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The Luojiashan gabbro is a newly discovered mafic pluton emplaced in the Neoproterozoic Yingyangguan Formation in Yingyangguan region of northeastern Guangxi, South China. Comprehensive whole-rock geochemical and zircon geochronological and Hf isotopic analyses are performed on the gabbro and comparisons are made with the coeval mafic-ultramafic sills and dikes located in Longsheng region of northern Guangxi in order to understand the magmatic origin, evolution, and tectonic setting of the Luojiashan gabbro and to address the location of the suture zone of the Southwestern Jiangnan Orogen (SJO). LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb ages obtained from the Luojiashan gabbro show that it was emplaced at ∼770 Ma. The gabbro contains abundant inherited zircons aged at 0.9–1.3 Ga, consistent with age spectrum of the Cathaysia Block. Chondrite-normalized REE pattern, primitive mantle-normalized trace element spider diagram, incompatible element ratios of Nb/Ta, Zr/Hf, La/Nb, Ba/Th, Th/La, and Ba/La, and Th/Yb-Ta/Yb discrimination diagram of the gabbro are indicative of OIB-like geochemical characteristics and of derivation from partially melted garnet peridotite of the asthenospheric mantle. Tectonic discrimination based on the trace and rare earth elements also indicate that the Luojiashan gabbro was emplaced in a within-plate extensional rift setting, probably as a result of Rodinia supercontinent dismantling, lithospheric thinning, and underplating and upwelling of the asthenospheric mantle. Based on zircon age, Hf isotopic data and comparison between northern and northeastern Guangxi, it is suggested that the Yingyangguan region was tectonically situated in a different tectonic locale from the Longsheng region of northern Guangxi at about 770 Ma during the post-orogenic mafic-ultramafic magmatic event, with the former within the Cathaysia Block and the latter along the southeast margin of Yangtze Block. The suture between the Yangtze and Cathaysia blocks must be located between Yingyangguan of northeastern Guangxi and Longsheng of northern Guangxi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By focusing on technical content, this study presents 'two experimental building technologies courses' connecting the conceptual and practical aspects of architectural object production. Built on the fundamental 'concept of making', these courses encourage students to explore their creative abilities by uniting material, form, and purpose. In the Building Technologies I course, exploration starts with the concept of 'technique', which involves the practical and theoretical knowledge necessary to shape architectural objects. This technique allows the production of architectural objects that encapsulate spaces carrying action and time, making a mere explanation of space creation insufficient. Thus, in the Building Technologies II course, the focus shifts to the 'tectonic' concept, which involves creating coherent spatial entities within a single structural system. The two courses aim to equip students with the ability to develop their unique knowledge and methods for construction before advancing to more theorised Building Technologies courses. Students are encouraged to engage with materials to uncover their potential, experiment with forms to achieve design goals, and personalise construction processes. This proposal advocates for foundational construction courses built on intuitive knowledge to replace traditional rational knowledge courses. Our study presents the methodologies and outputs of the proposed Building Technologies courses as a basis for ongoing construction courses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extent of mountainous and desert areas in Iran has caused the emergence of well -known geomorphological phenomena .Alluvial fans are landforms found in various locations. Identifying and evaluating their impacts can be valuable for natural hazard management and land use planning. In this study an attempt hs been made to evaluate the status of tectonic activities in the south of the slopes of the Khar qan mountain range in the northeast of Hamedan province. Different maps were utilized to examine the development process of alluvial fans and present evidence of tectonic activity, including the Gozal Valley, Karafs, and several smaller alluvial fans. The findings of this study revealed that tectonic activity in the Gozal Valley cone remains active, while the alluvial fans located between the Gozal Valley are inactive. Further evidence in the bed of the Gozal Valley cones suggests tectonic changes caused by fault activity, resulting in the alteration of the riverbed's drainage pattern and subsequent destruction and erosion of the surrounding areas. Additionally, changes in drainage patterns and sediment depth on the surface of alluvial fans can be attributed to tectonic activities within these fans. Geological logs illustrate both prolonged, slow periods and active periods during various geological eras in the study area. Ultimately, tectonic activity initiated with a lengthy, sluggish phase, followed by continued tectonic activities and fluctuations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rivers are environmental features that react strongly to changes in their beds. Tectonics is the most important factor affecting the morphology of rivers, causing significant changes in river systems. In this study, we investigated the effect of tectonic activity on river systems in the eastern slopes of Mullah Daghi, southeast of Zanjan province. This area is drained by the Abhar River. We used the Digital Elevation Model (DEM), Geographic Information System (GIS), and Global Mapper 13 for our investigation. In the ArcGIS software environment, we used the DEM to prepare required maps, including geological maps and topography. We used the 1:250,000 Geological Map of Zanjan to create the fault map. To achieve our research objectives, we analyzed tectonic activity indicators such as mountain front sinuosity, basin shape, drainage density, longitudinal gradient of the river, river meanders, basin asymmetry, hypsometry integral, topographic symmetry of the basin, and width of the valley floor to the height. These indicators were combined to calculate the tectonic activity index (IAT). The results obtained through the IAT index indicate the activation of tectonic and neotectonic activities in the Ardejin and Abhar watersheds, and moderate activity in the Zareh Bash basin. These activities have different impacts on the river systems in the studied basins, such as river meanders in the Ardejin watershed basin, tilted watersheds in Abhar and Ardejin, and elongated basins in Zareh Bash. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The Oldest Ice Reconnaissance (OIR) airborne geophysical survey in East Antarctica was flown over approximately 170,000 km2 of the Dome Fuji region in 2016/17. The survey’s results support new insights into the subglacial geology and its meaning for the tectonic histories of the supercontinents Rodinia and Gondwana. The new magnetic and radar-derived bed topography data are integrated with previously acquired magnetic and gravity data, allowing the mapping of crustal domains within and beyond the survey’s limits. The magnetic data reveal three distinct domains within the survey region, delineated by N–S oriented boundaries, partly aligned with gravity domains following upward continuation transformations for both datasets. Additionally, four primary sets of magnetic lineaments were identified, exhibiting correlations with topographic and gravity patterns. These correlations indicate the continuation of the Tonian Oceanic Arc Super Terrane (TOAST) southward of its previously known southern limit. Moreover, an E–W-trending magnetic anomaly, the Elbert magnetic anomaly, suggests the suture between the recently-proposed subglacial Valkyrie craton and the TOAST. Furthermore, the analysis reveals a broad scale shear zone, named here the OIR shear zone, which formed as a result of oblique collision of the Ruker and Valkyrie cratons during the amalgamation of Gondwana.

The Oldest Ice Reconnaissance (OIR) airborne geophysical survey in East Antarctica was flown over approximately 170,000 km2 of the Dome Fuji region in 2016/17. The survey’s results support new insights into the subglacial geology and its meaning for the tectonic histories of the supercontinents Rodinia and Gondwana. The new magnetic and radar-derived bed topography data are integrated with previously acquired magnetic and gravity data, allowing the mapping of crustal domains within and beyond the survey’s limits. The magnetic data reveal three distinct domains within the survey region, delineated by N–S oriented boundaries, partly aligned with gravity domains following upward continuation transformations for both datasets. Additionally, four primary sets of magnetic lineaments were identified, exhibiting correlations with topographic and gravity patterns. These correlations indicate the continuation of the Tonian Oceanic Arc Super Terrane (TOAST) southward of its previously known southern limit. Moreover, an E–W-trending magnetic anomaly, the Elbert magnetic anomaly, suggests the suture between the recently-proposed subglacial Valkyrie craton and the TOAST. Furthermore, the analysis reveals a broad scale shear zone, named here the OIR shear zone, which formed as a result of oblique collision of the Ruker and Valkyrie cratons during the amalgamation of Gondwana. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Rakaia River in the South Island of New Zealand is a unique catchment in which to trace active detrital gold transport, deformation and concentration from near-coeval orogenic sources. The catchment hosts widespread small late Cenozoic hydrothermal alteration zones, some of which are gold-bearing, in actively rising and eroding mountain headwaters. Detrital gold liberated from the sources is distinctively porous with abundant micron-scale silicate inclusions, especially albite. Fine gold (∼200–100 µm) has been transported >100 km downstream, but coarse gold remains highly diluted in proximal fluvial sediments. Fine gold is also diluted by coarse fluvial sediments that form the upper kilometre of the Canterbury sedimentary basin southeast of the mountain front. Minor re-concentration of fine gold occurs in a bedrock gorge at the mountain front, and on steep ocean beaches beyond the river mouth. Despite the long-distance transport, the fine gold particles have been only superficially modified by surface smearing and minor flattening. The gold may have travelled in suspension in the river, buoyed by electrostatically adhering fine micas, in contrast to detrital garnets that were rounded in bed-load. In contrast, detrital gold on the western side of the mountains has been flattened to thin flakes during bed-load transport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On January 10, 2023, a significant earthquake with Mw 7.6 occurred in the southern part of Molucca, Indonesia, and generated widespread ground shaking around IV-VI MMI, followed by building damages and early tsunami warning. The hypocenter was located deeper than the common slab contour, which may indicate another blind tectonic system called intraslab. Joint analysis was applied by correlating the waveform inversion with hypocenter relocation to identify the current seismic activities. The main objective of the finding results is to configure the seismotectonic system that has generated several intermediate-depth earthquakes in the southern part of Molucca. Therefore, a total of 1711 earthquakes were obtained from the 2019 - 2022 catalog which were recorded by 72 stations associated with 9125 P-phase and 4217 S-phase. As many as 90% (1530) of the total earthquakes were successfully relocated, while 10% (170) were not relocated because they did not meet the predetermined criteria. Furthermore, the mainshock was resolved with thrusting fault with NW – SE orientation, steeply dipping to the SW direction and a moment magnitude estimation Mw of 7.6 ± 0.03 at depth 35.50 ± 2 km. The focal parameters include two nodal planes, i.e., first nodal plane with strike 319°, dip 15.5° and rake 101°, and second nodal plane with strike 127°, dip 74.8° and rake 86.8°. The results show successfully the existence of the hidden intraslab beneath the collision between the Australian plate and the Eurasian plate, which can provide new insight and also contribute to the recent tectonic system in East Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Aksehir-Simav Fault System (ASFS), which is one of the most important seismic sources of Western Anatolia, is a neotectonic structure consisting of several fault segments that are in NW-SE trending and approximately a total of 400-km in length between Sindirgi in the west and Aksehir in the east. Banaz Segment, which is one of these segments, is 32-km in length and presents a topographic appearance of fault steepness along the Comburt Valley between Banaz and Simav in the middle part of ASFS. In this study, 27 GNSS benchmarks were installed based on the geometry of the Banaz Fault. In the years of 2016, between 2023, six campaign surveys were carried out in yearly periods. Based on the GNSS measurements obtained within the scope of the project; firstly, the velocity fields of the region were calculated. Using the velocity vectors, the amounts and directions of the strains on the faults located in the region were determined. GNSS observations made in the network shows the region is moving in the southwest direction at velocities of 20-30 mm/yr. Strain analyzes performed using geodetic velocities show that the region deforms around 40- 50 ns annually. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Zat region has a Precambrian basement that is partially covered by deformed Phanerozoic terrains. The last three orogeneses that Morocco experienced, from the Precambrian to the Quaternary, shaped this region. We used optical imagery from Landsat 8 OLI and ASTER DEM to map the tectonic fractures in this region. First, radiometric and geometric corrections were taken into account. Then, during the automatic extraction of lineaments, directional filters were used. Many approaches were used in the validation procedure, including the creation of false colour images, principal component analysis, and the removal of artificial lineaments by superimposing them on geological and topographic maps, Google Earth data, and field measurements. The listed lineaments have four major directional ranges: N–S, NW–SE, E–W, and NE–SW. The Hercynian and Alpine fractures are designated by the N–S and NE–SW directions, respectively. However, Precambrian filled fractures are distinguished by lineaments that fluctuate in the WNW–ESE direction. The geographical distribution of lineaments demonstrates the presence of two hard nuclei (Ourika gneissic massif and Afra ignimbritic massif) having controlled the region's deformation. The region's tectonic intensity decreases at the level of these nuclei and increases at the level of the surrounding terrains, which may include mineralising indices. This study highlights a region that is likely to be mined because of its geological and structural heritage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On January 15, 2023, a major earthquake with Mw 6.2 occurred in the northern part of Sumatra, Indonesia, and generated widespread ground shaking around III - V MMI without any damages. The hypocenter was located at a shallower depth than the common slab contour, which may address another blind tectonic system called backthrust. An extended waveform inversion and hypocenter relocation analysis is demonstrated to identify the responsible system. A total of 1,750 earthquakes were compiled from the 10-year catalog (2010 - 2022) and recorded by 72 stations associated with 1,2536 P-phase and 5,604 S-phase. Up to 85% (1211) of the total earthquakes were successfully relocated, while 15% (103) were not relocated because they did not meet the predetermined criteria. Furthermore, the mainshock was resolved with a thrusting fault with NW - SE orientation, steeply dipping to the SW direction, and a moment magnitude estimation of Mw 6.2 ± 0.03 at a depth of 35.50 ± 2 Km. The focal parameters include two nodal planes, i.e., the 1st nodal plane with strike 319°, dip 15.5°, and rake 101° while the 2nd nodal plane with strike 127°, dip 74.8° and rake 86.8°. The results successfully show the existence of the blind back thrust in the Sumatra subduction zone, which will provide new insight and contribute to the recent tectonic system in the northern part of Sumatra and its surroundings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paleoproterozoic A-type granites are widely distributed in the southern margin of the North China Craton (SNCC), providing important information for understanding the Paleoproterozoic tectonic regimes in this area. This paper reports newly obtained whole-rock compositions and zircon U-Pb ages for the Tieluping syenogranite porphyry (TLP) and Huoshenmiao alkali granite porphyry (HSM) in the SNCC. Zircons from the TLP and HSM have U-Pb ages of 1 805 ± 12 and 1 792 ± 14 Ma, respectively. These ages are taken to date the emplacement of these intrusions. They had high total alkali contents (K2O + Na2O > 7.13 wt.%), with high 10 000 × Ga/Al ratios (3.06–3.41) and Zr + Y + Nb + Ce values (709 ppm–910 ppm) as well as high zircon saturation temperatures (864–970 °C), indicative of A-type granite affinities. High Y/Nb (1.75–3.32), Ce/Nb (7.72–9.72), and Yb/Ta (2.89–5.60) ratios suggested that TLP and HSM belonged to the A2-type granite. The negative whole rock εNd(t) values (−8.4 to −6.6) and negative zircon εHf(t) values (−15.9 to −6.3) confirmed that TLP and HSM were likely generated by the partial melting of an ancient continental crust. The εHf(t) (−7.4 to +4.0) values of inherited zircons in the TLP suggested that they were derived from the partial melting of Archean basement rocks. Considering the geochemical similarity of the 1.80 Ga A-type granitoids in the SNCC, we propose that the TLP and HSM were formed in a post-collisional regime that was likely associated with the break-off of the Paleoproterozoic subducted slab. Upwelling of the asthenosphere provided huge heat to generate the regional 1.80 Ga A-type granite in the SNCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Ougnat Massif of the eastern Anti-Atlas (Morocco) hosts barite and sulfide vein-type deposits of vital economic importance. With over 150 mineralized structures reported in the Ougnat Massif, the ore-bearing ones are predominantly composed of barite, quartz, calcite, and minor portions of sulfides. The mineralized veins are driven by NW-SE and NE-SW to E-W oblique-slip opening faults that cross both the Precambrian basement and its Paleozoic cover. The mineralized structures occur as lenses and sigmoidal veins that follow stepped tension fracture sets oblique to the fault planes. These geometries and kinematic indicators of these structures point to a predominantly normal-sinistral opening in a brittle-ductile tectonic setting. The S isotopic compositions of barite from the Ougnat Massif (+10.8 to +19.5‰) fall mostly within the range of δ34S values of Late Triassic to Jurassic seawater, thus suggesting that some of the SO2− in barite comes from seawater sulfate. This range of δ34S values also corresponds approximately to the hydrothermal barite context. The 87Sr/86Sr ratios of barite, which range from 0.710772 to 0.710816, lie between the radiogenic strontium isotopic compositions of deposition by hydrothermal solutions, and also coincide with the non-radiogenic isotopic signature of Triassic to Jurassic seawater. Based on a fluid inclusions study, the ore-forming fluids were a mixture of two or more fluids. A deep hot fluid with an average temperature of 368 °C leached the granodiorites and volcanic-sedimentary complex of the Ouarzazate Group. This fluid provided the hydrothermal system with most of the Ba, radiogenic Sr, and some of the dissolved S. A second, shallow fluid with an average temperature of 242 °C was derived from Late Triassic to Jurassic seawater. The barite mineralization of the Ougnat Massif constitutes a typical example of vein-type mineralization that occurred along the northern margin of the West African Craton and regionally tied to the central Atlantic opening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For centuries, transforming the cubic space to a spherical dome was a matter of challenge, structurally and formally. The squinch was the primary solution to build the 'divine' sphere over basic cubic chambers in palaces and mosques in Iran (Memarian et al. in J Iran Archit Urban 8(2):75–84, 2017) that mediated its geometric transformation. In this research, the authors will answer the question of where and how did this innovative transformative squinch, or as it will be defined here, 'chapireh,' become quintessential for all generative Islamic tectonics like karbandi and ornaments like muqarnas. For that purpose, we simulated and modeled different types of Islamic tectonics and their bottom-up formation process from early generations of the transformative chapireh to the complex evolved version of the tectonic. Towards this end, we approach chapireh through a shape grammar as a generative computational tool for forming new tectonics out of basic Islamic modules and simple rules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By focusing on technical content, this study presents ‘two experimental building technologies courses’ connecting the conceptual and practical aspects of architectural object production. Built on the fundamental ‘concept of making’, these courses encourage students to explore their creative abilities by uniting material, form, and purpose. In the Building Technologies I course, exploration starts with the concept of ‘technique’, which involves the practical and theoretical knowledge necessary to shape architectural objects. This technique allows the production of architectural objects that encapsulate spaces carrying action and time, making a mere explanation of space creation insufficient. Thus, in the Building Technologies II course, the focus shifts to the ‘tectonic’ concept, which involves creating coherent spatial entities within a single structural system. The two courses aim to equip students with the ability to develop their unique knowledge and methods for construction before advancing to more theorised Building Technologies courses. Students are encouraged to engage with materials to uncover their potential, experiment with forms to achieve design goals, and personalise construction processes. This proposal advocates for foundational construction courses built on intuitive knowledge to replace traditional rational knowledge courses. Our study presents the methodologies and outputs of the proposed Building Technologies courses as a basis for ongoing construction courses.

Placer gold on beaches on either side of a major active mountain belt has strongly contrasting compositions and morphologies. Pleistocene-Holocene beach gold placers have formed along the West Coast where silver (Ag)-bearing gold has been eroded from mountains via steep rivers and glaciers, followed by rapid burial in the abundant associated coastal sediments. Deformation along transport pathways has produced flattened gold flakes, but some primary crystalline shapes are preserved. Internal deformation of particles has caused recrystallisation to fine-grained (µm scale) grain structures including mylonitic banding. However, only minor localised (µm scale) Ag leaching has occurred on some particle margins. In contrast, Pleistocene beach placers formed on the southern side of the mountains contain flattened gold particles with a complex transport history involving long-distance (hundreds of km) fluvial transport since Cretaceous. Most primary Ag has been leached from this gold during transport-related recrystallisation to fine (5–20 µm) internal grains. Sand-blasting on the southern beaches with low sediment supply has resulted in further deformation and leaching of Ag to form toroidal shapes with Ag-free delicate extremities. Placer gold which has undergone rapid transport and deposition is useful as a prospecting tool for bedrock deposits in glaciated terranes around the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evolution of the passive Armorican margin (Western France) during the Neogene and Quaternary was analyzed using field data. The morphology of the margin attests to a late Hercynian shaping, further deformation during the Mesozoic mid-Atlantic opening, during the Alpine Orogeny, and ultimately, a Late Cenozoic uplift, mostly related to an onshore isostatic accommodation in response to erosion and limited tectonic activity. A very limited strike-slip dynamic, with very low seismicity, accommodated the Neogene-Pleistocene N170 strains around the rigid Armorican terrane. The South Armorican domain and English Channel floor include shear zones that adjusted the Alpine convergence, facilitating its transpressive slip to the west. The Permo-Triassic N150 faults were reactivated during the inversion phases that began after the Bartonian under the distal control of the Alpine convergence and the decrease in the Atlantic spreading rate after 34 Ma. The Armorican marine platforms were stable after the late Eocene and slightly subsident, experiencing pulsed episodes of transient lithospheric doming during the Neogene and Quaternary. Co-seismic activity onshore without surface rupture was recorded around ~5.3 Ma, ~3.7 Ma, ~2.4-1.2 Ma, and ~400-250 ka, in tandem with an inland exhumation driven by isostatic adjustment due to an intensification of periglacial erosion at the onset of the early interstadials or by agriculture. Low-magnitude and ubiquitous shallow seismic activities seem to be related today to an isostatic uplifted old brittle-ductile transition due to the accumulation of shearing strain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Princess Elizabeth Land landscape in East Antarctica was shaped by a complex process, involving the supercontinent's breakup and convergence cycle. However, the lack of geological knowledge about the subglacial bedrock has made it challenging to understand this process. Our study aimed to investigate the structural characteristics of the subglacial bedrock in the Mount Brown region, utilizing airborne geophysical data collected from the China Antarctic Scientific Expedition in 2015–2017. We reconstructed bedrock density contrast and magnetic susceptibility models by leveraging Tikhonov regularized gravity and magnetic inversions. The deep bedrock in the inland direction exhibited different physical properties, indicating the presence of distinct basement sources. The east–west discontinuity of bedrock changed in the inland areas, suggesting the possibility of large fault structures or amalgamation belts. We also identified several normal faults in the western sedimentary basin, intersected by the southwest section of these survey lines. Furthermore, lithologic separators and sinistral strike-slip faults may exist in the northeast section, demarcating the boundary between Princess Elizabeth Land and Knox Valley. Our study provides new insights into the subglacial geological structure in this region, highlighting the violent impact of the I-A-A-S (Indo-Australo-Antarctic Suture) on the subglacial basement composition. Additionally, by identifying and describing different bedrock types, our study redefines the potential contribution of this region to the paleocontinent splicing process and East Antarctic basement remodeling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Situated at the junction between the Eastern Carpathians Mountains, the Pannonian and the Transylvanian basins, the Baia Mare region (Romania) has a complex geological history that witnessed the interaction among the three main tectonic provinces. Here, we report results from new seismic reflection measurements that provide modern information about the subsurface geological structure. The integrated analysis of the newly acquired and vintage seismic reflection data from the study area reveals details about the architecture of the Palaeogene and the Neogene deposits at the contact between the northeastern Pannonian and northwestern Transylvanian basins. In particular, it unveils a fault zone that most probably controlled the tectonic evolution of the eastern Pannonian and Transylvanian basins. A better understanding of the crustal structure and tectonic features in the study area is a first step into evaluating the geothermal potential of the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Triassic intermediate-mafic igneous rocks are sporadically exposed in the East Kunlun Orogen Belt (EKOB), and their petrogenesis and geological implications for the Paleo-Tethyan orogeny are not well constrained. Geochronologic and geochemical data for the gabbro, gabbroic diorite and quartz diorite in Qingshuihe pluton are presented here to constrain their ages, petrogenesis and geodynamic settings. LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating indicates that the gabbro, gabbroic diorite and quartz diorite were formed at 239.8 ± 2.1 Ma, 238.4 ± 1.1 Ma and 235.7 ± 1.1 Ma, respectively. The studied samples span a wide range in geochemical compositions with SiO2 content of 47.55–63.93 wt%, exhibiting low-K tholeiitic to high-K calc-alkaline affinities. All samples have trace element compositions resembling typical arc magmas, however, from gabbro, gabbroic diorite to quartz diorite, the fractionation degree of rare earth elements gradually increases ((La/Yb) N = 2.08–2.52, 2.20–9.23 and 7.15–17.95, respectively), and the enrichment in large ion lithophile elements (e.g., Rb, Ba, Th and K) and the depletion in high field strength elements (e.g., Nb, Ta, and Ti) are also more obvious. These geochemical features, combined with their enriched Sr-Nd-Hf isotopes ((87Sr/86Sr)i = 0.709694–0.71445, εNd(t) = -7.9 – -4.7, εHf(t) = -3.65–3.79, respectively), unanimously indicate their parental magma was derived by partial melting of an enriched lithospheric mantle, followed by cumulation of tabular plagioclase and prismatic amphibole generating the appinitic gabbro, and subsequent certain degree of magma mixing and fractional crystallization forming the evolved gabbroic diorite and quartz diorite. This study therefore not only demonstrates that mantle-derived arc magma underplating followed by crust-mantle mixing and fractional crystallization is an important mechanism of continental crust growth, but also confirms that the East Kunlun Paleo-Tethyan oceanic subduction lasted at least until 235 Ma.

Abstract On the Island of Samos (East Aegean region, Greece), two sedimentary basins are filled by thick continental series dated to the Late Miocene to Early Pliocene. A multidisciplinary study has been performed including (1) the definition of 21 sedimentary facies, (2) a review of the biological components and (3) carbon, oxygen and strontium stable isotope analyses. The succession is characterised by various depositional settings and hydrochemical compositions. Five main stages of basin evolution have been identified: (1) The Late Serravallian is marked by the development of alluvial fans and fan delta; (2) during the Lower Tortonian, isolated shallow lakes with variable salinity, from fresh to brackish, developed under warm and relatively humid conditions; (3) the Middle to Upper Tortonian is marked by the development of a large and deep lake with saline and alkaline waters, under colder and drier conditions; (4) the Latest Tortonian to Messinian period is represented by an ephemeral alluvial system, developed under a dry climate; (5) during the Zanclean, a palustrine and paludal wetland system, dominated by tufa carbonates, developed under moderately humid conditions. This succession is of particular interest for the reconstruction of the palaeoenvironmental evolution of the transition zone between the Mediterranean domain, and the Paratethys and circum‐Paratethys areas. The geochemical data and the presence of flora (diatoms) and fauna (gastropods) of marine affinity suggest transient ingressions of marine‐related water or groundwater inflows as early as the Lower Tortonian. The Samos succession records the complex interaction between the regional geodynamics and climate. The extensional regime of the Eastern Aegean zone generates subsidence, interrupted in the mid‐Tortonian (9 Ma) by a brief compressive event and a major exposure of the basins. Furthermore, the Late Miocene progressive aridification, followed by a change to a more humid climate (Pliocene) is also a major driver of the sedimentation.

Alluvial fans play a significant role in fluvial systems and are a subject of great interest in geomorphology. This research aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the key factors that influence alluvial fan morphology, which include climatic conditions, tectonism, and base level changes. The paper discusses the morphological development of alluvial fans along the Maymundağı fault, which borders the northwest of the Acıgöl graben. The fault exhibits a NE-SW strike that veers into an E-W direction in the south. Two different alluvial fan systems were observed, intersecting in front of the E-W trending mountain. This development was previously associated with the high level of the Pleistocene lake, but later studies have shown that there was no rise in the lake level that affected the development. In this study, it was revealed that the morphological development occurred as a result of active faulting in the lower part of the fan.

Basins formed on active strike-slip faults are important prospect areas for geothermal energy exploration since the crust gets thinner in these areas and tectonic structures provide favorable conditions for heat-fluid circulation and transport. The Edremit (Balıkesir) Basin holds a great promise for the discovery of new geothermal energy sources. The objective of the recent study is to evaluate the geothermal capacity of the Edremit Basin utilizing tectonic, geological, and hydrogeological studies, combining remote sensing (land surface temperature-LST, hydrothermal alteration, and multi-temporal InSAR (MT-InSAR) assessments). We present structural literature data and the results of field mapping, which revealed the geometry, kinematics, and dynamics of structural features, geological units as geothermal system components, thermal and cold water chemistry, and thermal infrared remote sensing analysis. For the purpose of assessing new targets and recent geothermal capacity, these data are combined and evaluated. According to the outcomes of the study, the fault pattern in the Edremit Basin is generated by N-S extension, which produced E-W dominant striking normal faults with a heritage of paleostructures oriented in various directions. According to remote sensing analyses, the primary LST regions in the basin are defined by the active faults. Therefore, a high sodium sulfate ratio recorded in the chemical analyses of the water samples indicates a deep circulation and high possibility for the presence of thermal water. Consequently, our findings are consistent with the work to include thorough field geology surveys, structural patterns, LST, and water chemistry to refined exploration process.

On October 1, 2022, an earthquake with a magnitude of 5.8 shook the Tarutung area which was generated by an active fault at a shallow depth of 10 km. In this study, relocating the hypocenter and determining the mechanism of the earthquake was carried out to understand the active tectonic structure. The distribution of hypocenter relocation figures a pull-apart pattern at shallow depths. The earthquake mechanism shows a dextral pattern in the Southwest – Southeast direction with a strike of 138º – 158º. The aftershocks are more dominantly distributed in the pull-apart system in the southeastern part and show the greater part of the transfer of seismic static stress to the southeastern side of the Toru fault. The pull-apart tectonic system scheme in the Tarutung basin with secondary faults as extensional faults is proposed to be a fault source model that forms a negative-flower structure geological pattern. The results of this study can be used as a reference for the Tarutung tectonic system and applied as a mitigation study.

The evolution of the passive Armorican margin (Western France) during the Neogene and Quaternary was analyzed using field data. The morphology of the margin attests to a late Hercynian shaping, further deformation during the Mesozoic mid-Atlantic opening, during the Alpine Orogeny, and ultimately, a Late Cenozoic uplift, mostly related to an onshore isostatic accommodation in response to erosion and limited tectonic activity. A very limited strike–slip dynamic, with very low seismicity, accommodated the Neogene–Pleistocene N170 strains around the rigid Armorican terrane. The South Armorican domain and English Channel floor include shear zones that adjusted the Alpine convergence, facilitating its transpressive slip to the west. The Permo-Triassic N150 faults were reactivated during the inversion phases that began after the Bartonian under the distal control of the Alpine convergence and the decrease in the Atlantic spreading rate after 34 Ma. The Armorican marine platforms were stable after the late Eocene and slightly subsident, experiencing pulsed episodes of transient lithospheric doming during the Neogene and Quaternary. Co-seismic activity onshore without surface rupture was recorded around ∼5.3 Ma, ∼3.7 Ma, ∼2.4–1.2 Ma, and ∼400–250 ka, in tandem with an inland exhumation driven by isostatic adjustment due to an intensification of periglacial erosion at the onset of the early interstadials or by agriculture. Low-magnitude and ubiquitous shallow seismic activities seem to be related today to an isostatic uplifted old brittle–ductile transition due to the accumulation of shearing strain.

On the Island of Samos (East Aegean region, Greece), two sedimentary basins are filled by thick continental series dated to the Late Miocene to Early Pliocene. A multidisciplinary study has been performed including (1) the definition of 21 sedimentary facies, (2) a review of the biological components and (3) carbon, oxygen and strontium stable isotope analyses. The succession is characterised by various depositional settings and hydrochemical compositions. Five main stages of basin evolution have been identified: (1) The Late Serravallian is marked by the development of alluvial fans and fan delta; (2) during the Lower Tortonian, isolated shallow lakes with variable salinity, from fresh to brackish, developed under warm and relatively humid conditions; (3) the Middle to Upper Tortonian is marked by the development of a large and deep lake with saline and alkaline waters, under colder and drier conditions; (4) the Latest Tortonian to Messinian period is represented by an ephemeral alluvial system, developed under a dry climate; (5) during the Zanclean, a palustrine and paludal wetland system, dominated by tufa carbonates, developed under moderately humid conditions. This succession is of particular interest for the reconstruction of the palaeoenvironmental evolution of the transition zone between the Mediterranean domain, and the Paratethys and circum‐Paratethys areas. The geochemical data and the presence of flora (diatoms) and fauna (gastropods) of marine affinity suggest transient ingressions of marine‐related water or groundwater inflows as early as the Lower Tortonian. The Samos succession records the complex interaction between the regional geodynamics and climate. The extensional regime of the Eastern Aegean zone generates subsidence, interrupted in the mid‐Tortonian (9 Ma) by a brief compressive event and a major exposure of the basins. Furthermore, the Late Miocene progressive aridification, followed by a change to a more humid climate (Pliocene) is also a major driver of the sedimentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Turkish Journal of Geographical Sciences / Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi is the property of Cografi Bilimler Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Linte region, located within the Adamawa-Yade domain of the Central African Fold Belt (CAFB), is associated with the Pan-African orogeny in Cameroon. Magmatic (granular texture and suborientation of euhedral to subhedral feldspar crystals), sub-magmatic (intragranular fractures filled with quartz), and mostly solid-state (internal deformation, exsolution, and dynamic and static recrystallization) microstructures indicate that magmatic and metamorphic rocks of the Linte area were subjected to analogous tectonic manifestations during the Pan-African orogeny. Magmatic, sub-magmatic, and solid-state microstructural analyses combined with the existing age record reveal three phases of local deformation, namely Dn, Dn+1, and Dn+2, which can be correlated with regional D1 to D4 deformation phases of the CAFB. The Dn (ca. 660–600 Ma) marks the crystallization phase accompanied by magmatic and sub-magmatic microstructures. It is related to the regional D1-D2 deformation. The Dn+1 (ca. 600 Ma) represents a compressive tectonic setting related to the regional D3. The Dn+2 (ca. 598 Ma), initiated during D3, represents a transpressive tectonic combined with brittle deformation, and marked by sinistral and dextral shearings episodes, grading into the regional D4 stage. Collectively, microstructures recorded in the Linte igneous rocks can be correlated with the regional tectonic events, including crustal thickening, and successively sinistral wrench and regional dextral shear movements during the Pan-African orogeny in Cameroon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dashkasan is one of the historical villages of East Azarbaijan province, located in Shiramin village, part of the suburbs of Azarshahr, located south of Tabriz, the west of Sahand volcano. In this paper, to investigate the increase in instability in the Azarshahr Dashkasan mineral region, tectonic studies were conducted. Based on field observations, the normal Dashkasan fault has led to a displacement of 10 cm folding units at a height of 1373 meters above sea level. Therefore, the activation of tectonics is quite evident in terms of field observations. Adaptating the results with the remote sensing map of the studied area, it was determined that the most displacement, and by which stone was fractured, occurred along the normal sub-faults in the northwest-southeast part. Considering that shear joints are also developed in the northwest, mines should also have abundant fractures in the central and southern parts of the Dashkasan region, so extracting and exploring this range is not correct. In addition to the railroad, the tunnel and part of the main road are at risk of the normal active fault zone and slope instability. The density of mineral activities in Dashkasan region is very high and necessary where the slope of the range is very steep, especially in mineral areas and abundant fractures that are adjacent to engineering projects such as tunnels and railway lines. There must be necessary measures for slope stabilization. Therefore, the activity of mining and exploration in the environment should not put people at risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Mesoproterozoic Penganga Group of Pranhita–Godavari valley basin in south India comprises a succession that starts with a coarse sandstone–conglomerate unit at the base and is successively followed by sandstone, limestone and shale in the order of younging. The complete succession, without any hiatus, is believed to have accumulated during a transgression caused by the progressive deepening of the basin floor as a result of continuous rifting. However, the finding of some stromatolitic limestone at the top of the sequence contradicts the idea of a continuous deepening of the basin. The present study, on the contrary, proves that a phase of deformation induced regression in parts of the basin interjected the regional transgressive phase. The deformational episode caused an uplift of the basin floor and consequent reversal of the basinal slope towards the southwest, which was syn-kinematic to sedimentation. This deformation event triggered sub-marine erosion of the sediments in and around the zone of deformation, while away from it, there is a record of uninterrupted sedimentation. The stromatolitic limestone, deposited on top of the pre-inversion-eroded sediments, is now considered the youngest formation of the Penganga Group. Research highlights: The Proterozoic Penganga sediments of the Pranhita–Godavari Valley were not entirely deposited under continued transgression. A phase of deformation-induced local regression interjected the regional transgressive phase. A deformational episode, syn-kinematic to the sedimentation, triggered the uplift of the basin floor and consequent reversal of the basinal slope towards the southwest. The deformation event triggered sub-marine erosion of the pre-inversion sediments in and around the zone of deformation while away from it; there is a record of uninterrupted sedimentation. A younger stromatolitic limestone developed on top of the eroded sediments. This limestone is formally designated as the Mukutban Limestone and included in the Pengnaga Group as its youngest formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Architectural Journal / Jian Zhu Xue Bao is the property of Architectural Journal Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Ougnat Massif of the eastern Anti-Atlas (Morocco) hosts barite and sulfide vein-type deposits of vital economic importance. With over 150 mineralized structures reported in the Ougnat Massif, the ore-bearing ones are predominantly composed of barite, quartz, calcite, and minor portions of sulfides. The mineralized veins are driven by NW-SE and NE-SW to E-W oblique-slip opening faults that cross both the Precambrian basement and its Paleozoic cover. The mineralized structures occur as lenses and sigmoidal veins that follow stepped tension fracture sets oblique to the fault planes. These geometries and kinematic indicators of these structures point to a predominantly normal-sinistral opening in a brittle-ductile tectonic setting. The S isotopic compositions of barite from the Ougnat Massif (+10.8 to +19.5‰) fall mostly within the range of δ34S values of Late Triassic to Jurassic seawater, thus suggesting that some of the SO2− in barite comes from seawater sulfate. This range of δ34S values also corresponds approximately to the hydrothermal barite context. The 87Sr/86Sr ratios of barite, which range from 0.710772 to 0.710816, lie between the radiogenic strontium isotopic compositions of deposition by hydrothermal solutions, and also coincide with the non-radiogenic isotopic signature of Triassic to Jurassic seawater. Based on a fluid inclusions study, the ore-forming fluids were a mixture of two or more fluids. A deep hot fluid with an average temperature of 368 °C leached the granodiorites and volcanic-sedimentary complex of the Ouarzazate Group. This fluid provided the hydrothermal system with most of the Ba, radiogenic Sr, and some of the dissolved S. A second, shallow fluid with an average temperature of 242 °C was derived from Late Triassic to Jurassic seawater. The barite mineralization of the Ougnat Massif constitutes a typical example of vein-type mineralization that occurred along the northern margin of the West African Craton and regionally tied to the central Atlantic opening.

Bala is located in Central Anatolia and is a sub-basin of the Tuzgölü basin, which consists of many basins formed in response to the closure of the Neotethys ocean. The evaporites in Bala sub-basin formed under the influence of regional uplifting during the Middle Eocene period with gradual shallowing in response to the structural compressional regime. The Bala sub-basin comprises four units from bottom to top: the Lower Unit (BU1) consisting of mudstone, claystone with limestone layers; the Evaporites (BU2) containing dominant gypsum with anhydrite; mixed siliciclastic-carbonate-evaporitic deposits (BU3); and the Upper Unit (BU4) containing conglomerate-sandstone-claystone and siltstones. The evaporitic unit, which are the main subject of study consists of primary selenitic gypsum, anhydrite, locally celestite crystals and secondary gypsum formed due to the anhydritization of primary gypsum and then hydration of these anhydrites. The results obtained from mineralogical-petrographic, geochemical and isotopic (δ18O and δ34S) investigations indicate that these evaporites were deposited in shallow marine to sabkha environments dominated by arid conditions. The presence of primary selenite crystals, the anhydrite with nodular, chicken-wire, and mosaic structures support precipitation occurred in a partially saline shallow water. The excessive thickness of the evaporitic accumulation, chaotic masses including gypsum breccia, salt diapirs and dome structures are attributed to tectonic processes acting during the formation of the Central Anatolian basins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The northern and southern parts of the coastal Tanzania basin have different petroleum potentials. This difference may be attributed to several local factors including tectonic influences, orientation of different tectonic structures, and sedimentation mechanism. These aspects have not been the focus of the previous studies, thus making it difficult to have a full understanding of key factors for different petroleum potentials between the northern and southern parts of the study area. We used remote sensing mapping and 2D seismic interpretation to assess possible differences in sedimentation mechanism, occurrence, and orientation of tectonic features along the coastal Tanzania basin. Results of this work have shown that the coastal Tanzania basin contains NNE-SSW trending tectonic zones characterized by several tectonic blocks with multiple trends and dip directions. Orientations of these tectonic blocks and the associated bounding faults are believed to be one of the factors for different petroleum potentials between the northern and southern coastal Tanzania basin. The associated tectonic events created structures that influenced sedimentary and structural development of the basin. The created structures allowed deposition of fine-grained deposits with source and seal potential, coarse-grained deposits with reservoir potential, and formation of fault systems and localized folds that controlled migration, and trapping and seepage of the generated hydrocarbons. These structural features also form potential petroleum prospects in the basin. The post-Miocene faulting and the associated negative flower structures have fragmented the Pliocene–Quaternary potential prospects and created possible seepage pathways. This might be the reason behind limited petroleum potential for the Pliocene–Quaternary reservoirs compared to the Cretaceous and the Paleocene-Miocene reservoirs of the coastal Tanzania basin. Remote sensing mapping has also allowed demarcation of the Ruvuma and Mandawa deltaic systems that were the dominant sedimentation mechanisms during the Jurassic-Tertiary period. These systems are not mapped further north of the study area, and may also be used to explain significant gas discoveries in the southern coastal Tanzania basin. Therefore, we conclude that different in sedimentation mechanism, orientation of the mapped tectonic blocks, and localized tectonic events are the main reasons for differences in the hydrocarbon potential between northern and southern regions, and for different parts of the studied sedimentary cover. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Basins formed on active strike-slip faults are important prospect areas for geothermal energy exploration since the crust gets thinner in these areas and tectonic structures provide favorable conditions for heat-fluid circulation and transportation. The objective of the recent study is to evaluate the geothermal capacity of the Edremit Basin utilizing tectonic, geological, and hydrogeological studies, combining remote sensing (land surface temperature-LST, hydrothermal alteration, and multi-temporal InSAR (MT-InSAR) assessments). We present structural literature data and the results of field mapping, which revealed the geometry, kinematics, and dynamics of structural features, geological units as geothermal system components, thermal and cold water chemistry, and thermal infrared remote sensing analysis. For the purpose of assessing new targets and recent geothermal capacity, these data are combined and evaluated. According to the outcomes of the study, the fault pattern in the Edremit Basin is generated by N-S extension, which produced E-W dominant striking normal faults with a heritage of paleostructures oriented in various directions. According to remote sensing analyses, the primary LST regions in the basin are defined by the active faults. Therefore, a high sodium sulfate ratio recorded in the chemical analyses of the water samples indicates a deep circulation and high possibility for the presence of thermal water. Consequently, our findings are consistent with the work to include thorough field geology surveys, structural patterns, LST, and water chemistry to refined exploration process. All these results indicated that Edremit (Balıkesir) Basin holds a great promise for the discovery of new geothermal energy sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Architectural Journal / Jian Zhu Xue Bao is the property of Architectural Journal Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The geological structure of the Nurata Mountains contains formational rock complexes from the Upper Proterozoic to the Upper Paleozoic, which experienced the Caledonian and Hercynian eras of folding and nappe formation. The history of the development and formation of tectonic structures of the Nurata Mountains is closely connected with the general development of the grandiose region of Central Asia - the Tien Shan folded mountain region.

Mimari Tasarımda geçirgenlik kavramı lafzi anlamının yanı sıra disiplinler arası yaklaşımlarda da 20. y.y dan beri gündemdedir. Makale, mimarlığın yapısal tektonik kökenleriyle başlayan kapatıcı ve cephe/yüzey oluşturucu elemanlarının düşünsel, algısal ve tarihsel sorgulamasını geçirgenlik mefhumuyla yapar. Cephenin tektonik, gerçekçi ve fenomenal, hayali algılanması modern mimarlık hareketinden günümüze kadar gelen kültürel anlam, görsel iletişim, görselleştirme ve estetik alanlarında değerlendirilir. Tarihsel arka planda eşikler ve düzeyler tespit edilir. Mimarlıkta Cephenin/Yüzeyin maddesel inşası ve elle tutulamaz sanatsal algısı dolayısıyla biçim-içerik ilişkisi stratejik tartışmaya açılır.

Purpose: To describe the use of a tarsoconjunctival pedicle flap for the repair of scleral melt secondary to treatment of conjunctival melanoma. Observation: A 67-year-old woman developed progressive scleromalacia after multiple treatments for an American Joint Committee on Cancer cT2d category conjunctival melanoma. Prior to referral, she underwent synchronous topical chemotherapy (interferon, 5-fluorouracil, mitomycin). Then, incomplete tumor regression led to excision with adjuvant cryotherapy. Lastly, systemic metastasis treated with systemic immunotherapy provided durable remission. However, her multiple treatments (e.g., topical chemotherapy, resection, cryotherapy) were associated with progressive nasal bulbar scleromalacia treated by conjunctival advancement and amniotic membrane grafts. Sclera reinforcement was achieved after a tarsoconjunctival flap was affixed to the eye to cover, and thus vascularize the scleral defect. The tarsoconjunctival flap provided 5 years of tectonic support. Conclusions and Importance: Tarsoconjunctival pedicle flaps can provide scleral integrity for a patient with progressive scleral melting.

The Southeastern portion of the East African Rift System reactivates Mesozoic transform faults marking the separation of Madagascar from Africa in the Western Indian Ocean. Earlier studies noted the reactivation of the Davie Fracture Zone in oceanic lithosphere as a seismically active extensional fault, and new 3D seismic reflection data and exploration wells provide unprecedented detail on the kinematics of the sub‐parallel Seagap fault zone in continental/transitional crust landward of the ocean‐continent transition. We reconstruct the evolution of the seismically active Seagap fault zone, a 400‐km‐long crustal structure affecting the Tanzania margin, from the late Eocene to the present day. The Seagap fault zone is represented by large‐scale localized structures affecting the seafloor and displaying growth geometries across most of the Miocene sediments. The continuous tectonic activity evident by our seismic mapping, as well as 2D deep seismic data from literature, suggests that from the Middle‐Late Jurassic until 125 Ma, the Seagap fault acted as a regional structure parallel to, and coeval with, the dextral Davie Fracture Zone. The Seagap fault then remained active after the cessation of both seafloor spreading in the Somali basin and strike‐slip activity on the Davie Fracture Zone, till nowaday. Its architecture is structurally expressed through the sequence of releasing and restraining bends dating back at least to the early Neogene. Seismic sections and horizon maps indicate that those restraining bends are generated by strike‐slip reactivation of Cretaceous structures till the Miocene. Finally based on the interpretation of edge‐enhanced reflection seismic surfaces and seafloor data, we shows that, by the late Neogene, the Seagap fault zone switched to normal fault behaviour. We discuss the Seagap fault's geological and kinematic significance through time and its current role within the microplate system in the framework of the East African rift, as well as implications for the evolution and re‐activation of structures along sheared margins. The newly integrated datasets reveal the polyphase deformation of this margin, highlighting its complex evolution and the implications for depositional fairways and structural trap and seal changes through time, as well as potential hazards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global navigation satellite system (GNSS) daily position time series are often described as the sum of stochastic processes and geophysical signals which allow to study global and local geodynamical effects such as plate tectonics, earthquakes, or ground water variations. In this work, we propose to extend the Generalized Method of Wavelet Moments (GMWM) to estimate the parameters of linear models with correlated residuals. This statistical inferential framework is applied to GNSS daily position time-series data to jointly estimate functional (geophysical) as well as stochastic noise models. Our method is called GMWMX, with X standing for eXogenous variables: it is semi-parametric, computationally efficient and scalable. Unlike standard methods such as the widely used maximum likelihood estimator (MLE), our methodology offers statistical guarantees, such as consistency and asymptotic normality, without relying on strong parametric assumptions. At the Gaussian model, our results (theoretical and obtained in simulations) show that the estimated parameters are similar to the ones obtained with the MLE. The computational performances of our approach have important practical implications. Indeed, the estimation of the parameters of large networks of thousands of GNSS stations (some of them being recorded over several decades) quickly becomes computationally prohibitive. Compared to standard likelihood-based methods, the GMWMX has a considerably reduced algorithmic complexity of order O { log (n) n } for a time series of length n. Thus, the GMWMX appears to provide a reduction in processing time of a factor of 10–1000 compared to likelihood-based methods depending on the considered stochastic model, the length of the time series and the amount of missing data. As a consequence, the proposed method allows the estimation of large-scale problems within minutes on a standard computer. We validate the performances of our method via Monte Carlo simulations by generating GNSS daily position time series with missing observations and we consider composite stochastic noise models including processes presenting long-range dependence such as power law or Matérn processes. The advantages of our method are also illustrated using real time series from GNSS stations located in the Eastern part of the USA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]