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Abstract The importance of mentorships in medical education and neurosurgery is highly attributed to the support and encouragement of the advances and learning opportunities for medical students and junior neurosurgeons. Planning a mentorship program according to the target audience offers to satisfy different interests and enhance education. One of the main issues with most of the already implemented programs is the sustainability and inability to maintain continuous cycles of mentorship, which have a negative impact and have led to an interrupted pattern of learning which eventually leads to a decline in the engagement of participants and loss of interest. This problem is most pronounced in war-torn countries, with Iraq as an example, where external circumstances lead to an arrest in the educational process and a depletion of the resources useful for such programs and training courses. This paper aims to address the main pathways essential in planning a sustainable mentorship program in a war-torn country by highlighting our experience in maintaining an ongoing mentorship with nine consecutive courses over the last 6 years in Iraq.

A multidisciplinary team (MDT) brings together a group of healthcare professionals from different fields at a specific time to discuss a case. People in an MDT can contribute to the decisions and plans for diagnosing and managing the patient. [1]. MDT in healthcare settings is essential; the main aim is to bring together a group of healthcare professionals from different fields and combine their inputs—this assistance in discussing patients’ presentations and findings, determining comprehensive treatment plans, and treatment side effects. The physical and psychological effects of impaired of these functions can significantly impact patients' quality of life and social well-being. [1]. In war-torn countries with limited resources and complex specialities like neurosurgery, MDT-based decisions may significantly impact the treatment process and outcome. In this paper, we try to highlight the differences in MDT-based work environments compared to the paucity of such organized decisions in war-torn regions of Iraq.

The central sulcus is an important anatomical landmark the location of most of the anatomical structures and cortical lesions are described by their relation to the central sulcus [9,19]. During direct observation of the cerebral cortex, it is not always easy to understand the cortical anatomy of the sulci and gyri due to the presence of arachnoid matter. Furthermore, there often is anatomical variation in this region [13]. Therefore, this paper presents the crucial methods for identifying the central sulcus's exact anatomical location as it is critical for the neurosurgical team and to discuss its surgical implications.

Background. Intra-operative rupture (IOR) of intracranial aneurysms is a critical event affecting the operation course and the patient’s outcome. However, A rupture induced by an avulsion in the aneurysmal neck is exceedingly challenging, as sealing the neck tear by clip application might result in ischemic injury due to parent vessel occlusion. Here we reviewed the literature regarding the intraoperative avulsion of the aneurysmal neck with an illustrative case to provide explanations of its surgical management intricacies. Methods. A Midline PubMed literature review was performed using the following keywords; (Aneurysm) AND (neck) AND (surgery or clipping) AND (tear OR avulsion). Fifty-three results were found initially. After excluding non-human subject studies, and non-English studies, two independent researchers examined the title and the abstract for the cases of neck tear or avulsion with its management. Results. Fourteen articles were found to be included in this study. The average age of the cases is around 57 years. The percentages of females in the review were 62% (8/13), and among the males, 38% (5/13). Regarding the locations, PcomA and AcomA were both 23% (3/13) of the cases; other locations include ACA, 15%, and MCA, 15%. The surgical techniques that opted from the literature include the cotton clip method, clip wrapping, parallel clipping and micro-suturing Conclusion. IOR due to aneurysmal neck avulsion is a devastating surgical complication, and its management may differ according to the extent of the rupture. Choosing the most convenient technique depends on the surgeon’s knowledge and experience.

An earthquake is a dangerous natural phenomenon that exposes buildings to collapse and human life to danger. Due to the weakness and cost of design and implementation by seismic design requirements. Therefore, a way must be found to reduce the impact of the earthquake risk, by using the smart joints technology in steel structures. Two experimental models were analyzed theoretically, The results showed a great convergence between the experimental and theoretical programs. The case study is a numerical study containing four rigid specimens that were analyzed in the ABAQUS / CAS (2017) program with applied a horizontal quasi-static cyclic load. The difference between these samples is the difference in thickness of the rubber washer used in the specimen where it is placed under the bolt head in the beam-column connection of the rigid steel frame. Two bolts connect the column with the angle, and the beam with the angle at the top, bottom, in both sides, and two bolts that connect the beam with the shear tab (ST), and in both sides too. Thus, the total number of bolts is twenty and the total number of rubber washer are forty. The results showed that the resistant load of the model containing rubber washer with the thickness (1,2,3 mm) in the beam-column connection increased by (11.5%, 33.8%, and 47.3%), respectively, as well as a significant improvement in the cumulative energy, the ductility residual displacement, The ductility index, The drift ratio, and the equivalent viscous damping compared to the model without rubber.

The existing buildings can be improved under the seismic effect by adding rubber to the bolts in the connection. The buildings when maintenance work is happening there is a problem many times and it should be evacuated and requires high cost. This study aims to maintain the building without having to remove it and at a very low cost compared to other methods. This study includes six models divided into two groups. The two groups differ in terms of the number of bolts in the contact area between the column and the beam in the steel frame. The first group models contain four bolts in the connection area and the second group forms contain five bolts in the contact area. Each group includes three models representing the first form of a reference model that has not rubber material around the bolts in the connection area, the second model contains 150% rubber than a bolt diameter around one bolt of the connection area, and all the bolts in the connection area in the third model are warped with rubber. The presence of rubber around one bolt gave a load, displacement, drifting, damping ratio, ductility index energy dissipation close to models where all contact bolts are warped with rubber material. Conclusion Based on the results presented in this research and the observations obtained from the numerical analysis, the conclusions drawn from this work can be summarized as follows: • When comparing the load and displacement value of the reference model and that contain rubber, note that the displacement value and the load value have increased significantly because the rubber is a hyperelastic material, and one of the properties of this material is to make the rubber within the elastic phase, as the model is deformed and then returns to its original position, where this principle is called (deformation recovery) and the rubber continues in this case until it reaches the stage of yield and then to the ultimate stage and failure occurs. • The presence of rubber around one bolt gives a similar drift rate to the case of wrapping all the fixing bolts with rubber • The ductility of the model that contains one rubber-coated bolt in the case of the 4 bolts is not very different from the model that contains 4bolts coating with rubber, but in the case of the 5 bolts, the ductility of the model that contains 5 rubber-coated bolts is higher than the model that contains one bolt is rubber-coated due to the increase in the displacement of the model. • For damping, the addition of rubber around all bolts in the connection improved the damping ratio a little more compared to the model containing rubber around one bolt in each contact of the models. • Rubber around one bolt can dissipate a sufficient percentage of energy compared to wrapping all fixing bolts with rubber. • Finally, through all the above calculations, can verify the validity of this study, which enables us to maintain the buildings by wrapping one bolt with rubber to make the building resistant to seismic effects, and this method will give a greater saving of time and cost than the other method used in building maintenance.

The aim of this research is to investigate experimentally the effect of adding shear connectors to the composite deck slabs which have various geometries of steel sheeting. The behavior and resistance of composite slab is basically depending on the development of longitudinal shear resistance. In this study six specimens of composite deck slabs which have different types of geometries of steel sheets (trapezoidal, triangle and T-shapes) with dimensions (1850mm x 500mm x 110mm) were casted and tested under four-point load in presence and absence of shear connectors in order to evaluate the behavior and longitudinal shear resistance of composite slabs. The results show that the adding shear connectors to composite slabs with trapezoidal shape and triangle shape act to increase ultimate load capacity by 22.2% and 17.8% respectively as compared with composite slabs without shear connectors while effect of adding shear connectors to the composite slab with T-shape was very little or can be neglected. As well as the adding shear connectors to composite slabs with trapezoidal shape and triangle shape act to decreasing the deflection as compared with the same load also act to enhance the general performance of slabs. Conclusion From the results of the tested composite slabs specimens, the following conclusions can be drawn: - • The presence shear connectors in composite slabs with trapezoidal shape and triangle shape act to increase ultimate load capacity by (22.2% and 17.8%) respectively as compared with composite slabs without shear connectors while the effect of adding shear connectors to the composite slab with T-shape was very little or can be neglected. • The adding shear connectors to the composite slabs with trapezoidal shape and triangle shape lead to decrease the deflection after slip happened as compared with the same load while the deflection in the composite slabs with T-shape was approximately same in presence and absence of shear connectors. • The development of strain in composite slabs with trapezoidal shape and triangle shape in presence shear connectors were more than absence of shear connectors while the ultimate strain in composite slab with T-shape was approximate same in presence and absence of shear connectors. • The adding shear connectors to composite slabs in specimens with trapezoidal shape and triangle shape act to development of maximum end slip to 6.404mm and 10mm respectively while the slip in specimens with T-shape was zero in all the stage o loading. • The composite slabs which have Triangle shape failed by flexural failure and showed full interaction whereas the composite slabs which have trapezoidal shape and triangle shape failed by horizontal shear failure and showed partial interaction.

Triphala, an Indian ayurvedic triherbal formulation, is an equiproportional mixture of fruits of three herbs, amalaki (Emblica officinalis), haritaki (Terminalia chebula) and bibhitaki (Terminalia bellerica). The present study focused on phytocompounds detection and comparative analysis of various biochemical activities in the aqueous and methanolic extracts of triphala and its constituting herbs. Antioxidant activity was determined by 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), super oxide dismutase (SOD), catalase assay. Antibacterial potential was determined by broth dilution and agar well diffusion assays. Results revealed the presence of valuable bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, etc which might be responsible for biochemical activities. Extracts exhibited satisfactory radical-scavenging activity comparable with ascorbic acid. Methanolic extracts demonstrated higher antioxidant activity compared to aqueous extract. Extracts showed promising antibacterial potential against tested strain comparable to ampicillin. Hence, it can be concluded that triphala may be a promising candidate in pharmaceuticals and future medicine.

We investigated the effects of just-in-time guidance at various stages of inquiry learning by novice learners. Thirteen participants, randomly assigned to an intervention (n = 8) or control (n = 5) group, were observed as they learned about DC electric circuits using a web-based simulation. Just-in-time instructional prompts to observe, predict, explain, systematically test, collect evidence, and generate rules were strongly associated with diagnosing and correcting misconceptions, and constructing correct scientific concepts. Students' repeated use of predictions, systematic testing, and evidence-coordinated reasoning often led to formulating new principles, generalizing from observed patterns, verifying comprehension, and experiencing "Aha!" moments. Justin-time prompts helped learners manage embedded cognitive challenges in inquiry tasks, achieve a comprehensive understanding of the model represented in the simulation, and show significantly higher knowledge gain. Just-in-time prompts also promoted rejection of incorrect models of inquiry and construction of robust scientific mental models. The results suggest ways of customizing guidance to promote scientific learning within simulation environments.

Understanding scientific phenomena requires learners to construct mental models of causal systems. Simulation-based discovery learning offers learners the opportunity to construct mental models and test them against the behavior of a simulation. The purpose of this study was to investigate sequential patterns of learner actions and utterances associated with outcomes of simulation-based guided discovery learning. We conducted a "sequence analysis" of data gathered from 11 undergraduate students engaged in discovery learning. Three related methods were used for the sequence analysis: Levenshtein edit distance, k-means clustering of the Levenshtein distance, and the Kohonen generalized median sequence. The median sequences of high-gaining and low-gaining participants showed qualitative differences in how they gathered evidence, stated claims, and drew explanatory inferences. Differences between the sequences of actions and utterances of high-gaining and low-gaining participants suggested ways that students might be guided to enhance discovery learning. By tracking the learning patterns of learners, researchers can determine the conditions under which prompts should be provided and offer recommendations for transforming less effective learning strategies to more effective ones.

Background: Guidance during inquiry learning plays an important role in developing conceptual understanding and inquiry skills. This study analysed learner-tutor interactions in a simulation-assisted learning environment to investigate how tutor guidance enabled knowledge construction and fostered epistemic practice. Objectives: This research aimed to illuminate challenges learners encounter in the inquiry process and forms of guidance that support learning in both conceptual and epistemic aspects. Methods: This study uses a mixed methods approach. We analysed video recordings in which nine participants asked 72 questions and the microsequences of interactions immediately surrounding and including each question. We coded properties of each question and whether the tutors' utterances were intended to increase (upregulate) or decrease (downregulate) the complexity of the inquiry processes, and used a two-step cluster analysis to explore groupings emerged from tutors' regulation guidance and learners' questions. Results and Conclusions: The regulatory intent of tutors' utterances depended on various characteristics of student questions. The microsequences clustered in five categories: 1) upregulated investigation and inference, 2) upregulated evidence-based justification, 3) downregulated cognitive load, 4) downregulated procedural uncertainties, and 5) downregulated perceptual dissonance. Our findings suggest tutors offering guiding prompts should consider dual processes in the inquiry and, by strategically prompting them, strike a balance between the goals of guiding learners to discover scientific knowledge and grounding their conceptual understanding in concepts, data, and procedures. Implications: We emphasize conceptual and epistemic learning should be concurrently guided in scientific inquiry. We propose a bidirectional guidance model as a pedagogical approach to guide instructional practice.

In scientific inquiry learning, within-task guidance tailored to the learner's domain knowledge and inquiry skill may be essential to promote intended learning outcomes. However, due to dynamic complexity across the timeline of inquiry learning, principles for designing tailored guidance are elusive. In this study, experienced tutors provided just-in-time guidance to 11 learners. We analysed tutor-learner interactions to investigate how tutors adapted guidance. We found tutors provided five types of guidance: prompts, support for domain knowledge, assessments, hints, and feedback. Guidance was provided when learners made errors, expressed difficulties, or asked questions; or when the tutor judged a learner successfully demonstrated a skill and was ready to progress to a follow-on skill. Based on these results, we propose a model for tailored, just-in-time guidance in simulation-assisted inquiry learning environments.

The effectiveness of blended learning was evaluated through the integration of an online chemistry platform, LabLessons. Two modules, "Formation of Hydrogen" and "Titration," were designed by college mentors alongside classroom chemistry teachers to engage and allow high school students to better comprehend these scientific topics. The pre-lab modules introduced the students to experiments they were expected to perform in class the following day. The modules consisted of an introduction as well as either a visualization and/or simulation specific to each topic. Students and teachers who utilized LabLessons were surveyed to establish a preliminary research on the use of technology in classrooms. Student and teacher surveys demonstrated LabLessons to be an interactive and helpful tool to improve students' understanding of conceptual ideas.

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Learning management systems (LMS) offer quiz tools that help students prepare for examinations. The purpose of this study is to investigate quiz tracking variables typically reported by LMS in relation to student achievement, motivation and learning strategies. The data from 143 undergraduate students comprised quiz tracking variables (number of attempts, completion time, and score), exam scores and responses to the Need for Cognition Scale (NfC), and selected components from the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire and the Achievement Goal Questionnaire. We hypothesized students retrieving information from memory while taking a quiz would complete the quiz in less time than students who searched for answers in the textbook, and consequently, quiz completion time would correlate with exam performance and key motivational and self-regulatory factors. We found quiz completion time correlated positively with performance-avoidance goal orientation. It correlated negatively with exam performance, NfC, self-efficacy, and effort regulation. The results indicated completion time of low stakes quizzes is associated with achievement-related motivations and reliably predicts achievement on summative exams. We attribute these links to the use of retrieval practice by students who successfully regulate their effort and learning strategies.

Thin films of ZnO nano crystalline doped with different concentrations (0, 6, 9, 12, and 18 )wt. % of copper were deposited on a glass substrate via pulsed laser deposition method (PLD). The properties of ZnO: Cu thin-nanofilms have been studied by absorbing UV-VIS, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and atomic force microscopes (AFM). UV-VIS spectroscopy was used to determine the type and value of the optical energy gap, while X-ray diffraction was used to examine the structure and determine the size of the crystals. Atomic force microscopes were used to study the surface formation of precipitated materials. The UV-VIS spectroscopy was used to determine the type and value of the optical energy gap.

Instructional support is fundamental to successful implementation of Inquiry-Based Learning (IBL) in various educational settings. Although research indicates that instructional support can lead to learning gain and achievement of inquiry strategies, it does not explain why the same level of guidance for students with relatively the same level of domain knowledge can lead to major differences in their performance and learning gain. To investigate this issue, we performed a descriptive observational study on a group of undergraduate students (N = 10) during their inquiry learning process in a physics simulation. Our results indicated that employing strategies such as setting goals, confronting misconceptions, testing prior knowledge, collecting evidence, reasoning, and inferring by examining various conditions contributed to high learning gain in students. Additionally, instructional support was found beneficial by all individuals -- with both high and low learning gains. However, low gainers tended to benefit more from explicit explanations and direct modeling. The results imply that some specific cognitive and metacognitive strategies are required as prerequisite inquiry competency for successful use of simulation tools and tutor guidance in a simulation based inquiry learning. These strategies can probably be developed through training workshops, instruction, and appropriate scaffolding during various phases of inquiry learning.

The research aimed at constructing an emotional balance scale for Iraqi futsal clubs as well as identifying the level of emotional balance scale for Iraqi female futsal players. It also aimed at identifying the psychological and obstacles that female futsal players face in training and during competition. The researchers used the descriptive method on (300) female futsal players who represent (20) clubs distributed as a pilot study, main experiment, construction, and applications subjects. The scale consisted of (26) items to come up with the rests. The data was collected and treated using SPSS to conclude that the results showed significance between emotional balance and mental, social, motor, psychological stability, and courage in facing the future.

The current study included the isolation and diagnosis of fungi from different places of the watercourse of Baghdad University in AL-Jadryia. The samples were collected twice a week for a period of three months, starting from October to December of the year 2022. The results showed average ranges of the air and water temperature with values of 20.6- 34 and 15.5- 24.5ºC, respectively, while pH ranged from 7.4- 7.7; electrical conductivity ranges were 710- 714μS/ cm, and salinity ranged from 4.4- 4.5mg/ L. The highest percentage of genus identified from water samples was Aspergillus niger, comprising 18.9%. The isolation of adherent fungi on Limnaea stagnalis revealed a variety of fungal species, with the highest percentage being Aspergillus sp., accounting for 20.2%. The isolation of adherent fungi on the invertebrate Spongilla lacustris showed that Aspergillus sp. had the highest percentage, accounting for 27.1%. Furthermore, isolating fungi from inside the tissues of Limnaea stagnalis, after treating it with a chlorine solution diluted with water to remove all external microorganisms, revealed that Achlya sp. was the most prevalent genus, comprising 27.2%. The fungi obtained from inside Spongilla lacustris tissues showed that Saprolegnia sp. had the highest percentage, accounting for 17.5%. The current study aimed to identify the biological diversity of fungi that were isolated from the stream located in the Jadriyah area, which derives its water from the Tigris River from some types of invertebrates, as well as the possibility of using these types of invertebrates as traps and a natural alternative to cultural media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]