piel F.B., Rodriguez A., Cooke G.S., Majeed A., Cooper L.T., Crump J.A., Derrett S., Poulton R.G., Damtew S.A., Workie S.B., Deribe K., Tefera W., Giref A.Z., Haile D., Temam Shifa G., Dargan P.I., Davis A.C., Newton J.N., Steel N., Davletov K., de Castro E.F., De Leo D., Degenhardt L., Resnikoff S., Mitchell P.B., Des Jarlais D.C., Dey S., Dhillon P.K., Lal D.K., Zodpey S., Dharmaratne S.D., Dorsey E.R., Doyle K.E., Kemp A.H., Dubey M., Rahman M.H.U., Ram U., Verma R.K., Yadav A.K., Duncan B.B., Kieling C., Schmidt M.I., Ebrahimi H., Esteghamati A., Farzadfar F., Hafezi-Nejad N., Kasaeian A., Parsaeian M., Pishgar F., Sheikhbahaei S., Fahimi S., Malekzadeh R., Roshandel G., Sepanlou S.G., Hassanvand M.S., Khosravi A., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Endries A.Y., Ermakov S.P., Soshnikov S., Eshrati B., Farid T.A., Khan A.R., Farinha C.S.E.S., Faro A., Feigin V.L., Felicio M.M., Fernandes J.C., Fischer F., Foigt N., Shiue I., Fowkes F.G.R., Franca E.B., Franklin R.C., Garcia-Basteiro A.L., Gebre T., Gessner B.D., Gillum R.F., Mehari A., Ginawi I.A., Giroud M., Gishu M.D., Tura A.K., Gona P., Goodridge A., Gopalani S.V., Goto A., Inoue M., Greenwell K.F., Gupta R., Gupta V., Gutierrez R.A., Gyawali B., Iburg K.M., Halasa Y.A., Undurraga E.A., Hamadeh R.R., Hamidi S., Hammami M., Hankey G.J., Haro J.M., Hoek H.W., Skirbekk V., Horino M., Horita N., Hosgood H.D., Hoy D.G., Hu G., Huang H., Idrisov B.T., Kwan G.F., Kawakami N., Shibuya K., Islami F., Jacobs T.A., Jacobsen K.H., Jakovljevic M.B., Jansen H.A.F., Javanbakht M., Jayatilleke A.U., Jee S.H., Jiang Y., Jibat T., Jonas J.B., Kabir Z., Kalkonde Y., Kamal R., Kesavachandran C.N., She J., Kan H., Kandel A., Karch A., Karimkhani C., Karunapema P., Kaul A., Kayibanda J.F., Keiyoro P.N., Matzopoulos R., Parry C.D., Kengne A.P., Wiysonge C.S., Stein D.J., Mayosi B.M., Shey M., Keren A., Khader Y.S., Khan E.A., Khan G., Khang Y.H., Won S., Khoja T.A.M., Khubchandani J., Kim C., Kim D., Kim S., Kim Y.J., Kimokoti R.W., Kokubo Y., Kolte D., Kosen S., Koul P.A., Koyanagi A., Kravchenko M., Varakin Y.Y., Kuate Defo B., Kuchenbecker R.S., Kuipers E.J., Kulkarni V.S., Lal A., Lucas R.M., Lam H., Lan Q., Laryea D.O., Latif A.A., Leasher J.L., Leinsalu M., Leung R., Levi M., Linn S., Lipshultz S.E., Wilkinson J.D., Simard E.P., Liu Y., Phillips M.R., Lloyd B.K., Lo L., Logroscino G., Lunevicius R., Magdy M., Magis-Rodriguez C., Mahdavi M., Malta D.C., Meaney P.A., Margolis D.J., Martinez-Raga J., Mason-Jones A.J., Tedla B.A., Memiah P., Memish Z.A., Mendoza W., Mensink G.B.M., Meretoja T.J., Mhimbira F.A., Miller T.R., Mills E.J., Mohammadi A., Monasta L., Montico M., Ronfani L., Monis J.D., Morawska L., Sun J., Mori R., Werdecker A., Mueller U.O., Westerman R., Murdoch M.E., Murimira B., Murray J., Musa K.I., Nachega J.B., Seedat S., Tran B.X., Nagel G., Rothenbacher D., Naidoo K.S., Oladimeji O., Sartorius B., Zegeye E.A., Naldi L., Remuzzi G., Nangia V., Nejjari C., Newton C.R., Ngalesoni F.N., Nguyen Q.L., Nkamedjie P.M., Nolte S., Osborne R.H., Nomura M., Norheim O.F., Obermeyer C.M., Ogbo F.A., Oh I., Olivares P.R., Olusanya B.O., Olusanya J.O., Opio J.N., Oren E., Ortiz A., Ota E., Mahesh P.A., Park E., Park H., Patel T., Patil S.T., Patten S.B., Tonelli M., Paudel D., Pereira D.M., Perico N., Pesudovs K., Petzold M., Pillay J.D., Polinder S., Qorbani M., Radfar A., Rahman M., Rahman S.U., Rai R.K., Rajsic S., Raju M., Rana S.M., Ranabhat C.L., Ranganathan K., Refaat A.H., Ribeiro A.L., Rojas-Rueda D., Roy A., Sagar R., Satpathy M., Sackey B.B., Saleh M.M., Sanabria J.R., Sarmiento-Suarez R., Savic M., Sawhney M., Schmidhuber J., Schneider I.J.C., Silva D.A.S., Schutte A.E., Shaheen A., Shaikh M.A., Sharma R., Nguhiu P., Shigematsu M., Shin M., Yoon S., Shiri R., Shishani K., Sigfusdottir I.D., Silverberg J.I., Yano Y., Singh O.P., Singh P.K., Soreide K., Soriano J.B., Sposato L.A., Sreeramareddy C.T., Stahl H., Stathopoulou V., Steckling N., Stranges S., Strong M., Sunguya B.F., Swaminathan S., Sykes B.L., Tabares-Seisdedos R., Tabb K.M., Talongwa R.T., Tarawneh M.R., Tavakkoli M., Taye B., Tuzcu E.M., Thakur J., Thomson A.J., Thurston G.D., Tobe-Gai R., Topor-Madry R., Topouzis F., Tsala Dimbuene Z., Tyrovolas S., Ukwaja K.N., Uneke C.J., Uthman O.A., Vasankari T., Vasconcelos A.M.N., Venketasubramanian N., Violante F.S., Vlassov V.V., Volkow P., Wallin M.T., Weichenthal S., Woolf A.D., Wubshet M., Xu G., Yakob B., Yan L.L., Yip P., Yonemoto N., Younis M.Z., Yu C., Zaidi Z., Zaki M.E., Zambrana-Torrelio C., Zapata T., Zonies D., Singh A., Thrift A.G., Wang L., Lim S.S., Allen K., Dandona L., Forouzanfar M.H., Fullman N., Goldberg E.M., Hay S.I., Holmberg M., Kutz M.J., Larson H.J., Lopez A.D., McNellan C.R., Mokdad A.H., Mooney M.D., Naghavi M., Olsen H.E., Pigott D.M., Vos T., Wang H., Achoki T., Afshin A., Allen C., Anderson G.M., Barber R., Bienhoff K.A., Blore J., Brauer M., Carter A., Casey D., Charlson F.J., Chen A.Z., Coates M.M., Coggeshall M., Cohen A.J., Deshpande A., Erskine H.E., Ferrari A.J., Fitzmaurice C., Foreman K., Fraser M., Friedman J., Frostad J., Godwin W., Graetz N., Griswold M., Haagsma J.A., Haakenstad A., Kassebaum N.J., Kemmer L., Kulikoff X.R., Kyu H.H., Leung J., Lind M., Liu P.Y., Masiye F., Mirarefin M., Misganaw A., Moradi-Lakeh M., Nguyen G., Pinho C., Rao P.C., Reitsma M.B., Roth G.A., Santomauro D.F., Shackelford K., Silpakit N., Sligar A., Sorensen R.J.D., Stanaway J.D., Steiner C., Sur P., Vollset S.E., Wanga V., Whiteford H.A., Zhao Y., Zhou M., Murray C.J.L., Kotsakis G.A., Mock C.N., Anderson B.O., Watkins D.A., Bhutta Z.A., Nisar M.I., Akseer N., deVeber G.A., Jeemon P., Dandona R., Kumar G.A., Gething P.W., Bisanzio D., Cooper C., Ali R., Bennett D.A., Jha V., Weiss D.J., Kinfu Y., Patel V., Langan S.M., McKee M., Murthy G.V.S., Roberts B., Stockl H., Duan L., Jin Y., Li Y., Liu S., Ye P., Liang X., Azzopardi P., Cowie B.C., Meretoja A., Patton G.C., Alam K., Weintraub R.G., Sawyer S.M., Szoeke C.E.I., Taylor H.R., Lozano R., Barrientos-Gutierrez T., Campos-Nonato I.R., Campuzano J.C., Heredia-Pi I.B., Montanez Hernandez J.C., Rios Blancas M.J., Servan-Mori E.E., Shamah Levy T., Salomon J.A., Binagwaho A., Barnighausen T., Cahill L.E., Ding E.L., Farvid M.S., Wagner G.R., Thorne-Lyman A.L., James P., Fitchett J.R.A., Abajobir A.A., Knibbs L.D., Veerman J.L., Lalloo R., Gouda H.N., Guo Y., McGrath J.J., Abate K.H., Gebrehiwot T.T., Gebremedhin A.T., Abbafati C., Abbas K.M., Abd-Allah F., Abdulle A.M., Abraham B., Abubakar I., Aldridge R.W., Banerjee A., Benzian H., Tillmann T., Abu-Raddad L.J., Abu-Rmeileh N.M., Melaku Y.A., Abyu G.Y., Bayou T.A., Betsu B.D., Gebru A.A., Hailu G.B., Tekle D.Y., Yalew A.Z., Adebiyi A.O., Owolabi M.O., Akinyemi R.O., Adedeji I.A., Afanvi K.A., Micha R., Shi P., Singh G.M., Badawi A., Agarwal A., Agrawal A., Ahmad Kiadaliri A., Norrving B., Ahmadieh H., Yaseri M., Jahanmehr N., Ahmed K.Y., Alemu Z.A., Tegegne T.K., Akanda A.S., Akinyemiju T.F., Schwebel D.C., Singh J.A., Al-Aly Z., Driscoll T.R., Leigh J., Mekonnen A.B., Neal B., Alam U., Alasfoor D., AlBuhairan F.S., Alkhateeb M.A., Aldhahri S.F., Altirkawi K.A., Terkawi A.S., Alkerwi A., Alla F., Allebeck P., Rabiee R.H.S., Roy N., Kivipelto M., Carrero J.J., Fereshtehnejad S.M., Weiderpass E., Havmoeller R., Sindi S., Al-Raddadi R., Alvarez E., Alvis-Guzman N., Paternina Caicedo A.J., Amare A.T., Ciobanu L.G., Tessema G.A., Amberbir A., Amegah A.K., Amini H., Furst T., Karema C.K., Ammar W., Harb H.L., Amrock S.M., Andersen H.H., Antonio C.A.T., Anwari P., Arnlov J., Larsson A., Artaman A., Asayesh H., Asghar R.J., Atique S., Avokpaho E.F.G.A., Awasthi A., Ayala Quintanilla B.P., Bacha U., Balakrishnan K., Barac A., Barker-Collo S.L., Mohammed S., Barrero L.H., Basu S., Del L.C., Bazargan-Hejazi S., Beardsley J., Bedi N., Beghi E., Bejot Y., Sheth K.N., Bell M.L., Bello A.K., Santos I.S., Bensenor I.M., Lotufo P.A., Berhane A., Wolfe C.D., Bernabe E., Wolfe I., Bernal O.A., Roba H.S., Beyene A.S., Mesfin Y.M., Bhala N., Bhatt S., Biadgilign S., Bikbov B., Soneji S., Bjertness E., Htet A.S., Bourne R.R.A., Brainin M., Krueger H., Gotay C.C., Kissoon N., Murthy S., Pourmalek F., Brazinova A., Majdan M., Shen J., Breitborde N.J.K., Broday D.M., Brugha T.S., Buchbinder R., Gabbe B., Butt Z.A., van Donkelaar A., Martin R.V., Carabin H., Cardenas R., Caso V., Castaneda-Orjuela C.A., Castillo Rivas J., Catala-Lopez F., Cavalleri F., Cecilio P., das Neves J., Massano J., Pedro J.M., Chang H., Chang J., Che X., Chiang P.P., Chibalabala M., Chisumpa V.H., Mapoma C.C., Choi J.J., Chowdhury R., Christensen H., Cirillo M., Piel F.B., Rodriguez A., Cooke G.S., Majeed A., Cooper L.T., Crump J.A., Derrett S., Poulton R.G., Damtew S.A., Workie S.B., Deribe K., Tefera W., Giref A.Z., Haile D., Temam Shifa G., Dargan P.I., Davis A.C., Newton J.N., Steel N., Davletov K., de Castro E.F., De Leo D., Degenhardt L., Resnikoff S., Mitchell P.B., Des Jarlais D.C., Dey S., Dhillon P.K., Lal D.K., Zodpey S., Dharmaratne S.D., Dorsey E.R., Doyle K.E., Kemp A.H., Dubey M., Rahman M.H.U., Ram U., Verma R.K., Yadav A.K., Duncan B.B., Kieling C., Schmidt M.I., Ebrahimi H., Esteghamati A., Farzadfar F., Hafezi-Nejad N., Kasaeian A., Parsaeian M., Pishgar F., Sheikhbahaei S., Fahimi S., Malekzadeh R., Roshandel G., Sepanlou S.G., Hassanvand M.S., Khosravi A., Rahimi-Movaghar V., Endries A.Y., Ermakov S.P., Soshnikov S., Eshrati B., Farid T.A., Khan A.R., Farinha C.S.E.S., Faro A., Feigin V.L., Felicio M.M., Fernandes J.C., Fischer F., Foigt N., Shiue I., Fowkes F.G.R., Franca E.B., Franklin R.C., Garcia-Basteiro A.L., Gebre T., Gessner B.D., Gillum R.F., Mehari A., Ginawi I.A., Giroud M., Gishu M.D., Tura A.K., Gona P., Goodridge A., Gopalani S.V., Goto A., Inoue M., Greenwell K.F., Gupta R., Gupta V., Gutierrez R.A., Gyawali B., Iburg K.M., Halasa Y.A., Undurraga E.A., Hamadeh R.R., Hamidi S., Hammami M., Hankey G.J., Haro J.M., Hoek H.W., Skirbekk V., Horino M., Horita N., Hosgood H.D., Hoy D.G., Hu G., Huang H., Idrisov B.T., Kwan G.F., Kawakami N., Shibuya K., Islami F., Jacobs T.A., Jacobsen K.H., Jakovljevic M.B., Jansen H.A.F., Javanbakht M., Jayatilleke A.U., Jee S.H., Jiang Y., Jibat T., Jonas J.B., Kabir Z., Kalkonde Y., Kamal R., Kesavachandran C.N., She J., Kan H., Kandel A., Karch A., Karimkhani C., Karunapema P., Kaul A., Kayibanda J.F., Keiyoro P.N., Matzopoulos R., Parry C.D., Kengne A.P., Wiysonge C.S., Stein D.J., Mayosi B.M., Shey M., Keren A., Khader Y.S., Khan E.A., Khan G., Khang Y.H., Won S., Khoja T.A.M., Khubchandani J., Kim C., Kim D., Kim S., Kim Y.J., Kimokoti R.W., Kokubo Y., Kolte D., Kosen S., Koul P.A., Koyanagi A., Kravchenko M., Varakin Y.Y., Kuate Defo B., Kuchenbecker R.S., Kuipers E.J., Kulkarni V.S., Lal A., Lucas R.M., Lam H., Lan Q., Laryea D.O., Latif A.A., Leasher J.L., Leinsalu M., Leung R., Levi M., Linn S., Lipshultz S.E., Wilkinson J.D., Simard E.P., Liu Y., Phillips M.R., Lloyd B.K., Lo L., Logroscino G., Lunevicius R., Magdy M., Magis-Rodriguez C., Mahdavi M., Malta D.C., Meaney P.A., Margolis D.J., Martinez-Raga J., Mason-Jones A.J., Tedla B.A., Memiah P., Memish Z.A., Mendoza W., Mensink G.B.M., Meretoja T.J., Mhimbira F.A., Miller T.R., Mills E.J., Mohammadi A., Monasta L., Montico M., Ronfani L., Monis J.D., Morawska L., Sun J., Mori R., Werdecker A., Mueller U.O., Westerman R., Murdoch M.E., Murimira B., Murray J., Musa K.I., Nachega J.B., Seedat S., Tran B.X., Nagel G., Rothenbacher D., Naidoo K.S., Oladimeji O., Sartorius B., Zegeye E.A., Naldi L., Remuzzi G., Nangia V., Nejjari C., Newton C.R., Ngalesoni F.N., Nguyen Q.L., Nkamedjie P.M., Nolte S., Osborne R.H., Nomura M., Norheim O.F., Obermeyer C.M., Ogbo F.A., Oh I., Olivares P.R., Olusanya B.O., Olusanya J.O., Opio J.N., Oren E., Ortiz A., Ota E., Mahesh P.A., Park E., Park H., Patel T., Patil S.T., Patten S.B., Tonelli M., Paudel D., Pereira D.M., Perico N., Pesudovs K., Petzold M., Pillay J.D., Polinder S., Qorbani M., Radfar A., Rahman M., Rahman S.U., Rai R.K., Rajsic S., Raju M., Rana S.M., Ranabhat C.L., Ranganathan K., Refaat A.H., Ribeiro A.L., Rojas-Rueda D., Roy A., Sagar R., Satpathy M., Sackey B.B., Saleh M.M., Sanabria J.R., Sarmiento-Suarez R., Savic M., Sawhney M., Schmidhuber J., Schneider I.J.C., Silva D.A.S., Schutte A.E., Shaheen A., Shaikh M.A., and Sharma R.
- Abstract
Background In September, 2015, the UN General Assembly established the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The SDGs specify 17 universal goals, 169 targets, and 230 indicators leading up to 2030. We provide an analysis of 33 health-related SDG indicators based on the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2015 (GBD 2015). Methods We applied statistical methods to systematically compiled data to estimate the performance of 33 health-related SDG indicators for 188 countries from 1990 to 2015. We rescaled each indicator on a scale from 0 (worst observed value between 1990 and 2015) to 100 (best observed). Indices representing all 33 health-related SDG indicators (health-related SDG index), health-related SDG indicators included in the Millennium Development Goals (MDG index), and health-related indicators not included in the MDGs (non-MDG index) were computed as the geometric mean of the rescaled indicators by SDG target. We used spline regressions to examine the relations between the Socio-demographic Index (SDI, a summary measure based on average income per person, educational attainment, and total fertility rate) and each of the health-related SDG indicators and indices. Findings In 2015, the median health-related SDG index was 59.3 (95% uncertainty interval 56.8-61.8) and varied widely by country, ranging from 85.5 (84.2-86.5) in Iceland to 20.4 (15.4-24.9) in Central African Republic. SDI was a good predictor of the health-related SDG index (r2=0.88) and the MDG index (r2=0.92), whereas the non-MDG index had a weaker relation with SDI (r2=0.79). Between 2000 and 2015, the health-related SDG index improved by a median of 7.9 (IQR 5.0-10.4), and gains on the MDG index (a median change of 10.0 [6.7-13.1]) exceeded that of the non-MDG index (a median change of 5.5 [2.1-8.9]). Since 2000, pronounced progress occurred for indicators such as met need with modern contraception, under-5 mortality, and neonatal mortality, as well as the indicator for
- Published
- 2016
11. Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015
- Author
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Wang, H., Naghavi, M., Allen, C., Barber, R., Bhutta, Z., Carter, A., Casey, D., Charlson, F., Chen, A., Coates, M., Coggeshall, M., Dandona, L., Dicker, D., Erskine, H., Ferrari, A., Fitzmaurice, C., Foreman, K., Forouzanfar, M., Fraser, M., Pullman, N., Gething, P., Goldberg, E., Graetz, N., Haagsma, J., Hay, S., Huynh, C., Johnson, C., Kassebaum, N., Kinfu, Y., Kulikoff, X., Kutz, M., Kyu, H., Larson, H., Leung, J., Liang, X., Lim, S., Lind, M., Lozano, R., Marquez, N., Mensah, G., Mikesell, J., Mokdad, A., Mooney, M., Nguyen, G., Nsoesie, E., Pigott, D., Pinho, C., Roth, G., Salomon, J., Sandar, L., Silpakit, N., Sligar, A., Sorensen, R., Stanaway, J., Steiner, C., Teeple, S., Thomas, B., Troeger, C., VanderZanden, A., Vollset, S., Wanga, V., Whiteford, H., Wolock, T., Zoeckler, L., Abate, K., Abbafati, C., Abbas, K., Abd-Allah, F., Abera, S., Abreu, D., Abu-Raddad, L., Abyu, G., Achoki, T., Adelekan, A., Ademi, Z., Adou, A., Adsuar, J., Afanvi, K., Afshin, A., Agardh, E., Agarwal, A., Agrawal, A., Kiadaliri, A., Ajala, O., Akanda, A., Akinyemi, R., Akinyemiju, T., Akseer, N., Al Lami, F., Alabed, S., Al-Aly, Z., Alam, K., Alam, N., Alasfoor, D., Aldhahri, S., Aldridge, R., Alegretti, M., Aleman, A., Alemu, Z., Alexander, L., Alhabib, S., Ali, R., Alkerwi, A., Alla, F., Allebeck, P., Al-Raddadi, R., Alsharif, U., Altirkawi, K., Martin, E., Alvis-Guzman, N., Amare, A., Amegah, A., Ameh, E., Amini, H., Ammar, W., Amrock, S., Andersen, H., Anderson, B., Anderson, G., Antonio, C., Aregay, A., Arnlov, J., Arsenijevic, V., Al, A., Asayesh, H., Asghar, R., Atique, S., Arthur Avokpaho, E., Awasthi, A., Azzopardi, P., Bacha, U., Badawi, A., Bahit, M., Balakrishnan, K., Banerjee, A., Barac, A., Barker-Collo, S., Barnighausen, T., Barregard, L., Barrero, L., Basu, A., Basu, S., Bayou, Y., Bazargan-Hejazi, S., Beardsley, J., Bedi, N., Beghi, E., Belay, H., Bell, B., Bell, M., Bello, A., Bennett, D., Bensenor, I., Berhane, A., Bernabe, E., Betsu, B., Beyene, A., Bhala, N., Bhalla, A., Biadgilign, S., Bikbov, B., Bin Abdulhak, A., Biroscak, B., Biryukov, S., Bjertness, E., Blore, J., Blosser, C., Bohensky, M., Borschmann, R., Bose, D., Bourne, R., Brainin, M., Brayne, C., Brazinova, A., Breitborde, N., Brenner, H., Brewer, J., Brown, A., Brown, J., Brugha, T., Buckle, G., Butt, Z., Calabria, B., Campos-Novato, I., Campuzano, J., Carapetis, J., Cardenas, R., Carpenter, D., Carrero, J., Castaneda-Oquela, C., Rivas, J., Catala-Lopez, F., Cavalleri, F., Cercy, K., Cerda, J., Chen, W., Chew, A., Chiang, P., Chibalabala, M., Chibueze, C., Chimed-Ochir, O., Chisumpa, V., Choi, J., Chowdhury, R., Christensen, H., Christopher, D., Ciobanu, L., Cirillo, M., Cohen, A., Colistro, V., Colomar, M., Colquhoun, S., Cooper, C., Cooper, L., Cortinovis, M., Cowie, B., Crump, J., Damsere-Derry, J., Danawi, H., Dandona, R., Daoud, F., Darby, S., Dargan, P., das Neves, J., Davey, G., Davis, A., Davitoiu, D., de Castro, E., de Jager, P., De Leo, D., Degenhardt, L., Dellavalle, R., Deribe, K., Deribew, A., Dharmaratne, S., Dhillon, P., Diaz-Torne, C., Ding, E., dos Santos, K., Dossou, E., Driscoll, T., Duan, L., Dubey, M., Bartholow, B., Ellenbogen, R., Lycke, C., Elyazar, I., Endries, A., Ermakov, S., Eshrati, B., Esteghamati, A., Estep, K., Faghmous, I., Fahimi, S., Jose, E., Farid, T., Sa Farinha, C., Faro, A., Farvid, M., Farzadfar, F., Feigin, V., Fereshtehnejad, S., Fernandes, J., Fischer, F., Fitchett, J., Flaxman, A., Foigt, N., Fowkes, F., Franca, E., Franklin, R., Friedman, J., Frostad, J., Hirst, T., Futran, N., Gall, S., Gambashidze, K., Gamkrelidze, A., Ganguly, P., Gankpe, F., Gebre, T., Gebrehiwot, T., Gebremedhin, A., Gebru, A., Geleijnse, J., Gessner, B., Ghoshal, A., Gibney, K., Gillum, R., Gilmour, S., Giref, A., Giroud, M., Gishu, M., Giussani, G., Glaser, E., Godwin, W., Gomez-Dantes, H., Gona, P., Goodridge, A., Gopalani, S., Gosselin, R., Gotay, C., Goto, A., Gouda, H., Greaves, F., Gugnani, H., Gupta, R., Gupta, V., Gutierrez, R., Hafezi-Nejad, N., Haile, D., Hailu, A., Hailu, G., Halasa, Y., Hamadeh, R., Hamidi, S., Hancock, J., Handal, A., Hankey, G., Hao, Y., Harb, H., Harikrishnan, S., Haro, J., Havmoeller, R., Heckbert, S., Heredia-Pi, I., Heydarpour, P., Hilderink, H., Hoek, H., Hogg, R., Horino, M., Horita, N., Hosgood, H., Hotez, P., Hoy, D., Hsairi, M., Htet, A., Than Htike, M., Hu, G., Huang, C., Huang, H., Huiart, L., Husseini, A., Huybrechts, I., Huynh, G., Iburg, K., Innos, K., Inoue, M., Iyer, V., Jacobs, T., Jacobsen, K., Jahanmehr, N., Jakovljevic, M., James, P., Javanbakht, M., Jayaraman, S., Jayatilleke, A., Jeemon, P., Jensen, P., Jha, V., Jiang, G., Jiang, Y., Jibat, T., Jimenez-Corona, A., Jonas, J., Joshi, T., Kabir, Z., Karnak, R., Kan, H., Kant, S., Karch, A., Karema, C., Karimkhani, C., Karletsos, D., Karthikeyan, G., Kasaeian, A., Katibeh, M., Kaul, A., Kawakami, N., Kayibanda, J., Keiyoro, P., Kemmer, L., Kemp, A., Kengne, A., Keren, A., Kereselidze, M., Kesavachandran, C., Khader, Y., Khalil, I., Khan, A., Khan, E., Khang, Y., Khera, S., Muthafer Khoja, T., Kieling, C., Kim, D., Kim, Y., Kissela, B., Kissoon, N., Knibbs, L., Knudsen, A., Kokubo, Y., Kolte, D., Kopec, J., Kosen, S., Koul, P., Koyanagi, A., Krog, N., Defo, B., Bicer, B., Kudom, A., Kuipers, E., Kulkarni, V., Kumar, G., Kwan, G., Lal, A., Lal, D., Lalloo, R., Lam, H., Lam, J., Langan, S., Lansingh, V., Larsson, A., Laryea, D., Latif, A., Lawrynowicz, A., Leigh, J., Levi, M., Li, Y., Lindsay, M., Lipshultz, S., Liu, P., Liu, S., Liu, Y., Lo, L., Logroscino, G., Lotufo, P., Lucas, R., Lunevicius, R., Lyons, R., Ma, S., Pedro Machado, V., Mackay, M., MacLachlan, J., Abd El Razek, H., Abd El Razek, M., Majdan, M., Majeed, A., Malekzadeh, R., Ayele Manamo, W., Mandisarisa, J., Mangalam, S., Mapoma, C., Marcenes, W., Margolis, D., Martin, G., Martinez-Raga, J., Marzan, M., Masiye, F., Mason-Jones, A., Massano, J., Matzopoulos, R., Mayosi, B., McGarvey, S., McGrath, J., Mckee, M., McMahon, B., Meaney, P., Mehari, A., Mehndiratta, M., Mena-Rodriguez, F., Mekonnen, A., Melaku, Y., Memiah, P., Memish, Z., Mendoza, W., Meretoja, A., Meretoja, T., Mhimbira, F., Micha, R., Miller, Ted, Mirarefin, M., Misganaw, A., Mock, C., Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, K., Mohammadi, A., Mohammed, S., Mohan, V., Mola, G., Monasta, L., Montanez Hernandez, J., Montero, P., Montico, M., Montine, T., Moradi-Lakeh, M., Morawska, L., Morgan, K., Mori, R., Mozaffarian, D., Mueller, U., Satyanarayana Murthy, G., Murthy, S., Musa, K., Nachega, J., Nagel, G., Naidoo, K., Naik, N., Naldi, L., Nangia, V., Nash, D., Nejjari, C., Neupane, S., Newton, C., Newton, J., Ng, M., Ngalesoni, F., Ngirabega, J., Quyen, L., Nisar, M., Nkamedjie Pete, P., Nomura, M., Norheim, O., Norman, P., Norrving, B., Nyakarahuka, L., Ogbo, F., Ohkubo, T., Ojelabi, F., Olivares, P., Olusanya, B., Olusanya, J., Opio, J., Oren, E., Ortiz, A., Osman, M., Ota, E., Ozdemir, R., Pa, M., Pandian, J., Pant, P., Papachristou, C., Park, E., Park, J., Parry, C., Parsaeian, M., Caicedo, A., Patten, S., Patton, G., Paul, V., Pearce, N., Pedro, J., Stokic, L., Pereira, D., Perico, N., Pesudovs, K., Petzold, M., Phillips, M., Piel, F., Pillay, J., Plass, D., Platts-Mills, J., Polinder, S., Pope, C., Popova, S., Poulton, R., Pourmalek, F., Prabhakaran, D., Qorbani, M., Quame-Amaglo, J., Quistberg, D., Rafay, A., Rahimi, K., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Rahman, M., Rahman, S., Rai, R., Rajavi, Z., Rajsic, S., Raju, M., Rakovac, I., Rana, S., Ranabhat, C., Rangaswamy, T., Rao, P., Rao, S., Refaat, A., Rehm, J., Reitsma, M., Remuzzi, G., Resnikofff, S., Ribeiro, A., Ricci, S., Blancas, M., Roberts, B., Roca, A., Rojas-Rueda, D., Ronfani, L., Roshandel, G., Rothenbacher, D., Roy, A., Roy, N., Ruhago, G., Sagar, R., Saha, S., Sahathevan, R., Saleh, M., Sanabria, J., Sanchez-Nino, M., Sanchez-Riera, L., Santos, I., Sarmiento-Suarez, R., Sartorius, B., Satpathy, M., Savic, M., Sawhney, M., Schaub, M., Schmidt, M., Schneider, I., Schottker, B., Schutte, A., Schwebel, D., Seedat, S., Sepanlou, S., Servan-Mori, E., Shackelford, K., Shaddick, G., Shaheen, A., Shahraz, S., Shaikh, M., Shakh-Nazarova, M., Sharma, R., She, J., Sheikhbahaei, S., Shen, J., Shen, Z., Shepard, D., Sheth, K., Shetty, B., Shi, P., Shibuya, K., Shin, M., Shiri, R., Shiue, I., Shrime, M., Sigfusdottir, I., Silberberg, D., Silva, D., Silveira, D., Silverberg, J., Simard, E., Singh, A., Singh, G., Singh, J., Singh, O., Singh, P., Singh, V., Soneji, S., Soreide, K., Soriano, J., Sposato, L., Sreeramareddy, C., Stathopoulou, V., Stein, D., Stein, M., Stranges, S., Stroumpoulis, K., Sunguya, B., Sur, P., Swaminathan, S., Sykes, B., Szoeke, C., Tabares-Seisdedos, R., Tabb, K., Takahashi, K., Takala, J., Talongwa, R., Tandon, N., Tavakkoli, M., Taye, B., Taylor, H., Ao, B., Tedla, B., Tefera, W., Ten Have, M., Terkawi, A., Tesfay, F., Tessema, G., Thomson, A., Thorne-Lyman, A., Thrift, A., Thurston, G., Tillmann, T., Tirschwell, D., Tonelli, M., Topor-Madry, R., Topouzis, F., Nx, J., Traebert, J., Tran, B., Truelsen, T., Trujillo, U., Tura, A., Tuzcu, E., Uchendu, U., Ukwaja, K., Undurraga, E., Uthman, O., Van Dingenen, R., Van Donkelaar, A., Vasankari, T., Vasconcelos, A., Venketasubramanian, N., Vidavalur, R., Vijayakumar, L., Villalpando, S., Violante, F., Vlassov, V., Wagner, J., Wagner, G., Wallin, M., Wang, L., Watkins, D., Weichenthal, S., Weiderpass, E., Weintraub, R., Werdecker, A., Westerman, R., White, R., Wijeratne, T., Wilkinson, J., Williams, H., Wiysonge, C., Woldeyohannes, S., Wolfe, C., Won, S., Wong, J., Woolf, A., Xavier, D., Xiao, Q., Xu, G., Yakob, B., Yalew, A., Yan, L., Yano, Y., Yaseri, M., Ye, P., Yebyo, H., Yip, P., Yirsaw, B., Yonemoto, N., Yonga, G., Younis, M., Yu, S., Zaidi, Z., Zaki, M., Zannad, F., Zavala, D., Zeeb, H., Zeleke, B., Zhang, H., Zodpey, S., Zonies, D., Zuhlke, L., Vos, T., Lopez, A., Murray, C., Wang, H., Naghavi, M., Allen, C., Barber, R., Bhutta, Z., Carter, A., Casey, D., Charlson, F., Chen, A., Coates, M., Coggeshall, M., Dandona, L., Dicker, D., Erskine, H., Ferrari, A., Fitzmaurice, C., Foreman, K., Forouzanfar, M., Fraser, M., Pullman, N., Gething, P., Goldberg, E., Graetz, N., Haagsma, J., Hay, S., Huynh, C., Johnson, C., Kassebaum, N., Kinfu, Y., Kulikoff, X., Kutz, M., Kyu, H., Larson, H., Leung, J., Liang, X., Lim, S., Lind, M., Lozano, R., Marquez, N., Mensah, G., Mikesell, J., Mokdad, A., Mooney, M., Nguyen, G., Nsoesie, E., Pigott, D., Pinho, C., Roth, G., Salomon, J., Sandar, L., Silpakit, N., Sligar, A., Sorensen, R., Stanaway, J., Steiner, C., Teeple, S., Thomas, B., Troeger, C., VanderZanden, A., Vollset, S., Wanga, V., Whiteford, H., Wolock, T., Zoeckler, L., Abate, K., Abbafati, C., Abbas, K., Abd-Allah, F., Abera, S., Abreu, D., Abu-Raddad, L., Abyu, G., Achoki, T., Adelekan, A., Ademi, Z., Adou, A., Adsuar, J., Afanvi, K., Afshin, A., Agardh, E., Agarwal, A., Agrawal, A., Kiadaliri, A., Ajala, O., Akanda, A., Akinyemi, R., Akinyemiju, T., Akseer, N., Al Lami, F., Alabed, S., Al-Aly, Z., Alam, K., Alam, N., Alasfoor, D., Aldhahri, S., Aldridge, R., Alegretti, M., Aleman, A., Alemu, Z., Alexander, L., Alhabib, S., Ali, R., Alkerwi, A., Alla, F., Allebeck, P., Al-Raddadi, R., Alsharif, U., Altirkawi, K., Martin, E., Alvis-Guzman, N., Amare, A., Amegah, A., Ameh, E., Amini, H., Ammar, W., Amrock, S., Andersen, H., Anderson, B., Anderson, G., Antonio, C., Aregay, A., Arnlov, J., Arsenijevic, V., Al, A., Asayesh, H., Asghar, R., Atique, S., Arthur Avokpaho, E., Awasthi, A., Azzopardi, P., Bacha, U., Badawi, A., Bahit, M., Balakrishnan, K., Banerjee, A., Barac, A., Barker-Collo, S., Barnighausen, T., Barregard, L., Barrero, L., Basu, A., Basu, S., Bayou, Y., Bazargan-Hejazi, S., Beardsley, J., Bedi, N., Beghi, E., Belay, H., Bell, B., Bell, M., Bello, A., Bennett, D., Bensenor, I., Berhane, A., Bernabe, E., Betsu, B., Beyene, A., Bhala, N., Bhalla, A., Biadgilign, S., Bikbov, B., Bin Abdulhak, A., Biroscak, B., Biryukov, S., Bjertness, E., Blore, J., Blosser, C., Bohensky, M., Borschmann, R., Bose, D., Bourne, R., Brainin, M., Brayne, C., Brazinova, A., Breitborde, N., Brenner, H., Brewer, J., Brown, A., Brown, J., Brugha, T., Buckle, G., Butt, Z., Calabria, B., Campos-Novato, I., Campuzano, J., Carapetis, J., Cardenas, R., Carpenter, D., Carrero, J., Castaneda-Oquela, C., Rivas, J., Catala-Lopez, F., Cavalleri, F., Cercy, K., Cerda, J., Chen, W., Chew, A., Chiang, P., Chibalabala, M., Chibueze, C., Chimed-Ochir, O., Chisumpa, V., Choi, J., Chowdhury, R., Christensen, H., Christopher, D., Ciobanu, L., Cirillo, M., Cohen, A., Colistro, V., Colomar, M., Colquhoun, S., Cooper, C., Cooper, L., Cortinovis, M., Cowie, B., Crump, J., Damsere-Derry, J., Danawi, H., Dandona, R., Daoud, F., Darby, S., Dargan, P., das Neves, J., Davey, G., Davis, A., Davitoiu, D., de Castro, E., de Jager, P., De Leo, D., Degenhardt, L., Dellavalle, R., Deribe, K., Deribew, A., Dharmaratne, S., Dhillon, P., Diaz-Torne, C., Ding, E., dos Santos, K., Dossou, E., Driscoll, T., Duan, L., Dubey, M., Bartholow, B., Ellenbogen, R., Lycke, C., Elyazar, I., Endries, A., Ermakov, S., Eshrati, B., Esteghamati, A., Estep, K., Faghmous, I., Fahimi, S., Jose, E., Farid, T., Sa Farinha, C., Faro, A., Farvid, M., Farzadfar, F., Feigin, V., Fereshtehnejad, S., Fernandes, J., Fischer, F., Fitchett, J., Flaxman, A., Foigt, N., Fowkes, F., Franca, E., Franklin, R., Friedman, J., Frostad, J., Hirst, T., Futran, N., Gall, S., Gambashidze, K., Gamkrelidze, A., Ganguly, P., Gankpe, F., Gebre, T., Gebrehiwot, T., Gebremedhin, A., Gebru, A., Geleijnse, J., Gessner, B., Ghoshal, A., Gibney, K., Gillum, R., Gilmour, S., Giref, A., Giroud, M., Gishu, M., Giussani, G., Glaser, E., Godwin, W., Gomez-Dantes, H., Gona, P., Goodridge, A., Gopalani, S., Gosselin, R., Gotay, C., Goto, A., Gouda, H., Greaves, F., Gugnani, H., Gupta, R., Gupta, V., Gutierrez, R., Hafezi-Nejad, N., Haile, D., Hailu, A., Hailu, G., Halasa, Y., Hamadeh, R., Hamidi, S., Hancock, J., Handal, A., Hankey, G., Hao, Y., Harb, H., Harikrishnan, S., Haro, J., Havmoeller, R., Heckbert, S., Heredia-Pi, I., Heydarpour, P., Hilderink, H., Hoek, H., Hogg, R., Horino, M., Horita, N., Hosgood, H., Hotez, P., Hoy, D., Hsairi, M., Htet, A., Than Htike, M., Hu, G., Huang, C., Huang, H., Huiart, L., Husseini, A., Huybrechts, I., Huynh, G., Iburg, K., Innos, K., Inoue, M., Iyer, V., Jacobs, T., Jacobsen, K., Jahanmehr, N., Jakovljevic, M., James, P., Javanbakht, M., Jayaraman, S., Jayatilleke, A., Jeemon, P., Jensen, P., Jha, V., Jiang, G., Jiang, Y., Jibat, T., Jimenez-Corona, A., Jonas, J., Joshi, T., Kabir, Z., Karnak, R., Kan, H., Kant, S., Karch, A., Karema, C., Karimkhani, C., Karletsos, D., Karthikeyan, G., Kasaeian, A., Katibeh, M., Kaul, A., Kawakami, N., Kayibanda, J., Keiyoro, P., Kemmer, L., Kemp, A., Kengne, A., Keren, A., Kereselidze, M., Kesavachandran, C., Khader, Y., Khalil, I., Khan, A., Khan, E., Khang, Y., Khera, S., Muthafer Khoja, T., Kieling, C., Kim, D., Kim, Y., Kissela, B., Kissoon, N., Knibbs, L., Knudsen, A., Kokubo, Y., Kolte, D., Kopec, J., Kosen, S., Koul, P., Koyanagi, A., Krog, N., Defo, B., Bicer, B., Kudom, A., Kuipers, E., Kulkarni, V., Kumar, G., Kwan, G., Lal, A., Lal, D., Lalloo, R., Lam, H., Lam, J., Langan, S., Lansingh, V., Larsson, A., Laryea, D., Latif, A., Lawrynowicz, A., Leigh, J., Levi, M., Li, Y., Lindsay, M., Lipshultz, S., Liu, P., Liu, S., Liu, Y., Lo, L., Logroscino, G., Lotufo, P., Lucas, R., Lunevicius, R., Lyons, R., Ma, S., Pedro Machado, V., Mackay, M., MacLachlan, J., Abd El Razek, H., Abd El Razek, M., Majdan, M., Majeed, A., Malekzadeh, R., Ayele Manamo, W., Mandisarisa, J., Mangalam, S., Mapoma, C., Marcenes, W., Margolis, D., Martin, G., Martinez-Raga, J., Marzan, M., Masiye, F., Mason-Jones, A., Massano, J., Matzopoulos, R., Mayosi, B., McGarvey, S., McGrath, J., Mckee, M., McMahon, B., Meaney, P., Mehari, A., Mehndiratta, M., Mena-Rodriguez, F., Mekonnen, A., Melaku, Y., Memiah, P., Memish, Z., Mendoza, W., Meretoja, A., Meretoja, T., Mhimbira, F., Micha, R., Miller, Ted, Mirarefin, M., Misganaw, A., Mock, C., Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, K., Mohammadi, A., Mohammed, S., Mohan, V., Mola, G., Monasta, L., Montanez Hernandez, J., Montero, P., Montico, M., Montine, T., Moradi-Lakeh, M., Morawska, L., Morgan, K., Mori, R., Mozaffarian, D., Mueller, U., Satyanarayana Murthy, G., Murthy, S., Musa, K., Nachega, J., Nagel, G., Naidoo, K., Naik, N., Naldi, L., Nangia, V., Nash, D., Nejjari, C., Neupane, S., Newton, C., Newton, J., Ng, M., Ngalesoni, F., Ngirabega, J., Quyen, L., Nisar, M., Nkamedjie Pete, P., Nomura, M., Norheim, O., Norman, P., Norrving, B., Nyakarahuka, L., Ogbo, F., Ohkubo, T., Ojelabi, F., Olivares, P., Olusanya, B., Olusanya, J., Opio, J., Oren, E., Ortiz, A., Osman, M., Ota, E., Ozdemir, R., Pa, M., Pandian, J., Pant, P., Papachristou, C., Park, E., Park, J., Parry, C., Parsaeian, M., Caicedo, A., Patten, S., Patton, G., Paul, V., Pearce, N., Pedro, J., Stokic, L., Pereira, D., Perico, N., Pesudovs, K., Petzold, M., Phillips, M., Piel, F., Pillay, J., Plass, D., Platts-Mills, J., Polinder, S., Pope, C., Popova, S., Poulton, R., Pourmalek, F., Prabhakaran, D., Qorbani, M., Quame-Amaglo, J., Quistberg, D., Rafay, A., Rahimi, K., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Rahman, M., Rahman, S., Rai, R., Rajavi, Z., Rajsic, S., Raju, M., Rakovac, I., Rana, S., Ranabhat, C., Rangaswamy, T., Rao, P., Rao, S., Refaat, A., Rehm, J., Reitsma, M., Remuzzi, G., Resnikofff, S., Ribeiro, A., Ricci, S., Blancas, M., Roberts, B., Roca, A., Rojas-Rueda, D., Ronfani, L., Roshandel, G., Rothenbacher, D., Roy, A., Roy, N., Ruhago, G., Sagar, R., Saha, S., Sahathevan, R., Saleh, M., Sanabria, J., Sanchez-Nino, M., Sanchez-Riera, L., Santos, I., Sarmiento-Suarez, R., Sartorius, B., Satpathy, M., Savic, M., Sawhney, M., Schaub, M., Schmidt, M., Schneider, I., Schottker, B., Schutte, A., Schwebel, D., Seedat, S., Sepanlou, S., Servan-Mori, E., Shackelford, K., Shaddick, G., Shaheen, A., Shahraz, S., Shaikh, M., Shakh-Nazarova, M., Sharma, R., She, J., Sheikhbahaei, S., Shen, J., Shen, Z., Shepard, D., Sheth, K., Shetty, B., Shi, P., Shibuya, K., Shin, M., Shiri, R., Shiue, I., Shrime, M., Sigfusdottir, I., Silberberg, D., Silva, D., Silveira, D., Silverberg, J., Simard, E., Singh, A., Singh, G., Singh, J., Singh, O., Singh, P., Singh, V., Soneji, S., Soreide, K., Soriano, J., Sposato, L., Sreeramareddy, C., Stathopoulou, V., Stein, D., Stein, M., Stranges, S., Stroumpoulis, K., Sunguya, B., Sur, P., Swaminathan, S., Sykes, B., Szoeke, C., Tabares-Seisdedos, R., Tabb, K., Takahashi, K., Takala, J., Talongwa, R., Tandon, N., Tavakkoli, M., Taye, B., Taylor, H., Ao, B., Tedla, B., Tefera, W., Ten Have, M., Terkawi, A., Tesfay, F., Tessema, G., Thomson, A., Thorne-Lyman, A., Thrift, A., Thurston, G., Tillmann, T., Tirschwell, D., Tonelli, M., Topor-Madry, R., Topouzis, F., Nx, J., Traebert, J., Tran, B., Truelsen, T., Trujillo, U., Tura, A., Tuzcu, E., Uchendu, U., Ukwaja, K., Undurraga, E., Uthman, O., Van Dingenen, R., Van Donkelaar, A., Vasankari, T., Vasconcelos, A., Venketasubramanian, N., Vidavalur, R., Vijayakumar, L., Villalpando, S., Violante, F., Vlassov, V., Wagner, J., Wagner, G., Wallin, M., Wang, L., Watkins, D., Weichenthal, S., Weiderpass, E., Weintraub, R., Werdecker, A., Westerman, R., White, R., Wijeratne, T., Wilkinson, J., Williams, H., Wiysonge, C., Woldeyohannes, S., Wolfe, C., Won, S., Wong, J., Woolf, A., Xavier, D., Xiao, Q., Xu, G., Yakob, B., Yalew, A., Yan, L., Yano, Y., Yaseri, M., Ye, P., Yebyo, H., Yip, P., Yirsaw, B., Yonemoto, N., Yonga, G., Younis, M., Yu, S., Zaidi, Z., Zaki, M., Zannad, F., Zavala, D., Zeeb, H., Zeleke, B., Zhang, H., Zodpey, S., Zonies, D., Zuhlke, L., Vos, T., Lopez, A., and Murray, C.
- Published
- 2016
12. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015
- Author
-
Forouzanfar, M., Afshin, A., Alexander, L., Anderson, H., Bhutta, Z., Biryukov, S., Brauer, M., Burnett, R., Cercy, K., Charlson, F., Cohen, A., Dandona, L., Estep, K., Ferrari, A., Frostad, J., Fullman, N., Gething, P., Godwin, W., Griswold, M., Kinfu, Y., Kyu, H., Larson, H., Liang, X., Lim, S., Liu, P., Lopez, A., Lozano, R., Marczak, L., Mensah, G., Mokdad, A., Moradi-Lakeh, M., Naghavi, M., Neal, B., Reitsma, M., Roth, G., Salomon, J., Sur, P., Vos, T., Wagner, J., Wang, H., Zhao, Y., Zhou, M., Aasvang, G., Abajobir, A., Abate, K., Abbafati, C., Abbas, K., Abd-Allah, F., Abdulle, A., Abera, S., Abraham, B., Abu-Raddad, L., Abyu, G., Adebiyi, A., Adedeji, I., Ademi, Z., Adou, A., Adsuar, J., Agardh, E., Agarwal, A., Agrawal, A., Kiadaliri, A., Ajala, O., Akinyemiju, T., Al-Aly, Z., Alam, K., Alam, N., Aldhahri, S., Aldridge, R., Alemu, Z., Ali, R., Alkerwi, A., Alla, F., Allebeck, P., Alsharif, U., Altirkawi, K., Alvarez Martin, E., Alvis-Guzman, N., Amare, A., Amberbir, A., Amegah, A., Amini, H., Ammar, W., Amrock, S., Andersen, H., Anderson, B., Antonio, C., Anwar, P., Arnlov, J., Al, A., Asayesh, H., Asghar, R., Assadi, R., Atique, S., Avokpaho, E., Awasthi, A., Quintanilla, B., Azzopardi, P., Bacha, U., Badawi, A., Bahit, M., Balakrishnan, K., Barac, A., Barber, R., Barker-Collo, S., Baernighausen, T., Barquera, S., Barregard, L., Barrero, L., Basu, S., Bans, C., Bazargan-Hejazi, S., Beardsley, J., Bedi, N., Beghi, E., Bell, M., Bello, A., Bennett, D., Bensenor, I., Berhane, A., Bernabe, E., Betsu, B., Beyene, A., Bhala, N., Bhansali, A., Bhatt, S., Biadgilign, S., Bikbov, B., Bisanzio, D., Bjertness, E., Blore, J., Borschmann, R., Boufous, S., Bourne, R., Brainin, M., Brazinova, A., Breitborde, N., Brenner, H., Broday, D., Brugha, T., Brunekreef, B., Butt, Z., Cahill, L., Calabria, B., Ricardo Campos-Nonato, I., Cardenas, R., Carpenter, D., Casey, D., Castaneda-Oquela, C., Castillo Rivas, J., Estanislao Castro, R., Catala-Lopez, F., Chang, J., Chiang, P., Chibalabala, M., Chimed-Ochir, O., Chisumpa, V., Chitheer, A., Choi, J., Christensen, H., Christopher, D., Ciobanu, L., Coates, M., Colquhoun, S., Cooper, L., Cooperrider, K., Cornaby, L., Cortinovis, M., Crump, J., Cuevas-Nasu, L., Damasceno, A., Dandona, R., Darby, S., Dargan, P., das Neves, J., Davis, A., Davletov, K., Filipa de Castro, E., De la Cruz-Gongora, V., De Leo, D., Degenhardt, L., Del Gobbo, L., del Pozo-Cruz, B., Dellavalle, R., Deribew, A., Des Jarlais, D., Dharmaratne, S., Dhillon, P., Diaz-Tome, C., Dicker, D., Ding, E., Dorsey, E., Doyle, K., Driscoll, T., Duan, L., Dubey, M., Duncan, B., Elyazar, I., Endries, A., Ermakov, S., Erskine, H., Eshrati, B., Esteghamati, A., Fahimi, S., Aquino Faraon, E., Farid, T., Sofia E Sa Farinha, C., Faro, A., Farvid, M., Farzadfar, F., Feigin, V., Fereshtehnejad, S., Fernandes, J., Fischer, F., Fitchett, J., Fleming, T., Foigt, N., Foreman, K., Fowkes, F., Franklin, R., Fuerst, T., Futran, N., Gakidou, E., Garcia-Basteiro, A., Gebrehiwot, T., Gebremedhin, A., Geleijnse, J., Gessner, B., Giref, A., Giroud, M., Gishu, M., Goenka, S., Carmen Gomez-Cabrera, M., Gomez-Dantes, H., Gona, P., Goodridge, A., Gopalani, S., Gotay, C., Goto, A., Gouda, H., Gugnani, H., Guillemin, F., Guo, Y., Gupta, R., Gutierrez, R., Haagsma, J., Hafezi-Nejad, N., Haile, D., Hailu, G., Halasa, Y., Hamadeh, R., Hamidi, S., Handal, A., Hankey, G., Hao, Y., Harb, H., Harikrishnan, S., Maria Haro, J., Hassanvand, M., Hassen, T., Havmoeller, R., Beatriz Heredia-Pi, I., Francisco Hernandez-Llanes, N., Heydarpour, P., Hoek, H., Hoffman, H., Horino, M., Horita, N., Hosgood, H., Hoy, D., Hsairi, M., Htet, A., Hu, G., Huang, J., Husseini, A., Hutchings, S., Huybrechts, I., Iburg, K., Idrisov, B., Ileanu, B., Inoue, M., Jacobs, T., Jacobsen, K., Jahanmehr, N., Jakovljevic, M., Jansen, H., Jassal, S., Javanbakht, M., Jayatilleke, A., Jee, S., Jeemon, P., Jha, V., Jiang, Y., Jibat, T., Jin, Y., Johnson, C., Jonas, J., Kabir, Z., Kalkonde, Y., Kamal, R., Kan, H., Karch, A., Karema, C., Karimkhani, C., Kasaeian, A., Kaul, A., Kawakami, N., Kazi, D., Keiyoro, P., Kemp, A., Kengne, A., Keren, A., Kesavachandran, C., Khader, Y., Khan, A., Khan, E., Khan, G., Khang, Y., Khatibzadeh, S., Khera, S., Khoja, T., Khubchandani, J., Kieling, C., Kim, C., Kim, D., Kimokoti, R., Kissoon, N., Kivipelto, M., Knibbs, L., Kokubo, Y., Kopec, J., Koul, P., Koyanagi, A., Kravchenko, M., Kromhout, H., Krueger, H., Ku, T., Defo, B., Kuchenbecker, R., Bicer, B., Kuipers, E., Kumar, G., Kwan, G., Lal, D., Lalloo, R., Lallukka, T., Lan, Q., Larsson, A., Latif, A., Beatriz Lawrynowicz, A., Leasher, J., Leigh, J., Leung, J., Levi, M., Li, X., Li, Y., Liang, J., Liu, S., Lloyd, B., Logroscino, G., Lotufo, P., Lunevicius, R., Maclntyre, M., Mahdavi, M., Majdan, M., Majeed, A., Malekzadeh, R., Malta, D., Manamo, W., Mapoma, C., Marcenes, W., Martin, R., Martinez-Raga, J., Masiye, F., Matsushita, K., Matzopoulos, R., Mayosi, B., McGrath, J., McKee, M., Meaney, P., Medina, C., Mehari, A., Mena-Rodriguez, F., Mekonnen, A., Melaku, Y., Memish, Z., Mendoza, W., Mensink, G., Meretoja, A., Meretoja, T., Mesfin, Y., Mhimbira, F., Miller, Ted, Mills, E., Mirarefin, M., Misganaw, A., Mock, C., Mohammadi, A., Mohammed, S., Mola, G., Monasta, L., Montanez Hernandez, J., Montico, M., Morawska, L., Mori, R., Mozaffarian, D., Mueller, U., Mullany, E., Mumford, J., Murthy, G., Nachega, J., Naheed, A., Nangia, V., Nassiri, N., Newton, J., Ng, M., Quyen, L., Nisar, M., Pete, P., Norheim, O., Norman, R., Norrving, B., Nyakarahuka, L., Obermeyer, C., Ogbo, F., Oh, I., Oladimeji, O., Olivares, P., Olsen, H., Olusanya, B., Olusanya, J., Opio, J., Oren, E., Orozco, R., Ortiz, A., Ota, E., Mahesh, P., Pana, A., Park, E., Parry, C., Parsaeian, M., Patel, T., Caicedo, A., Patil, S., Patten, S., Patton, G., Pearce, N., Pereira, D., Perico, N., Pesudovs, K., Petzold, M., Phillips, M., Piel, F., Pillay, J., Plass, D., Polinder, S., Pond, C., Pope, C., Pope, D., Popova, S., Poulton, R., Pourmalek, F., Prasad, N., Qorbani, M., Rabiee, R., Radfar, A., Rafay, A., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Rahman, M., Rahman, S., Rai, R., Rajsic, S., Raju, M., Ram, U., Rana, S., Ranganathan, K., Rao, P., Razo Garcia, C., Refaat, A., Rehm, C., Rehm, J., Reinig, N., Remuzzi, G., Resnikoff, S., Ribeiro, A., Rivera, J., Rolm, H., Rodriguez, A., Rodriguez-Ramirez, S., Rojas-Rueda, D., Roman, Y., Ronfani, L., Roshandel, G., Rothenbacher, D., Roy, A., Saleh, M., Sanabria, J., Dolores Sanchez-Nino, M., Sanchez-Pimienta, T., Sandar, L., Santomauro, D., Santos, I., Sarmiento-Suarez, R., Sartorius, B., Satpathy, M., Savic, M., Sawhney, M., Schmidhuber, J., Schmidt, M., Schneider, I., Schoettker, B., Schutte, A., Schwebel, D., Scott, J., Seedat, S., Sepanlou, S., Servan-Mori, E., Shaheen, A., Shahraz, S., Shaikh, M., Levy, T., Sharma, R., She, J., Sheikhbahaei, S., Shen, J., Sheth, K., Shi, P., Shibuya, K., Shigematsu, M., Shin, M., Shiri, R., Shishani, K., Shiue, I., Shrime, M., Sigfusdottir, I., Silva, D., Alves Silveira, D., Silverberg, J., Simard, E., Sindi, S., Singh, A., Singh, J., Singh, P., Slepak, E., Soljak, M., Soneji, S., Sorensen, R., Sposato, L., Sreeramareddy, C., Stathopoulou, V., Steckling, N., Steel, N., Stein, D., Stein, M., Stockl, H., Stranges, S., Stroumpoulis, K., Sunguya, B., Swaminathan, S., Sykes, B., Szoeke, C., Tabares-Seisdedos, R., Takahashi, K., Talongwa, R., Landon, N., Tanne, D., Tavakkoli, M., Taye, B., Taylor, H., Tedla, B., Tefera, W., Tegegne, T., Tekle, D., Terkawi, A., Thakur, J., Thomas, B., Thomas, M., Thomson, A., Thorne-Lyman, A., Thrift, A., Thurston, G., Tillmann, T., Tobe-Gai, R., Tobollik, M., Topor-Madry, R., Topouzis, F., Towbin, J., Bach, X., Dimbuene, Z., Tsilimparis, N., Tura, A., Tuzcu, E., Tyrovolas, S., Ukwaja, K., Undurraga, E., Uneke, C., Uthman, O., van Donkelaar, A., van Os, J., Varakin, Y., Vasankari, T., Veerman, J., Venketasubramanian, N., Violante, F., Vollset, S., Wagner, G., Waller, S., Wang, J., Wang, L., Wang, Y., Weichenthal, S., Weiderpass, E., Weintraub, R., Werdecker, A., Westerman, R., Whiteford, H., Wijeratne, T., Wiysonge, C., Wolfe, C., Won, S., Woolf, A., Wubshet, M., Xavier, D., Xu, G., Yadav, A., Yakob, B., Yalew, A., Yano, Y., Yaseri, M., Ye, P., Yip, P., Yonemoto, N., Yoon, S., Younis, M., Yu, C., Zaidi, Z., Zaki, M., Zhu, J., Zipkin, B., Zodpey, S., Zuhlke, L., Murray, C., Forouzanfar, M., Afshin, A., Alexander, L., Anderson, H., Bhutta, Z., Biryukov, S., Brauer, M., Burnett, R., Cercy, K., Charlson, F., Cohen, A., Dandona, L., Estep, K., Ferrari, A., Frostad, J., Fullman, N., Gething, P., Godwin, W., Griswold, M., Kinfu, Y., Kyu, H., Larson, H., Liang, X., Lim, S., Liu, P., Lopez, A., Lozano, R., Marczak, L., Mensah, G., Mokdad, A., Moradi-Lakeh, M., Naghavi, M., Neal, B., Reitsma, M., Roth, G., Salomon, J., Sur, P., Vos, T., Wagner, J., Wang, H., Zhao, Y., Zhou, M., Aasvang, G., Abajobir, A., Abate, K., Abbafati, C., Abbas, K., Abd-Allah, F., Abdulle, A., Abera, S., Abraham, B., Abu-Raddad, L., Abyu, G., Adebiyi, A., Adedeji, I., Ademi, Z., Adou, A., Adsuar, J., Agardh, E., Agarwal, A., Agrawal, A., Kiadaliri, A., Ajala, O., Akinyemiju, T., Al-Aly, Z., Alam, K., Alam, N., Aldhahri, S., Aldridge, R., Alemu, Z., Ali, R., Alkerwi, A., Alla, F., Allebeck, P., Alsharif, U., Altirkawi, K., Alvarez Martin, E., Alvis-Guzman, N., Amare, A., Amberbir, A., Amegah, A., Amini, H., Ammar, W., Amrock, S., Andersen, H., Anderson, B., Antonio, C., Anwar, P., Arnlov, J., Al, A., Asayesh, H., Asghar, R., Assadi, R., Atique, S., Avokpaho, E., Awasthi, A., Quintanilla, B., Azzopardi, P., Bacha, U., Badawi, A., Bahit, M., Balakrishnan, K., Barac, A., Barber, R., Barker-Collo, S., Baernighausen, T., Barquera, S., Barregard, L., Barrero, L., Basu, S., Bans, C., Bazargan-Hejazi, S., Beardsley, J., Bedi, N., Beghi, E., Bell, M., Bello, A., Bennett, D., Bensenor, I., Berhane, A., Bernabe, E., Betsu, B., Beyene, A., Bhala, N., Bhansali, A., Bhatt, S., Biadgilign, S., Bikbov, B., Bisanzio, D., Bjertness, E., Blore, J., Borschmann, R., Boufous, S., Bourne, R., Brainin, M., Brazinova, A., Breitborde, N., Brenner, H., Broday, D., Brugha, T., Brunekreef, B., Butt, Z., Cahill, L., Calabria, B., Ricardo Campos-Nonato, I., Cardenas, R., Carpenter, D., Casey, D., Castaneda-Oquela, C., Castillo Rivas, J., Estanislao Castro, R., Catala-Lopez, F., Chang, J., Chiang, P., Chibalabala, M., Chimed-Ochir, O., Chisumpa, V., Chitheer, A., Choi, J., Christensen, H., Christopher, D., Ciobanu, L., Coates, M., Colquhoun, S., Cooper, L., Cooperrider, K., Cornaby, L., Cortinovis, M., Crump, J., Cuevas-Nasu, L., Damasceno, A., Dandona, R., Darby, S., Dargan, P., das Neves, J., Davis, A., Davletov, K., Filipa de Castro, E., De la Cruz-Gongora, V., De Leo, D., Degenhardt, L., Del Gobbo, L., del Pozo-Cruz, B., Dellavalle, R., Deribew, A., Des Jarlais, D., Dharmaratne, S., Dhillon, P., Diaz-Tome, C., Dicker, D., Ding, E., Dorsey, E., Doyle, K., Driscoll, T., Duan, L., Dubey, M., Duncan, B., Elyazar, I., Endries, A., Ermakov, S., Erskine, H., Eshrati, B., Esteghamati, A., Fahimi, S., Aquino Faraon, E., Farid, T., Sofia E Sa Farinha, C., Faro, A., Farvid, M., Farzadfar, F., Feigin, V., Fereshtehnejad, S., Fernandes, J., Fischer, F., Fitchett, J., Fleming, T., Foigt, N., Foreman, K., Fowkes, F., Franklin, R., Fuerst, T., Futran, N., Gakidou, E., Garcia-Basteiro, A., Gebrehiwot, T., Gebremedhin, A., Geleijnse, J., Gessner, B., Giref, A., Giroud, M., Gishu, M., Goenka, S., Carmen Gomez-Cabrera, M., Gomez-Dantes, H., Gona, P., Goodridge, A., Gopalani, S., Gotay, C., Goto, A., Gouda, H., Gugnani, H., Guillemin, F., Guo, Y., Gupta, R., Gutierrez, R., Haagsma, J., Hafezi-Nejad, N., Haile, D., Hailu, G., Halasa, Y., Hamadeh, R., Hamidi, S., Handal, A., Hankey, G., Hao, Y., Harb, H., Harikrishnan, S., Maria Haro, J., Hassanvand, M., Hassen, T., Havmoeller, R., Beatriz Heredia-Pi, I., Francisco Hernandez-Llanes, N., Heydarpour, P., Hoek, H., Hoffman, H., Horino, M., Horita, N., Hosgood, H., Hoy, D., Hsairi, M., Htet, A., Hu, G., Huang, J., Husseini, A., Hutchings, S., Huybrechts, I., Iburg, K., Idrisov, B., Ileanu, B., Inoue, M., Jacobs, T., Jacobsen, K., Jahanmehr, N., Jakovljevic, M., Jansen, H., Jassal, S., Javanbakht, M., Jayatilleke, A., Jee, S., Jeemon, P., Jha, V., Jiang, Y., Jibat, T., Jin, Y., Johnson, C., Jonas, J., Kabir, Z., Kalkonde, Y., Kamal, R., Kan, H., Karch, A., Karema, C., Karimkhani, C., Kasaeian, A., Kaul, A., Kawakami, N., Kazi, D., Keiyoro, P., Kemp, A., Kengne, A., Keren, A., Kesavachandran, C., Khader, Y., Khan, A., Khan, E., Khan, G., Khang, Y., Khatibzadeh, S., Khera, S., Khoja, T., Khubchandani, J., Kieling, C., Kim, C., Kim, D., Kimokoti, R., Kissoon, N., Kivipelto, M., Knibbs, L., Kokubo, Y., Kopec, J., Koul, P., Koyanagi, A., Kravchenko, M., Kromhout, H., Krueger, H., Ku, T., Defo, B., Kuchenbecker, R., Bicer, B., Kuipers, E., Kumar, G., Kwan, G., Lal, D., Lalloo, R., Lallukka, T., Lan, Q., Larsson, A., Latif, A., Beatriz Lawrynowicz, A., Leasher, J., Leigh, J., Leung, J., Levi, M., Li, X., Li, Y., Liang, J., Liu, S., Lloyd, B., Logroscino, G., Lotufo, P., Lunevicius, R., Maclntyre, M., Mahdavi, M., Majdan, M., Majeed, A., Malekzadeh, R., Malta, D., Manamo, W., Mapoma, C., Marcenes, W., Martin, R., Martinez-Raga, J., Masiye, F., Matsushita, K., Matzopoulos, R., Mayosi, B., McGrath, J., McKee, M., Meaney, P., Medina, C., Mehari, A., Mena-Rodriguez, F., Mekonnen, A., Melaku, Y., Memish, Z., Mendoza, W., Mensink, G., Meretoja, A., Meretoja, T., Mesfin, Y., Mhimbira, F., Miller, Ted, Mills, E., Mirarefin, M., Misganaw, A., Mock, C., Mohammadi, A., Mohammed, S., Mola, G., Monasta, L., Montanez Hernandez, J., Montico, M., Morawska, L., Mori, R., Mozaffarian, D., Mueller, U., Mullany, E., Mumford, J., Murthy, G., Nachega, J., Naheed, A., Nangia, V., Nassiri, N., Newton, J., Ng, M., Quyen, L., Nisar, M., Pete, P., Norheim, O., Norman, R., Norrving, B., Nyakarahuka, L., Obermeyer, C., Ogbo, F., Oh, I., Oladimeji, O., Olivares, P., Olsen, H., Olusanya, B., Olusanya, J., Opio, J., Oren, E., Orozco, R., Ortiz, A., Ota, E., Mahesh, P., Pana, A., Park, E., Parry, C., Parsaeian, M., Patel, T., Caicedo, A., Patil, S., Patten, S., Patton, G., Pearce, N., Pereira, D., Perico, N., Pesudovs, K., Petzold, M., Phillips, M., Piel, F., Pillay, J., Plass, D., Polinder, S., Pond, C., Pope, C., Pope, D., Popova, S., Poulton, R., Pourmalek, F., Prasad, N., Qorbani, M., Rabiee, R., Radfar, A., Rafay, A., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Rahman, M., Rahman, S., Rai, R., Rajsic, S., Raju, M., Ram, U., Rana, S., Ranganathan, K., Rao, P., Razo Garcia, C., Refaat, A., Rehm, C., Rehm, J., Reinig, N., Remuzzi, G., Resnikoff, S., Ribeiro, A., Rivera, J., Rolm, H., Rodriguez, A., Rodriguez-Ramirez, S., Rojas-Rueda, D., Roman, Y., Ronfani, L., Roshandel, G., Rothenbacher, D., Roy, A., Saleh, M., Sanabria, J., Dolores Sanchez-Nino, M., Sanchez-Pimienta, T., Sandar, L., Santomauro, D., Santos, I., Sarmiento-Suarez, R., Sartorius, B., Satpathy, M., Savic, M., Sawhney, M., Schmidhuber, J., Schmidt, M., Schneider, I., Schoettker, B., Schutte, A., Schwebel, D., Scott, J., Seedat, S., Sepanlou, S., Servan-Mori, E., Shaheen, A., Shahraz, S., Shaikh, M., Levy, T., Sharma, R., She, J., Sheikhbahaei, S., Shen, J., Sheth, K., Shi, P., Shibuya, K., Shigematsu, M., Shin, M., Shiri, R., Shishani, K., Shiue, I., Shrime, M., Sigfusdottir, I., Silva, D., Alves Silveira, D., Silverberg, J., Simard, E., Sindi, S., Singh, A., Singh, J., Singh, P., Slepak, E., Soljak, M., Soneji, S., Sorensen, R., Sposato, L., Sreeramareddy, C., Stathopoulou, V., Steckling, N., Steel, N., Stein, D., Stein, M., Stockl, H., Stranges, S., Stroumpoulis, K., Sunguya, B., Swaminathan, S., Sykes, B., Szoeke, C., Tabares-Seisdedos, R., Takahashi, K., Talongwa, R., Landon, N., Tanne, D., Tavakkoli, M., Taye, B., Taylor, H., Tedla, B., Tefera, W., Tegegne, T., Tekle, D., Terkawi, A., Thakur, J., Thomas, B., Thomas, M., Thomson, A., Thorne-Lyman, A., Thrift, A., Thurston, G., Tillmann, T., Tobe-Gai, R., Tobollik, M., Topor-Madry, R., Topouzis, F., Towbin, J., Bach, X., Dimbuene, Z., Tsilimparis, N., Tura, A., Tuzcu, E., Tyrovolas, S., Ukwaja, K., Undurraga, E., Uneke, C., Uthman, O., van Donkelaar, A., van Os, J., Varakin, Y., Vasankari, T., Veerman, J., Venketasubramanian, N., Violante, F., Vollset, S., Wagner, G., Waller, S., Wang, J., Wang, L., Wang, Y., Weichenthal, S., Weiderpass, E., Weintraub, R., Werdecker, A., Westerman, R., Whiteford, H., Wijeratne, T., Wiysonge, C., Wolfe, C., Won, S., Woolf, A., Wubshet, M., Xavier, D., Xu, G., Yadav, A., Yakob, B., Yalew, A., Yano, Y., Yaseri, M., Ye, P., Yip, P., Yonemoto, N., Yoon, S., Younis, M., Yu, C., Zaidi, Z., Zaki, M., Zhu, J., Zipkin, B., Zodpey, S., Zuhlke, L., and Murray, C.
- Published
- 2016
13. Regenerability of elite tropical maize (Zea mays L.) inbred lines using immature zygotic embryo explants
- Author
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Bedada, LT, Seth, S, Runo, SM, Tefera, W, and Jesse, M
- Subjects
Zygote ,Somatic embryogenesis ,fungi ,food and beverages ,Embryo ,Biology ,Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology ,Horticulture ,Inbred strain ,Callus ,Genotype ,Shoot ,Botany ,Genetics ,Agronomy and Crop Science ,Molecular Biology ,Elite tropical maize inbred lines, immature zygotic embryos, in vitro culture, plant regeneration,somatic embryos ,Biotechnology ,Explant culture - Abstract
Five elite tropical maize inbred lines; CML395, CML443, CML442, MAS [MSR/312]-117-2-2-1-B-5-B) and CML216 as a control, were evaluated for their regenerability making use of calli derived from immature zygotic embryos. Murashige and Skoog basal salts supplemented with 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 mg/L 2,4- dichlorophenoxyacetic acid were used to induce callus. Callus induction frequency and formation of embryogenic callus varied significantly (p
- Published
- 2014
14. Predictors of under-five childhood diarrhea: Mecha District, West Gojam, Ethiopia
- Author
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Dessalegn, M, Kumie, A, and Tefera, W
- Abstract
Background: Diarrheal disease is widely recognized as a major cause of child morbidity and mortality in developing countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa including Ethiopia. There exist variations in explanatory variables of diarrhea depending on the context of the study.Objective: To examine the effects of selected environmental, socio-economic and behavioral factors on childhood diarrhea in Mecha District, West Gojjam, Ethiopia.Methods: A community based cross-sectional study was carried out in February 2009. A proportionate stratified random sampling technique was used to select 768 households that had at least one under-five child. Data was collected using a pre-tested structured questionnaire by trained data collectors. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were undertaken to identify predictors of childhood diarrhea.Results: The prevalence of diarrhea among mothers and under-five children was 8.2% and 18.0%, respectively. Maternal education (AOR=5.6, 95% CI: 1.5 - 19.4), maternal history of recent diarrhea (AOR, 5.5; 95% CI, 2.9 - 9.8), availability of latrine facility (AOR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.1-3.4), duration of breast feeding (AOR=2.7, 95% CI: 1.1- 7.3), and age of the child (AOR=2.8; 95% CI: 1.3 - 5.9) had a significant association.Conclusion: From this study, variation in the level of diarrheal morbidity is well explained by maternal factors and presence of latrine facility. Educating mothers focusing on sustained behavioral changes in the use of latrine integrated with personal hygiene is an important intervention for the prevention and control of diarrhea among children. [Ethiop. J. Health Dev. 2011;25;(3):192-200]
- Published
- 2012
15. Efficient in vitro multiplication protocol for Vanilla planifolia using nodal explants in Ethiopia
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Abebe, Z, Mengesha, A, Teressa, A, and Tefera, W
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Nodal culture, mass propagation, Vanilla planifolia - Abstract
Vanilla planifolia Andr. is a tropical commercial spice crop known for its popular flavoring substance called vanillin. Vanillin is the second most expensive spice in the world market, next to saffron. Ethiopia has favorable environment for vanilla production and the crop has huge local and international market. There is a soaring investors’ interest to produce vanilla in the country provided there is plenty and reliable planting material supply. In line with this, we report efficient and reproducible tissue culture based mass propagation protocol for elite vanilla clones introduced into the country. Significant difference (p < 0.0001) was observed among selected hormone combinations for rate of shoot multiplication. An average number of 3.12 to 4.17 shoots were obtained after 45 days of nodal culture on MS media supplemented with BA combined with KIN and NAA. The optimum level found was 1 mg/L BAP combined with 1.5 mg/L KIN. Both hormone free and MS media supplemented with different levels of NAA gave 100% rooting for shoots separated and transferred onto rooting media. More than 85% survival rate was achieved during acclimatization. The availability of this protocol is a key step towardslarge scale vanilla production in Ethiopia.
- Published
- 2011
16. Synergistic effects of some plant growth regulators on in vitro shoot proliferation of korarima (Aframomum corrorima (Braun) Jansen)
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Tefera, W and Wannakrairoj, S
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6-benzyladenine, imazalil, korarima, micropropagation, paclobutrazol, thidiazuron, Zingiberaceae - Abstract
The synergistic effects of some plant growth regulators was investigated upon shoot proliferation and growth of korarima (Aframomum corrorima (Braun) Jansen), an important culinary and medicinal plant species native to Ethiopia. Cultures were initiated from axillary bud explants of rhizome using Murashige and Skoog (1962) (MS) medium added with 5% coconut water (CW). The use of 0.5 mg/l thidiazuron (TDZ) in combination with 3 mg/l paclobutrazol (PBZ) gave about 26 shoots/explant (about 12.6-fold than the control) within eight weeks time. Shoot multiplication was also enhanced when TDZ at 0.5 mg/l was simultaneously used with either 2 mg/l imazalil (IMA) or 3 mg/l N6-benzyladenine (BA) in the culture medium. Subsequent shoot elongation and development of functional roots was attained after one to three monthly-subcultures on a plant growth regulator (PGR)-free basal medium. The protocol developed from the present study could be used for the large-scale multiplication of A. corrorima by tissue culture.
- Published
- 2010
17. Plant Regeneration of Ethiopian Tropical Maize (Zea mays L.) Genotypes
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Bedada, L.T., primary, Seth, M.S., additional, Runo, S.M., additional, Tefera, W., additional, and Machuka, J., additional
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
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18. Community case management improves use of treatment for childhood diarrhea, malaria and pneumonia in a remote district of Ethiopia
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Degefie, T, primary, Marsh, D, additional, Gebremariam, A, additional, Tefera, W, additional, Osborn, G, additional, and Waltensperger, K, additional
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- 2010
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19. Simultaneous evaluation of dexamethasone-induced apoptosis and micronuclei in rat primary spleen cell cultures
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Krishna, G., primary, Urda, G., additional, Tefera, W., additional, Lalwani, N.D., additional, and Theiss, J., additional
- Published
- 1995
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20. Bioinspired Composite, pH-Responsive Sodium Deoxycholate Hydrogel and Generation 4.5 Poly(amidoamine) Dendrimer Improves Cancer Treatment Efficacy via Doxorubicin and Resveratrol Co-Delivery
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Tefera Worku Mekonnen, Abegaz Tizazu Andrgie, Haile Fentahun Darge, Yihenew Simegniew Birhan, Endiries Yibru Hanurry, Hsiao-Ying Chou, Juin-Yih Lai, Hsieh-Chih Tsai, Jen Ming Yang, and Yen-Hsiang Chang
- Subjects
codelivery ,doxorubicin ,G4.5 poly(amidoamine) ,resveratrol ,sodium deoxycholate hydrogel ,Pharmacy and materia medica ,RS1-441 - Abstract
Maximizing the antitumor efficacy of doxorubicin (DOX) with a new drug delivery strategy is always desired in the field of biomedical science. Because the clinical applications of DOX in the treatment of cancer is limited by the side effects related to the dose. Herein, we report the co-loading of DOX and resveratrol (RESV) using an injectable in situ formed sodium deoxycholate hydrogel (Na-DOC-hyd) at the pH of the tumor extracellular microenvironment. The sequential, controlled, and sustained release of RESV and DOX for synergistic antitumor effects was confirmed by entrapping G4.5-DOX in the RESV-loaded Na-DOC hydrogel (Na-DOC-hyd-RESV). The synergistic antitumor activity of Na-DOC-hyd-RESV+G4.5-DOX was assessed on HeLa cell xenograft tumor in BALB/c nude mice. In the MTT biocompatibility assay, both the G4.5 PAMAM dendrimer and Na-DOC-hyd exhibited negligible cytotoxicity up to the highest dose of 2.0 mg mL−1 in HeLa, MDA-MB-231, and HaCaT cells. The release profiles of DOX and RESV from the Na-DOC-hyd-RESV+G4.5-DOX confirmed the relatively rapid release of RESV (70.43 ± 1.39%), followed by that of DOX (54.58 ± 0.62%) at pH 6.5 in the 7 days of drug release studies. A single intratumoral injection of Na-DOC-hyd-RESV+G4.5-DOX maximally suppressed tumor growth during the 28 days of the treatment period. Na-DOC-hyd-RESV+G4.5-DOX did not cause any histological damage in the major visceral organs. Therefore, this Na-DOC-hydrogel for dual drugs (DOX and RESV) delivery at the pH of the tumor extracellular microenvironment is a promising, safe, and effective combination for antitumor chemotherapy.
- Published
- 2020
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21. Fabrication of Core Crosslinked Polymeric Micelles as Nanocarriers for Doxorubicin Delivery: Self-Assembly, In Situ Diselenide Metathesis and Redox-Responsive Drug Release
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Yihenew Simegniew Birhan, Haile Fentahun Darge, Endiries Yibru Hanurry, Abegaz Tizazu Andrgie, Tefera Worku Mekonnen, Hsiao-Ying Chou, Juin-Yih Lai, and Hsieh-Chih Tsai
- Subjects
core crosslinked micelles ,diselenide bond ,redox-responsive ,drug delivery ,Pharmacy and materia medica ,RS1-441 - Abstract
Polymeric micelles (PMs) have been used to improve the poor aqueous solubility, slow absorption and non-selective biodistribution of chemotherapeutic agents (CAs), albeit, they suffer from disassembly and premature release of payloads in the bloodstream. To alleviate the thermodynamic instability of PMs, different core crosslinking approaches were employed. Herein, we synthesized the poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly((2-aminoethyl)diselanyl)ethyl l-aspartamide)-b-polycaprolactone (mPEG-P(LA-DSeDEA)-PCL) copolymer which self-assembled into monodispersed nanoscale, 156.57 ± 4.42 nm, core crosslinked micelles (CCMs) through visible light-induced diselenide metathesis reaction between the pendant selenocystamine moieties. The CCMs demonstrated desirable doxorubicin (DOX)-loading content (7.31%) and encapsulation efficiency (42.73%). Both blank and DOX-loaded CCMs (DOX@CCMs) established appreciable colloidal stability in the presence of bovine serum albumin (BSA). The DOX@CCMs showed redox-responsive drug releasing behavior when treated with 5 and 10 mM reduced glutathione (GSH) and 0.1% H2O2. Unlike the DOX-loaded non-crosslinked micelles (DOX@NCMs) which exhibited initial burst release, DOX@CCMs demonstrated a sustained release profile in vitro where 71.7% of the encapsulated DOX was released within 72 h. In addition, the in vitro fluorescent microscope images and flow cytometry analysis confirmed the efficient cellular internalization of DOX@CCMs. The in vitro cytotoxicity test on HaCaT, MDCK, and HeLa cell lines reiterated the cytocompatibility (≥82% cell viability) of the mPEG-P(LA-DSeDEA)-PCL copolymer and DOX@CCMs selectively inhibit the viabilities of 48.85% of HeLa cells as compared to 15.75% of HaCaT and 7.85% of MDCK cells at a maximum dose of 10 µg/mL. Overall, all these appealing attributes make CCMs desirable as nanocarriers for the delivery and controlled release of DOX in tumor cells.
- Published
- 2020
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22. Biotin-Decorated PAMAM G4.5 Dendrimer Nanoparticles to Enhance the Delivery, Anti-Proliferative, and Apoptotic Effects of Chemotherapeutic Drug in Cancer Cells
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Endiries Yibru Hanurry, Tefera Worku Mekonnen, Abegaz Tizazu Andrgie, Haile Fentahun Darge, Yihenew Simegniew Birhan, Wei-Hsin Hsu, Hsiao-Ying Chou, Chih-Chia Cheng, Juin-Yih Lai, and Hsieh-Chih Tsai
- Subjects
biotin ,SMVT ,gemcitabine ,PAMAM dendrimer ,anti-proliferation ,apoptosis ,Pharmacy and materia medica ,RS1-441 - Abstract
Biotin receptors are overexpressed by various types of solid cancer cells and play a significant role in tumor metabolism, growth, and metastasis. Thus, targeting the biotin receptors on tumor cells may enhance the efficiency and reduce the side-effects of chemotherapy. The aim of this study was to develop a biotin-coupled poly(amido)amine (PAMAM) (PG4.5) dendrimer nanoparticle to enhance the tumor-specific delivery and intracellular uptake of anticancer drugs via receptor-mediated endocytosis. We modified PG4.5 with diethylenetriamine (DETA) followed by biotin via an amide bond and characterized the resulting PG4.5-DETA-biotin nanoparticles by 1H NMR, FTIR, and Raman spectroscopy. Loading and releasing of gemcitabine (GEM) from PG4.5-DETA-biotin were evaluated by UV–Visible spectrophotometry. Cell viability and cellular uptake were examined by MTT assay and flow cytometry to assess the biocompatibility, cellular internalization efficiency and antiproliferative activity of PG4.5-DETA-biotin/GEM. Gemcitabine-loaded PG4.5-DETA-biotin nanoparticles were spherical with a particle size of 81.6 ± 6.08 nm and zeta potential of 0.47 ± 1.25 mV. Maximum drug-loading content and encapsulation efficiency were 10.84 ± 0.16% and 47.01 ± 0.71%, respectively. Nearly 60.54 ± 1.99% and 73.96 ± 1.14% of gemcitabine was released from PG4.5-DETA-biotin/GEM nanoparticles after 48 h at the acidic pH values of 6.5 and 5, respectively. Flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy of cellular uptake results revealed PG4.5-DETA-biotin/GEM nanoparticles selectively targeted cancer cells in vitro. Cytotoxicity assays demonstrated gemcitabine-loaded PG4.5-DETA-biotin significantly reduced cell viability and induced apoptosis in HeLa cells. Thus, biotin-coupled PG4.5-DETA nanocarrier could provide an effective, targeted drug delivery system and selectively convey gemcitabine into tumor cells.
- Published
- 2020
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23. Mutual accountability in CAADP [Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme] and agricultural transformation
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Benin, S., Ulimwengu, J., Matchaya, Greenwell C., Makombe, T., Lorka, M., Vodounhessi, A., Tefera, W., Benin, S., Ulimwengu, J., Matchaya, Greenwell C., Makombe, T., Lorka, M., Vodounhessi, A., and Tefera, W.
24. Tracking key CAADP [Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme] indicators and implementation processes
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Makombe, T., Tefera, W., Matchaya, Greenwell C., Benin, S., Makombe, T., Tefera, W., Matchaya, Greenwell C., and Benin, S.
25. Mutual accountability in CAADP [Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme] and agricultural transformation
- Author
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Benin, S., Ulimwengu, J., Matchaya, Greenwell C., Makombe, T., Lorka, M., Vodounhessi, A., Tefera, W., Benin, S., Ulimwengu, J., Matchaya, Greenwell C., Makombe, T., Lorka, M., Vodounhessi, A., and Tefera, W.
26. Tracking key CAADP [Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme] indicators and implementation processes
- Author
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Makombe, T., Tefera, W., Matchaya, Greenwell C., Benin, S., Makombe, T., Tefera, W., Matchaya, Greenwell C., and Benin, S.
27. Policy and programmatic changes resulting from the biennial reviews and agriculture joint sector reviews under the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP). Third Biennial Review Brief: Africa-Wide
- Author
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Matchaya, Greenwell, Yade, M., Guthiga, P., Tefera, W., Yamdjeu, A. W., Matchaya, Greenwell, Yade, M., Guthiga, P., Tefera, W., and Yamdjeu, A. W.
28. Fine particulate matter air pollution and the mortality of children under five: a multilevel analysis of the Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey of 2016.
- Author
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Shiferaw AB, Kumie A, and Tefera W
- Subjects
- Humans, Child, Particulate Matter analysis, Multilevel Analysis, Environmental Exposure adverse effects, Child Mortality, Air Pollutants analysis, Air Pollution analysis
- Abstract
Background: Every year, polluted air is costing the globe 543,000 deaths of children under five. The particulate matter below 2.5 μm diameter (PM
2.5 ) is a part of air pollution that has adverse effects on children's health. In Ethiopia, the effect of ambient PM2.5 is least explored. This study aimed to assess the association between PM2.5 and under-five mortality in Ethiopia., Methods: The study used the data from the Ethiopian Demographic Health Surveys conducted in 2016, collected between January 18 and June 27. All children under five who had data on child mortality and location coordinates were included in the study. Exposure to ambient PM2.5 concentration was a satellite-based estimate by the Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group at Washington and Dalhousie University, in the United States and Canada, respectively. Annual mean pollution levels and mortality datasets were matched by children's geographical location and dates of birth, death, and interview. The relationship between ambient PM2.5 and under-five mortality was determined by a multilevel multivariable logistic regression on R software. The statistical analyses were two-sided at a 95% confidence interval., Results: The study addressed 10,452 children with the proportion of under-five mortality being 5.4% (95% CI 5.0-6.8%). The estimated lifetime annual mean exposure of ambient total PM2.5 was 20.1 ± 3.3 μgm-3 . A 10-unit increase in the lifetime annual mean ambient total PM2.5 was associated with 2.29 [95% CI 1.44, 3.65] times more odds of under-five mortality after adjusting for other variables., Conclusion: Children under five are exposed to higher levels of ambient PM2.5 concentration, exceeding the limit set by the World Health Organization. Ambient PM2.5 is significantly associated with under-five mortality, adjusting for other variables. Strong measures need to be taken to reduce air pollution., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Shiferaw, Kumie and Tefera.)- Published
- 2023
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29. Nonfatal Occupational Injuries Among Artisanal and Small-scale Gold Mining Workers in Ethiopia.
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Abebil F, Tefera Y, Tefera W, Kumie A, Mulugeta H, and Kassie G
- Abstract
Background: Artisanal and Small-scale Gold Mining (ASGM) is widely practiced in Ethiopia. Injuries are among the public health concerns in the mining sector. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of nonfatal occupational injuries and associated factors among workers in ASGM in Ethiopia., Methods: A cross-sectional study design was employed from April to June 2020. A total of 403 participants were selected with a simple random sampling technique. A structured questionnaire was utilized for the data collection. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize the information and binary logistic regression was applied to test the association. Predictor variables with P -value < .05 with an Odds ratio of 95% CI in multivariable analysis were considered as associated factors., Results: A total of 403 participants were interviewed with a response rate of 95.5%. The prevalence of nonfatal occupational injury was 25.1% in the past 12 months. About one-third of the injuries, 32 (31.7%), were on the upper extremity and feet, 18 (17.8%). Symptoms of mercury toxicity (AOR: 2.39, 95% CI [1.27-4.52]), 1 to 4 years of work experience (AOR: 4.50, 95% CI [1.57-12.9]), full work shift (AOR: 6.06, 95% CI [1.97-18.7]), and job in the task of mining activities (AOR: 4.83, 95% CI [1.48-15.7]) were associated with the injury., Conclusion: A substantially high prevalence of injuries was observed. Work-related factors were found to be significantly associated with the occurrence of injury. The government body, mining sector, and workers are advised to apply interventions focusing on the improvement of working conditions and safety practices to minimize injury., Competing Interests: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article., (© The Author(s) 2023.)
- Published
- 2023
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- View/download PDF
30. The spatial and temporal variation of fine particulate matter pollution in Ethiopia: Data from the Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group (1998-2019).
- Author
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Shiferaw AB, Kumie A, and Tefera W
- Subjects
- Particulate Matter analysis, Ethiopia, Environmental Exposure analysis, Air Pollutants analysis, Air Pollution analysis
- Abstract
Background: Evidence suggests ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, lung cancer morbidity and mortality, and all-cause mortality. Countries that implement strong policies are able to reduce ambient PM2.5 concentration. In Ethiopia, however, PM2.5 monitoring stations, laboratory technicians, and equipment are staggeringly limited. In this study, the spatial and temporal variation of PM2.5 in Ethiopia was assessed., Methods: Satellite-based PM2.5 estimates, from the year 1998 to 2019, by Atmospheric Composition Analysis Group (ACAG) at a spatial resolution of 0.01° X 0.01° was used. The annual mean PM2.5 concentration for all administrative regions and zones in Ethiopia was extracted. The average mean from the twenty-two years was also calculated. The trend of PM2.5 concentration was graphed and quantitatively calculated using the Mann-Kendall test. The slope of the change over time was estimated using the Theil-Sen slope. At the zonal administration level, for the average annual mean, spatial dependency using univariate Global Moran's I and clustering and outlier tests using Anselin Local Moran's were performed., Results: The country's average annual mean PM2.5 concentration was 17 μgm-3. The Afar region had the highest concentration, 27.9 μgm-3. The Mann-Kendall S was positive and significant at p<0.001. The spatial distribution of satellite-based ambient PM2.5 concentration was non-random. Significant highest value clustering of ambient total PM2.5 concentration exists in the Afar, Eastern Tigray, and Eastern and Southeastern Amhara while the significant lowest value dispersing was observed in the Southern Oromia and Somali region., Conclusion: At the national and regional levels, the annual mean ambient PM2.5 concentration is beyond the World Health Organization (WHO)-recommended level. The ambient PM2.5 concentration distribution is spatially dependent and significantly clustered in space. Installation of additional ground-based PM2.5 monitoring devices, particularly in regions where PM2.5 concentration is higher, is recommended. Validating satellite-based PM2.5 data with ground-based measurements in the country is also advised., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2023 Shiferaw et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)
- Published
- 2023
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31. Magnitude of central obesity and associated factors among adults working in government offices in Bedele town, Buno Bedele zone, Southwest Ethiopia.
- Author
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Tefera W, Shuremu M, Tadelle A, Abdissa D, and Banjaw Z
- Abstract
Objective: Central obesity is an emerging public health problem globally and an independent risk factor for heart, blood vessels, and metabolic disorder. This study aimed to assess the central obesity and associated factors among adults working in government offices in Bedele town, Southwest Ethiopia, 2021., Methods: An institutional survey was conducted among randomly selected government offices. Anthropometric measurements were carried out. Face-to-face interview using standard questionnaires were also used to collect data. A total of 403 respondents were selected from the list of public office workers employed in Bedele Town. Data were entered into Epi data 3.1 then exported to SPSS version 20 for analysis. Each variable with a p value less than 0.25 in the bivariate analysis was entered into logistic regression and p value 0.05 was considered as statistically significant., Results: The response rate was 373 respondents (92.6%). The overall prevalence of central obesity among public office workers of Bedele town was 54.7%. Sitting for more than 5 h at workplace adjusted odds ratio = 2.911 (95% confidence interval = 1.644, 5.156), being a female adjusted odds ratio = 3.258 (95% confidence interval = 1.744, 6.047), age range of 40-49 (adjusted odds ratio = 4.520, 95% confidence interval = 1.798, 11.363), age ⩾ 50 years (adjusted odds ratio = 5.907, 95% confidence interval = 1.808, 19.297), being physically inactive (adjusted odds ratio = 4.594, 95% confidence interval = 2.313, 9.125), consumption of snack (adjusted odds ratio = 4.521, 95% confidence interval = 2.583, 7.913), and alcohol consumption (adjusted odds ratio = 2.324 95% confidence interval = 1.210, 4.463) were factors significantly associated with central obesity among office workers in Bedele town., Conclusion: The magnitude of central obesity was high among office workers in Bedele town and being female gender, older age, physical inactivity, consumption of snacks, and alcohol were associated with it. Physical exercise and a healthy lifestyle should be promoted to minimize the problem., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interests: The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article., (© The Author(s) 2022.)
- Published
- 2022
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32. Soil type and fertilizer rate affect wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) yield, quality and nutrient use efficiency in Ayiba, northern Ethiopia.
- Author
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Gessesew WS, Elias E, Gebresamuel G, and Tefera W
- Subjects
- Fertilizers, Ethiopia, Edible Grain, Nutrients, Soil, Triticum
- Abstract
The blanket NP fertilizer recommendation over the past five decades in Ethiopia did not result in a significant increment of crop productivity. The main lack of success was highly linked to the extrapolating approach of one site success to others without considering the climate, soil, and ecological setting and variations. As a result, a new fertilization approach was desperately needed, and with this premise, new blended fertilizers are now being introduced to replace the conventional approach. Thus, the objective of this study was to examine the effect of NPSZnB blended fertilizer on bread wheat yield attributes, quality traits and use efficiency in two different soil types under rain-fed conditions in Ayiba, northern Ethiopia. Relevant agronomic data were evaluated and recorded from plots of each soil types for analysis. The analysis of variance revealed a significant ( p < 0.001) variation on all the agronomic and grain quality traits due to the main and interaction effects of soil type and fertilizer treatment factors. Most agronomic and quality characteristics recorded the highest result in the highest treatment applications (175 and 150 kg NPSZnB ha
-1 ) in both soils. Yield and grain quality traits of bread wheat was also found better under fertilized plots than unfertilized plots. In both soil types increasing application of the new blended fertilizer rate from 50-175 kg NPSZnB ha-1 showed an increasing trend in grain yield from 1.6 to 4.3 and 2.5 to 5.4 t ha-1 in Vertisol and Cambisol soils, respectively. The varied yield as a response of fertilizer treatments across soils signifies soil-specific fertilization approach is critically important for production increment. On the other hand, based on the partial budget analysis the highest net benefit with the highest marginal rate of return in both Vertisol and Cambisol soils were obtained when treated with 100 and 125 kg NPSZnB ha-1 , respectively. Therefore, to produce optimum bread wheat yield under rainfed conditions in Ayiba (northern Ethiopia) fertilizing Vertisols with 100 kg NPSZnB ha-1 and fertilizing Cambisols with 125 kg NPSZnB ha-1 is recommended., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests., (© 2022 Gessesew et al.)- Published
- 2022
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33. Trends in non-pharmaceutical intervention (NPI) related community practice for the prevention of COVID-19 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
- Author
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Hailemariam D, Kumie A, Wakuma S, Tefera Y, Abegaz T, Tefera W, Ayele W, Tamire M, and Yirsaw S
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, COVID-19 epidemiology, COVID-19 virology, Community Health Services standards, Cross-Sectional Studies, Ethiopia epidemiology, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Public Facilities standards, Surveys and Questionnaires, Young Adult, COVID-19 prevention & control, Communicable Disease Control trends, Hand Disinfection trends, Hand Hygiene trends, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Physical Distancing, SARS-CoV-2 physiology
- Abstract
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has affected Ethiopia since March 13, 2020, when the first case was detected in Addis Ababa. Since then, the incidence of cases has continued to increase day by day. As a result, the health sector has recommended universal preventive measures to be practiced by the public. However, studies on adherence to these preventive measures are limited., Objective: To monitor the status of preventive practices of the population related to hand washing, physical distancing, and respiratory hygiene practices at selected sites within the city of Addis Ababa., Methods: Weekly cross-sectional non-participatory observations were done during the period of April-June, 2020. Data was collected using the Open Data Kit (ODK) tool in ten public sites involving eight public facilities targeted for individual observations. Ten individuals were randomly observed at each facility over two days a week at peak hours of public services. WHO operational definitions of the preventive behaviors were adopted for this study. Observations were conducted anonymously at gates or entrances of public facilities and places., Results: A total of 12,056 individual observations with 53% males and 82% in an estimated age range of 18-50 years age group were involved in this study. There was an increase in the practice of respiratory hygiene from 14% in week one to 77% in week 10, while those of hand hygiene and physical distancing changed little over the weeks from their baseline of 24% and 34%, respectively. Overall, respiratory hygiene demonstrated an increased rate of 6% per week, while hand hygiene and physical distancing had less than a 1% change per week, Females and the estimated age group of 18-50 years had practice changes in respiratory hygiene with no difference in hand hygiene and physical distancing practices. Respiratory hygiene took about six weeks to reach a level of 77% from its baseline of 24%, making an increment of about 9% per week., Conclusion: The public practice of respiratory hygiene improved threefold whereas hand hygiene and physical distancing revealed no change. Regularly sustained public mobilization and mass education are required to sustain the achievements gained in respiratory hygiene and further hand hygiene and physical distancing., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
- Published
- 2021
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34. Source Apportionment of Fine Organic Particulate Matter (PM 2.5 ) in Central Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
- Author
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Tefera W, Kumie A, Berhane K, Gilliland F, Lai A, Sricharoenvech P, Patz J, Samet J, and Schauer JJ
- Subjects
- Aerosols analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Ethiopia, Particulate Matter analysis, Seasons, Vehicle Emissions analysis, Air Pollutants analysis, Air Pollution analysis
- Abstract
The development of infrastructure, a rapidly increasing population, and urbanization has resulted in increasing air pollution levels in the African city of Addis Ababa. Prior investigations into air pollution have not yet sufficiently addressed the sources of atmospheric particulate matter. This study aims to identify the major sources of fine particulate matter (PM
2.5 ) and its seasonal contribution in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Twenty-four-hour average PM2.5 mass samples were collected every 6th day, from November 2015 through November 2016. Chemical species were measured in samples and source apportionment was conducted using a chemical mass balance (CMB) receptor model that uses particle-phase organic tracer concentrations to estimate source contributions to PM2.5 organic carbon (OC) and the overall PM2.5 mass. Vehicular sources (28%), biomass burning (18.3%), plus soil dust (17.4%) comprise about two-thirds of the PM2.5 mass, followed by sulfate (6.5%). The sources of air pollution vary seasonally, particularly during the main wet season (June-September) and short rain season (February-April): From motor vehicles, (31.0 ± 2.6%) vs. (24.7 ± 1.2%); biomass burning, (21.5 ± 5%) vs. (14 ± 2%); and soil dust, (11 ± 6.4%) vs. (22.7 ± 8.4%), respectively, are amongst the three principal sources of ambient PM2.5 mass in the city. We suggest policy measures focusing on transportation, cleaner fuel or energy, waste management, and increasing awareness on the impact of air pollution on the public's health.- Published
- 2021
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35. Fine particulate pollution concentration in Addis Ababa exceeds the WHO guideline value: Results of 3 years of continuous monitoring and health impact assessment.
- Author
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Kumie A, Worku A, Tazu Z, Tefera W, Asfaw A, Boja G, Mekashu M, Siraw D, Teferra S, Zacharias K, Patz J, Samet J, and Berhane K
- Abstract
Real-time monitoring of fine particulate matter (PM
2.5 ) concentrations and assessing the health impact are limited in Ethiopia. The objective of this study is to describe current levels of PM2.5 air pollution in Addis Ababa and examine temporal patterns and to consider the health impact of current PM2.5 exposure levels., Methods: PM2.5 concentrations were measured using a centrally-located Beta Attenuator Monitor (BAM-1022) for 3 years (1 April 2017 to 31 March 2020), with data downloaded biweekly. Deaths attributable to current PM2.5 concentration levels were estimated using the AirQ+ tool. The daily average was estimated using hourly data., Results: The daily mean (SD) PM2.5 concentration was 42.4 µg/m3 (15.98). Two daily extremes were observed: morning (high) and afternoon (low). Sundays had the lowest PM2.5 concentration, while Mondays to Thursdays saw a continuous increase; Fridays showed the highest concentration. Seasons showed marked variation, with the highest values during the wet season. Concentration spikes reflected periods of intensive fuel combustion. A total of 502 deaths (4.44%) were attributable to current air pollution levels referenced to the 35 µg/m3 WHO interim target annual level and 2,043 (17.7%) at the WHO 10 µg/m3 annual guideline., Conclusion: PM2.5 daily levels were 1.7 times higher than the WHO-recommended 24-hour guideline. The current annual mean PM2.5 concentration results in a substantial burden of attributable deaths compared to an annual mean of 10 µg/m3 . The high PM2.5 level and its variability across days and seasons calls for citywide interventions to promote clean air., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest with regard to the content of this report.Sponsorships or competing interests that may be relevant to content are disclosed at the end of the article., (Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of The Environmental Epidemiology. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2021
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36. Assessment of Computer Vision Syndrome and Personal Risk Factors among Employees of Commercial Bank of Ethiopia in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
- Author
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Derbew H, Nega A, Tefera W, Zafu T, Tsehaye K, Haile K, and Temesgen B
- Subjects
- Adult, Ethiopia epidemiology, Female, Humans, Male, Risk Factors, Young Adult, Banking, Personal, Computers, Occupational Diseases epidemiology, Vision Disorders epidemiology
- Abstract
Background: Computer vision syndrome (CVS) is an amalgam of visual symptoms caused by continued use of computers. Worldwide, up to 70 million workers are at risk for computer vision syndrome resulting in reduced productivity at work and reduced quality of life. Bank employees are among the risky workers with unknown magnitude of the syndrome. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of CVS and its associated personal factors among employees of Commercial Bank of Ethiopia., Methods: A total of three hundred and fifty-nine bank workers participated in the study between February and March 2018. A self-administered structured questionnaire was used to collect sociodemographic data, CVS symptoms, and its personal factors. Snellen chart tool was used to measure blurred vision. Data entry and analysis were performed via Epi Info™ 7 and Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21. Binary logistic regression and multivariable logistic regression were performed to assess the association and control the potential confounders., Result: The prevalence of computer vision syndrome in the last 12 months among the total study subjects, 359 (98% response rate), was 262 (74.6%) (95% confidence interval [CI] = 70.1, 79.5). Risk factors that could not be intervened with were sex (AOR: 1.8; 95% CI (1-3)) and age group (AOR: 3.11; 95% CI (1.2-8)). Causal factors that could be intervened with were use of electronic materials outside work (AOR: 3.11; 95% CI (1.15-8.36). Protective factor that could be intervened with was habit of taking a break (AOR: 0.44; 95% CI (0.3-0.8)). Conclusion and Recommendation . Three-fours of the employees were at risk. Sex, age, habit of taking a break, and use of electronic materials outside work environment were significantly associated with the presence of CVS. Remedial actions need to be considered at individual level., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper., (Copyright © 2021 Haile Derbew et al.)
- Published
- 2021
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37. Rice cultivars significantly mitigate cadmium accumulation in grains and its bioaccessibility and toxicity in human HL-7702 cells.
- Author
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Tefera W, Tang L, Lu L, Xie R, Seifu W, and Tian S
- Subjects
- Cadmium analysis, Cadmium toxicity, Edible Grain chemistry, Environmental Pollution, Humans, Soil, Oryza, Soil Pollutants analysis, Soil Pollutants toxicity
- Abstract
Excessive Cd accumulation in cereals, especially in high-consumption staple crops, such as rice, is of major concern. Therefore, elucidation of cultivar-specific variation in rice grain Cd bioaccessibility and toxicity in humans would help the development of remedial strategies for Cd accumulation and toxicity. The present study combined an in vitro gastrointestinal digestion model with a human HL-7702 cell and assessed Cd bioaccessibility and toxicity to humans from the grains of 30 rice cultivars of different types harvested from Cd-contaminated paddy soil. The mean grain Cd content of cultivars within the type exceeded acceptable national standards. Cadmium bioaccessibility was high in all grains (9.08-23.6%) except the low accumulator (LA) rice cultivar (7.93%). The mean estimated daily intake of Cd via the cultivars (except LA) exceeded the FAO/WHO permissible limit based not only on the total grain Cd concentration but also on bioaccessible Cd concentration. A dose-proportional correlation between the in vitro bioaccessible and total grain Cd concentrations was observed, suggesting that Cd bioaccessibility accurately reflects the transfer of Cd from rice grain to humans. Toxicity assay results demonstrated that Cd from rice grains could commence oxidative stress and injury in HL-7702 cells, except the LA rice, which did not exhibit significant alteration in HL-7702 cells owing to its low Cd concentration. These results provide primary evidence to suggest that the cultivation of the LA rice cultivar is an effective agronomic approach to avert Cd entry into the food chain and alleviate Cd toxicity in humans., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2021
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38. Chemical Characterization and Seasonality of Ambient Particles (PM 2.5 ) in the City Centre of Addis Ababa.
- Author
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Tefera W, Kumie A, Berhane K, Gilliland F, Lai A, Sricharoenvech P, Samet J, Patz J, and Schauer JJ
- Subjects
- Cities, Environmental Monitoring, Ethiopia, Particulate Matter analysis, Seasons, Vehicle Emissions analysis, Air Pollutants analysis, Air Pollution analysis
- Abstract
Ambient air pollution is a growing public health concern in major African cities, including Addis Ababa (Ethiopia), where little information is available on fine particulate matter (PM
2.5 , with aerodynamic diameter <2.5 µm) pollution. This paper aims to characterize annual PM2.5 , including bulk composition and seasonal patterns, in Addis Ababa. We collected 24-h PM2.5 samples in the central city every 6 days from November 2015 to November 2016. The mean (±SD) daily PM2.5 concentration was 53.8 (±25.0) µg/m3 , with 90% of sampled days exceeding the World Health Organization's guidelines. Principal components were organic matter (OM, 44.5%), elemental carbon (EC, 25.4%), soil dust (13.5%), and SNA (sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium ions, 8.2%). Higher PM2.5 concentrations were observed during the heavy rain season, while crustal dust concentrations ranged from 2.9 to 37.6%, with higher levels during dry months. Meteorological variables, vehicle emissions, biomass fuels, unpaved roads, and construction activity contribute to poor air quality. Compared to the Air Quality Index (AQI), 31% and 36% of observed days were unhealthy for everyone and unhealthy for sensitive groups, respectively. We recommend adopting effective prevention strategies and pursuing research on vehicle emissions, biomass burning, and dust control to curb air pollution in the city.- Published
- 2020
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39. Micro-XRF mapping and quantitative assessment of Cd in rice (Oryza sativa L.) roots.
- Author
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Tefera W, Liu T, Lu L, Ge J, Webb SM, Seifu W, and Tian S
- Subjects
- Biological Transport, Cadmium metabolism, Edible Grain chemistry, Edible Grain metabolism, Models, Theoretical, Oryza growth & development, Oryza metabolism, Plant Roots chemistry, Plant Roots metabolism, Plant Shoots chemistry, Plant Shoots metabolism, Soil Pollutants metabolism, Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission, Vacuoles chemistry, Vacuoles metabolism, Cadmium analysis, Oryza chemistry, Soil Pollutants analysis
- Abstract
Understanding Cd uptake and distribution in rice roots is important for breeding varieties that do not accumulate Cd in the grain to any large extent. Here, we examined the physiological and molecular factors responsible for Cd uptake and transport differences between two japonica rice cultivars prescreened as high (zhefu7) or low (Xiangzaoxian45) accumulators of Cd in the grain. No significant differences in Cd uptake between the two cultivars were observed; however, Xiangzaoxian45 retained most of the absorbed Cd in the roots, whereas zhefu7 showed higher transport of Cd from the root to the shoot, regardless of the duration of exposure to Cd. The inability to sequester Cd into root vacuoles caused high accumulation of Cd in the grain in zhefu7, whereas inefficient transport of Cd from roots to shoots in Xiangzaoxian45 caused low accumulation of Cd in the grain. Cd sequestration in the roots and transport from the root to the shoot were greatly influenced by the expression patterns of transport-related genes OsHMA3 and OsHMA2, respectively. Further, micro-X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy mapping confirmed that more Cd was sequestered in the roots of Xiangzaoxian45 than in those of zhefu7, with a significant amount of Cd localized in the root hairs, as well as in the meristematic and elongation zones, and dermal and stele tissues. Therefore, we propose that effective Cd sequestration in root vacuoles was the major determinant of divergent Cd-accumulation patterns in the two rice cultivars under study., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2020
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40. Indoor and Outdoor Air Pollution- related Health Problem in Ethiopia: Review of Related Literature.
- Author
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Tefera W, Asfaw A, Gilliland F, Worku A, Wondimagegn M, Kumie A, Samet J, and Berhane K
- Abstract
Background: The health effects of air pollution are generally global problems, but they have, since recently become issues of particular concern for developing countries. This review assessed the situation of air pollution and related health effects in the context of Ethiopia., Methods: The materials reviewed in this publication are published scientific papers from online search engines, unpublished government reports and academic theses/dissertations. In addition, interview data obtained from authorities and experts involved in the management of air quality were analyzed, interpreted and reported in the article., Results: Review of the few studies conducted in Ethiopia showed that average concentrations of PM
2.5 reached as high as 280 µg/m3 for 24-hour measurements (range: 2,417-12,739 µg/m3 ). Indoor carbon monoxide (CO) levels were universally higher than regulatory limits for the United States and were found to be much higher among households using traditional stoves and solid biomass fuels. The use of traditional stoves and solid biomass fuels was reported in >95% of the households considered. High average levels of NO2 (97 ppb) were reported in a large longitudinal study. The ambient PM10 level was below the WHO guideline values in the majority of the samples. About 50% of the on-road CO samples taken from traffic roads in Addis Ababa were found to be less than the guideline values while the number of motor vehicles in Ethiopia is reported to be increasing by more than 9% per annum. There is a very limited air quality monitoring capacity in the country. The co-ordination between stakeholders in this regard is also inadequate. The limited evidence available on health effects of air pollution indicates that the prevalence of acute respiratory illness among children living in households using crude biomass fuels is significantly higher than the national average figures., Conclusion: The limited evidence reviewed and reported in this article indicates high levels of indoor air pollution and trends of worsening outdoor air pollution. This tentative conclusion carries with it the urgent need for more evidence-based research and capacity building in the areas of indoor and outdoor air pollution.- Published
- 2016
41. Illness recognition, home care, and care-seeking for sick infants less than two months of age in Shebedino District, Sidama Zone, Ethiopia.
- Author
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Tefera W, Tesfaye H, Kayessa E, Waltensperger KZ, Tadesse Y, and Marsh DR
- Subjects
- Ethiopia, Focus Groups, Home Care Services, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Infant Care, Mothers, Patient Acceptance of Health Care
- Abstract
Background: The incidence of newborn and young infant health danger signs is unknown in Ethiopia. Neverthe- less, experience shows that care-seeking is far lower than conservative morbidity estimates would project., Objectives: To examine illness recognition, home care, decision-making, and care-seeking for sick infants less than two months of age in Shebedino District, Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Region in 2011., Methods: Focus group interviews of mothers (n = 60) of recently ill children., Results: Mothers reported recognizing many, but not all, evidence-based newborn danger signs. Home care ranged from probably harmless to harmful and delayed definitive care-seeking. Decision-making was widespread, but patterns of care-seeking rarely led to prompt, evidence-based care. Mothers reported 10 barriers to care- seeking at health posts: lack of knowledge about availability of curative services, fear of evil eye, social stigma, perceived financial barrier, perceived young infant fragility, an elder's contrary advice, distance, husband's re- fusal, fear of injection, and belief in recovery without medicine., Conclusion: Young infants are more vulnerable to illness than their older counterparts, yet they are less likely to receive the care they need without a targeted, contextualized communication strategy to generate demand for case management services that are accessible, available, and of good quality.
- Published
- 2014
42. Factors influencing the low utilization of curative child health services in Shebedino District, Sidama Zone, Ethiopia.
- Author
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Tefera W, Tesfaye H, Bekele A, Kayessa E, Waltensperger KZ, and Marsh DR
- Subjects
- Child, Preschool, Decision Making, Diarrhea therapy, Ethiopia, Humans, Infant, Malaria therapy, Pneumonia therapy, Referral and Consultation statistics & numerical data, Case Management statistics & numerical data, Child Health Services statistics & numerical data, Community Health Services statistics & numerical data, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Patient Acceptance of Health Care
- Abstract
Background: Use and coverage of curative interventions for childhood pneumonia, diarrhea, and malaria were low in Ethiopia before integrated community-based case management (iCCM)., Objectives: To examine factors accounting for low use of iCCMin Shebedino District applying a "Pathway to Sur- vival" approach to assess illness recognition; home care; labeling and decision-making; patterns of care-seeking; access, availability and quality of care; and referral., Methods: Shortly after introduction of iCCM, we conducted five studies in Shebedino District in May 2011: a population-based household survey; focus group discussions of mothers of recently ill children; key informant in- terviews, including knowledge assessment, with Health Extension Workers at health posts and with health workers at health centers; and an inventory of drugs, supplies, and job aids at health posts and health centers., Results: The many barriers to use of evidence-based treatment included: (1) home remedies of uncertain effect and safety that delay care-seeking; (2) absent decision-maker; (3) fear of stigma; (4) expectation of non-availability of service or medicine; (5) geographic and financial barriers; (6) perception of (or actual) poor quality of care; and (7) accessible, available, affordable, reliable, non-standard, alternative sources of care., Conclusion: Only a system-strengthening approach can overcome such manifold barriers to use of curative care that has not increased much after ICCM introduction.
- Published
- 2014
43. Assessment of occupational injuries among Addis Ababa city municipal solid waste collectors: a cross-sectional study.
- Author
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Bogale D, Kumie A, and Tefera W
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Cities, Cross-Sectional Studies, Ethiopia epidemiology, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Occupational Health, Occupational Injuries etiology, Occupational Injuries prevention & control, Prevalence, Surveys and Questionnaires, Occupational Injuries epidemiology, Solid Waste
- Abstract
Background: Collection of household waste is a job which requires repeated heavy physical activities such as lifting, carrying, pulling, and pushing. Like many developing countries, in Ethiopia municipal solid waste is collected manually. Therefore, this study is aimed to assess the extent of occupational injuries and associated factors among solid waste collectors in Addis Ababa City., Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 876 respondents sampled from 92 unions. A pre-tested structured questionnaire and observation check list were used to collect data. Crude odds ratio with 95% CI was computed to see the presence of association between selected independent variables and occupational injury. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was made to see the relative effect of independent variable on the dependent variable by controlling the effect of other variables. To maintain stability, only variables that have a p-value less than 0.30 in the binary logistic regression analysis were kept in the subsequent model. Enter method was used hierarchically., Results: The response rate of this study was 97.9%. Female respondents accounted 71.2%. The median age of the study subjects was 33 year (with 52 inter quartile range). The overall occupational injury prevalence rate in the last 12 months was 383 (43.7%). Utilization of personal protective devices and family size in the household were statistically associated with injury. As compared to workers who used personal protective equipments while being on duty, odds of injury among workers not used personal protective equipments were 2.62 higher (AOR = 2.62, 95% CI: 1.48-4.63). As compared to those who had five and more children, odds of injuries among those who had 3-4 children was reduced by half (AOR = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.30-0.93)., Conclusion: The extent of occupational injuries among Addis Ababa city solid waste collectors is present in a level that needs immediate public health action. Implementation of basic occupational health and safety services including training on occupational health and safety, ensuring the provision and use of personal protective devices are highly advisable.
- Published
- 2014
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44. Inhalation exposures to particulate matter and carbon monoxide during Ethiopian coffee ceremonies in Addis Ababa: a pilot study.
- Author
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Keil C, Kassa H, Brown A, Kumie A, and Tefera W
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Air Pollution, Indoor analysis, Charcoal, Cooking methods, Ethiopia, Female, Housing, Humans, Inhalation Exposure analysis, Male, Middle Aged, Pilot Projects, Smoke analysis, Young Adult, Air Pollution, Indoor statistics & numerical data, Carbon Monoxide analysis, Ceremonial Behavior, Coffee, Inhalation Exposure statistics & numerical data, Particulate Matter analysis
- Abstract
The unique Ethiopian cultural tradition of the coffee ceremony increases inhalation exposures to combustion byproducts. This pilot study evaluated exposures to particulate matter and carbon monoxide in ten Addis Ababa homes during coffee ceremonies. For coffee preparers the geometric mean (57 μg/m³) and median (72 μg/m³) contributions to an increase in a 24-hour time-weighted average exposure were above World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. At 40% of the study sites the contribution to the 24-hour average exposure was greater than twice the WHO guideline. Similar exposure increases existed for ceremony participants. Particulate matter concentrations may be related to the use of incense during the ceremony. In nearly all homes the WHO guideline for a 60-minute exposure to carbon monoxide was exceeded. Finding control measures to reduce these exposures will be challenging due to the deeply engrained nature of this cultural practice and the lack of availability of alternative fuels.
- Published
- 2010
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45. Regulatory effects of endogenous protease inhibitors in acute lung inflammatory injury.
- Author
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Gipson TS, Bless NM, Shanley TP, Crouch LD, Bleavins MR, Younkin EM, Sarma V, Gibbs DF, Tefera W, McConnell PC, Mueller WT, Johnson KJ, and Ward PA
- Subjects
- Acute Disease, Alveolitis, Extrinsic Allergic immunology, Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Antigen-Antibody Complex administration & dosage, Base Sequence, Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid chemistry, Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid immunology, Chemokines analysis, Chemotaxis, Leukocyte immunology, Cloning, Molecular, Complement C5a analysis, Immune Sera administration & dosage, Immunoglobulin G administration & dosage, Lung immunology, Male, Metalloendopeptidases metabolism, Molecular Sequence Data, Protein Biosynthesis, Proteinase Inhibitory Proteins, Secretory, Proteins genetics, Proteins immunology, Proteins physiology, RNA, Messenger biosynthesis, Rats, Rats, Long-Evans, Secretory Leukocyte Peptidase Inhibitor, Serine Proteinase Inhibitors genetics, Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2 biosynthesis, Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2 genetics, Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2 immunology, Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2 physiology, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha analysis, Alveolitis, Extrinsic Allergic enzymology, Alveolitis, Extrinsic Allergic pathology, Lung enzymology, Lung pathology, Serine Proteinase Inhibitors physiology
- Abstract
Inflammatory lung injury is probably regulated by the balance between proteases and protease inhibitors together with oxidants and antioxidants, and proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Rat tissue inhibitor of metalloprotease-2 (TIMP-2) and secreted leukoprotease inhibitor (SLPI) were cloned, expressed, and shown to be up-regulated at the levels of mRNA and protein during lung inflammation in rats induced by deposition of IgG immune complexes. Using immunoaffinity techniques, endogenous TIMP-2 in the inflamed lung was shown to exist as a complex with 72- and 92-kDa metalloproteinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9). In inflamed lung both TIMP-2 and SLPI appeared to exist as enzyme inhibitor complexes. Lung expression of both TIMP-2 and SLPI appeared to involve endothelial and epithelial cells as well as macrophages. To assess how these endogenous inhibitors might affect the lung inflammatory response, animals were treated with polyclonal rabbit Abs to rat TIMP-2 or SLPI. This intervention resulted in significant intensification of lung injury (as revealed by extravascular leak of albumin) and substantially increased neutrophil accumulation, as determined by cell content in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids. These events were correlated with increased levels of C5a-related chemotactic activity in BAL fluids, while BAL levels of TNF-alpha and chemokines were not affected by treatment with anti-TIMP-2 or anti-SLPI. The data suggest that endogenous TIMP-2 and SLPI dynamically regulate the intensity of lung inflammatory injury, doing so at least in part by affecting the generation of the inflammatory mediator, C5a.
- Published
- 1999
46. A 70- to 80-kDa glial cell protein interacts with the AGGGAAGGGA domain of the JC virus early promoter only in the presence of the neighboring cis DNA elements.
- Author
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Kumar G, Srivastava DK, and Tefera W
- Subjects
- Affinity Labels, Animals, Base Sequence, Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase genetics, HeLa Cells, Humans, Mice, Molecular Sequence Data, Photochemistry, Transfection, Tumor Cells, Cultured, DNA, Viral metabolism, DNA-Binding Proteins metabolism, JC Virus genetics, Nerve Tissue Proteins metabolism, Neuroglia metabolism, Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Abstract
The neurotropic virus JC (JCV) causes the demyelinating disease progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. JCV is transcriptionally regulated by both positive and negative cis elements. Previous studies have shown that the AGGGAAGGGA sequence, in isolation, interacts with a 53- to 56-kDa cellular protein and acts as a silencer for the late promoter. We have reexamined the role of the AGGGAAGGGA element in the glial cell-specific transcriptional regulation of JCV by studying it in a longer natural context of elements of the JCV early promoter. Transcriptional analysis in C6 glial cells of selectively mutated AGGGAAGGGA domains within the nt 98-153 region of the JCV early promoter revealed that both GGG regions in the AGGGAAGGGA sequence are required for glial cell-specific transcription. The interactions of cellular proteins with the AGGGAAGGGA domain were also found to be dependent upon the presence or absence of neighboring cis elements. The TATA region was found to facilitate the interaction of specific proteins with the AGGGAAGGGA domain. Domain-specific photocrosslinking studies revealed the binding of a glial cell protein of approximately 70-80 kDa to the AGGGAAAGGGA domain only when it was flanked by its neighboring cis elements, the TATA and NF-1 domains of the JCV promoter.
- Published
- 1994
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