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Abstract This paper explores the creation, development, and dissemination of prefabricated concrete rural houses in Jiangsu Province in East China from 1961 to the 1980s, an example of the technological transition provoked by the depletion of forest and timber in China. Through archival research, fieldwork and interviews, the paper examines the two waves of design and dissemination of prefabricated concrete rural houses between 1961 and 1965 and their subsequent ‘vernacularisation’ in the 1970s and the 1980s. This research provides a twofold insight into the current scholarly debates surrounding built heritage and global climate change. On one hand, it addresses a historical context of concrete overuse in contemporary China, a matter of critical importance in relation to carbon emissions and global climate change. On the other hand, it offers a counter-argument to today's call for reintroducing timber structures in many places, as evidenced by the case of East China, where the widespread use of materials like concrete was primarily a consequence of the ecological crisis following decades of deforestation and timber resource depletion. In addition, the ‘vernacularisation’ of concrete structures manifested by this case still provides lessons for today’s efforts to popularise more eco-friendly construction materials and technologies, especially in rural areas, and the prefabricated concrete houses possess potential heritage values as trackers of ecological changes.

This paper explores the creation, development, and dissemination of prefabricated concrete rural houses in Jiangsu Province in East China from 1961 to the 1980s, an example of the technological transition provoked by the depletion of forest and timber in China. Through archival research, fieldwork and interviews, the paper examines the two waves of design and dissemination of prefabricated concrete rural houses between 1961 and 1965 and their subsequent 'vernacularisation' in the 1970s and the 1980s. This research provides a twofold insight into the current scholarly debates surrounding built heritage and global climate change. On one hand, it addresses a historical context of concrete overuse in contemporary China, a matter of critical importance in relation to carbon emissions and global climate change. On the other hand, it offers a counter-argument to today's call for reintroducing timber structures in many places, as evidenced by the case of East China, where the widespread use of materials like concrete was primarily a consequence of the ecological crisis following decades of deforestation and timber resource depletion. In addition, the 'vernacularisation' of concrete structures manifested by this case still provides lessons for today's efforts to popularise more eco-friendly construction materials and technologies, especially in rural areas, and the prefabricated concrete houses possess potential heritage values as trackers of ecological changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Internacional y Comparada de Relaciones Laborales y Derecho del Empleo is the property of ADAPT University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The advent of smart technologies, particularly those associated with the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR), has fundamentally restructured the delivery of services by industries, including the restaurant industry. However, radical technological transitions or innovations in restaurants enterprises has been gradual, cautious, and even timid, rather than radical in developing countries. Available studies explored the benefits of smart technologies but placed little focus on why restaurants would prefer a gradual rather than a radical transition to modern technology, particularly in developing countries. With a focus on developing countries, this article utilises a critical document review to explore the challenges of radical technological transitions in the restaurant industry. It was found that in addition to organisational culture, infrastructural barriers, and education and training, financial constraints are among the key barriers and challenges. It recommends that governments need to roll out public technological and digital infrastructure to ease the burden of technological transition by small businesses, such as restaurants which, by their nature, are low-profit enterprises and do not afford radical technological transitions.

This paper presents a policy approach for the technological transition from hydropower to green energy in developing countries. Conventional electricity generation technologies have proven to be a burden on the economy of a country, as they have to depend on fossil fuels to meet their energy needs, such as diesel and gasoline. Pakistan has been taken as a case study to show the growing electricity demand of a developing country that implores major technological initiation. This serves as the assessment of suitability and resource regarding the installation of floating solar photovoltaic (FSPV) on reservoirs of hydroelectric dams, thus acting as a virtual battery. Generation from FSPV can complement the hydropower generation in the dry period, consequently meeting the peak demand. In real-time, by employing both technologies at the same substation, hydropower covers the intermittency issues of floating PV technology by improving power quality. Seven dams selected for this study have been analyzed based on their percentage surface area of the reservoir for electricity generation, water conservation, and emission reduction. Tarbela dam has been further analyzed for demonstrating the virtual battery effect by improving the electricity generation profile. The proposed approach meets the electricity needs of about 15.5% of the total population and serves the water need of 2.3 million people in the country.

Copyright of Archeologia Medievale: Cultura Materiale, Insediamenti, Territorio is the property of All'Insegna del Giglio s.a.s. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The advent of smart technologies, particularly those associated with the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR), has fundamentally restructured the delivery of services by industries, including the restaurant industry. However, radical technological transitions or innovations in restaurants enterprises has been gradual, cautious, and even timid, rather than radical in developing countries. Available studies explored the benefits of smart technologies but placed little focus on why restaurants would prefer a gradual rather than a radical transition to modern technology, particularly in developing countries. With a focus on developing countries, this article utilises a critical document review to explore the challenges of radical technological transitions in the restaurant industry. It was found that in addition to organisational culture, infrastructural barriers, and education and training, financial constraints are among the key barriers and challenges. It recommends that governments need to roll out public technological and digital infrastructure to ease the burden of technological transition by small businesses, such as restaurants which, by their nature, are low-profit enterprises and do not afford radical technological transitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The challenge of quantifying sustainability is continuously debated in the building industry. There is an increased need for quantitative solutions to be developed for measuring and comparing performance. The Danish government has proposed a voluntary sustainability program to lift the bottom of the industry with regard to sustainability performance. This study evaluates the possibilities of increasing the sustainability reference level in the building industry based on expert interviews. The study was framed upon the multi-level perspective as a theory to describe the transition to sustainability. The results indicated that existing knowledge and experience within the topics of the regulatory changes is high in the industry. Therefore, the impact of the changes would not be very effective if they are not sufficiently innovative or demanding. Regarding the effect of the voluntary sustainability program, it was found that the program is not very ambitious and likely to only have an impact on companies with a lower level of ambition in terms of sustainable initiatives. The hope, however, is that it will keep raising the level of sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An increase of components production for the equipment intended for oil and gas production is a key factor for analyzing existing technological processes and searching for new technological solutions to improve the efficiency of the production process and the quality of components. The article presents a simulation model designed to determine the rational technological processing parameters for the production of the “Centralizer shell” part. The basis for optimizing the working cycle of a production line is synchronization based on the principle of proportionality, which involves equalizing the duration of all technological operations with the rhythm of the production line. Synchronization of technological operations on the production line is carried out by choosing rational cutting parameters for each technological transition (cutting speed, feedrate, number of working passes). The “Centralizer shell” part is made of titanium alloy VT16, which has high strength, corrosion resistance and ductility. For the part under consideration, the permissible values ​​of the cutting parameters were determined based on the calculation of the total processing error, as well as the frequency of replacement of the worn cutting tool. The simulation model described in the article made it possible to increase the efficiency of the production process due to the synchronization of technological operations and the search for rational technological parameters, as well as to improve the manufacturing quality of the “Centralizer shell” part by analyzing the processing error at various parameters of the technological process.

The technological transition underway in sugarcane hydroagricultural in the Administrative Region of Presidente Prudente, as part of the productive restructuring of capital, materializes through intense mechanization of cutting and planting and based on the chemical-dependent model. The impact on workers' and collective health, accidents at work, occupational diseases, and environmental damage, they also reach their sphere of representation, that is, the Rural Workers 'Unions and the Rural Employees' Unions. The territorial reorganization caused by the expansion of sugarcane hydroagricultural has amplified social contradictions in a territory historically marked by land conflicts, which motivates us to establish correlations between the workers' health-illness process, the forms of resistance and the struggles carried out by the STR's and SER's in the context of the class struggle in that territory. Thus, through qualitative and quantitative methodological procedures, we seek to understand how the organization / representation (political, economic and ideological) of workers has been affected in the region and the impacts on labor relations in the cane fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ería is the property of Universidad de Oviedo, Servicio de Publicaciones and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper presents a critical analysis of the current approaches of the transition to a green economy also known as a "net zero" economy. The analysis is based on the identification of two hard constraints (defined as "availability condition" and "affordability condition"). The analysis puts into perspective previous technological and energy transitions that happened due to technological and market economy forces with administrative / volitive transitions in which significant changes of the economic and social environment are intended resulting from changes in the rules of the game and from mandatory standards. In this context, the paper presents several clarifications and recommendations that should be considered in order to achieve an effective and efficient transition without incurring societal and economic consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Innovar: Revista de Ciencias Administrativas y Sociales is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Understanding and governing technology transitions is essential to cope with major challenges of the 21st century such as climate change or digitization. In this paper, a learning-based approach is developed to explain the dynamics of different transition pathways. Technological know-how is necessary to make effective use of technical innovations embodied in capital. Firms and employees accumulate technology specific knowledge when working with specific machinery. Radical innovation differs by technology type and pre-existing knowledge may be imperfectly transferable across types. This paper addresses the implications of cross-technology transferability of skills for firm-level technology adoption and its consequences for the direction of macro-level technological change. A microeconomically founded model of technological learning is introduced. The model is based on empirical and theoretical insights from the innovation literature. In a simulation study using the macro-economic ABM Eurace@unibi-eco and applied to the context of green 2 technology diffusion, it is shown that a high transferability of knowledge has ambiguous effects. It accelerates the diffusion process initially but comes at the cost of long-term technological stability and specialization. For firms, it is easy to adopt new technology, but also easy to switch back to the incumbent type. Technological instability can be macroeconomically costly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The contribution of greenhouse gas emissions from UK urban freight is growing in absolute terms, but the existence of alternative technology options means the urban part of the freight system has potential for relatively early decarbonisation. However, barriers are limiting the speed and extent of uptake. Indeed, freight decarbonisation is a sociotechnical challenge. Behaviour change is usually required to facilitate technological change. For this reason, stakeholders are central to processes of identifying pathways to decarbonisation. The paper reports findings from two projects undertaken in the UK in 2020–21 which examined how stakeholder engagement on freight decarbonisation could be enhanced to promote the process of identifying pathways through co-creation. The projects involved the conduct of literature reviews, stakeholder mapping exercises, and stakeholder engagement in coproduction workshops. The stakeholder mapping and engagement process led to the identification of groups of actors which were relatively easy and hard to include. Engagement and interaction were found to be promoted in some respects by the need to conduct the data collection remotely rather than in presence, and by building on established networks. In terms of the identification of pathways, stakeholders showed mixed levels of knowledge. Uncertainty about the future was generally high, with perceived risks being important. Nonetheless, short, medium and long-term pathway features were identified, with electrification playing a key role in the long term. However, the need for strong multilevel governance providing a clear regulatory framework and incentives for change was perceived by stakeholders overall to be more significant than a particular technology. The paper concludes with an agenda for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to elucidate reflections of technological transition today through the ‘unity’ of living and manufactured components of building design. Technological advances enable living organisms from algae to humans, and many more, to become useful tools to create interior and structural elements for buildings. Thus, designing with living organisms has become a growing phenomenon in architecture by transforming building components into ‘biobuilding’ components. In this paper, this phenomenon is critiqued through the bonds between the concepts of nature, technology, and building design, from contemporary studies to the highlights back in history. Overall, the paper gives architects insights on the envisioned future that presents a harmony between natural and building environment.

This paper aims to elucidate reflections of technological transition today through the ‘unity’ of living and manufactured components of building design. Technological advances enable living organisms from algae to humans, and many more, to become useful tools to create interior and structural elements for buildings. Thus, designing with living organisms has become a growing phenomenon in architecture by transforming building components into ‘biobuilding’ components. In this paper, this phenomenon is critiqued through the bonds between the concepts of nature, technology, and building design, from contemporary studies to the highlights back in history. Overall, the paper gives architects insights on the envisioned future that presents a harmony between natural and building environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, the need to discover and use new energy sources has become increasingly important due to increasing need of societies, especially in developing countries indcluding Iran, for energy carriers, regarding the finitude of fossil fuels, as well as the emironmental impacts of these fuels. The new and renewable energies, as endless, free of charge, environmentally friendly and accessible energy sources to most locations, can be a good alternative to fossil fuels. Based on expressed reasons, the focus on this technological area has significantly increased in Iran. In this regard, the present study aimed to describe the technological transition of renewable energy in Iran, in order to answer the question of whether the transition to renewable energy is taking place in Iran. In other words, the present study described the process of developing renewable energy in Iran based on transition studies and the levels of niche, regime, and landscape. Initially, the important events in this area are descrios from the beginning to the present in three levels of niche, regime and landscap and finally, the phases of renewable energy transition are explained in four phases, combining multi-level and multi-phase approach. Based on the results, Iran is already in take off stage and for explaining the transition in developing countries like Iran, it is better to consider “access to the mature niches” instead of “the existence of the mature niches”, such that a more accurate analysis of transition can be performed in these countries.

• Economic interpretation of multi-level perspective. • Empirical stylized facts of technology transitions used to characterize competing technologies. • A macroeconomic agent-based model is used to simulate technology transitions. • Pathways of transition and economic consequences depend on the characteristics of technologies. • Policies may accelerate the transition but macroeconomic side effects differ across instruments and technology types. Pathways of transition differ across countries, industrial sectors, firms and technologies, but little is known about the reasons for these differences and macroeconomic consequences. I show theoretically how differences in transition patterns and macroeconomic side effects can be explained by the characteristics of competing technologies. Competing technologies are characterized by their relative superiority in an exogenous socio-technical landscape, their relative maturity and cross-technology interactions in the process of specialization. These characteristics are linked to the multi-layer perspective of transition theory and build the conceptual basis of technology in the macroeconomic agent-based model Eurace@unibi-eco. It is shown that the characteristics can be an explanation for heterogeneous transition pathways. Policy may alter the exogenous landscape conditions that surround technological competition. It is shown how different market-based instruments can be used to accelerate and stabilize a transition process. Taxes and subsidies perform differently conditional on the characteristics of competing technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The dominant MaaS rhetoric advances a promise of freedom to users that cannot be delivered. • There are equity implications associated with various unanticipated consequences and these require mitigation. • Promises of 'efficiency' are not possible without government intervention. In this paper we focus on the development of a new service model for accessing transport, namely Mobility as a Service (MaaS) and present one of the first critical analyses of the rhetoric surrounding the concept. One central assumption of one prevalent MaaS conceptualization is that transport services are bundled into service packages for monthly payment, as in the telecommunication or media service sectors. Various other forms of MaaS are being developed but all tend to offer door-to-door multi-modal mobility services, brokered via digital platforms connecting users and service operators. By drawing on literature concerned with socio-technical transitions, we address two multi-layered questions. First, to what extent can the MaaS promises (to citizens and cities) be delivered, and what are the unanticipated societal implications that could arise from a wholesale adoption of MaaS in relation to key issues such as wellbeing, emissions and social inclusion? Second, what are de facto challenges for urban governance if the packaged services model of MaaS is widely adopted, and what are the recommended responses? To address these questions, we begin by considering the evolution of intelligent transport systems that underpin the current vision of MaaS and highlight how the new business model could provide a mechanism to make MaaS truly disruptive. We then identify a set of plausible unanticipated societal effects that have implications for urban planning and transport governance. This is followed by a critical assessment of the persuasive rhetoric around MaaS that makes grand promises about efficiency, choice and freedom. Our conclusion is that the range of possible unanticipated consequences carries risks that require public intervention (i.e. steering) for reasons of both efficiency and equity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Multi-level governance theory allows us to explore tensions within the MLP regime. • Within regime tensions can create windows of opportunity (WoOs) for niche technologies. • Responsibility, coordination, capacity and incumbency affect the emergence of WoOs. • Regulatory and institutional gaps provide opportunities for emerging technologies. • Mobility services facilitated by digitalisation can in some cases utilize latent WoOs. Often described as a difficult sector to transition, mobility has been the focus of much research within sustainability transitions. In transition studies, a window of opportunity (WoO) for new technologies often results from exogenous developments. This study draws on the political science perspective of multilevel governance to conceptualise mechanisms that create WoOs. Examining the introduction of two emerging mobility technologies (e-scooters and mobility-as-a-service), we argue that within-regime tensions arising from existing multi-tiered institutions and policies may contain latent WoOs. Our findings suggest that how a new technology is positioned vis-à-vis established institutions affects its ability to reach market. Actors that position new technology against a different tier of government than those who are embedded with existing technologies face less opposition during introduction. Moreover, because digital technologies are less scale dependant, such technologies may allow actors more freedom concerning how they position their service in relation to the established institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of the global economic system leads to the fact that modern production is becoming more technological and capital intensive, requires highly skilled labor and cannot provide work places for a large number of low-skilled workers. In addition, each high-tech work place creates several additional work places in other industries. Many technologies that were first used in industrial production were later used in other industries, increasing their efficiency and competitiveness and thus ensuring the overall economic development. Scientific research and development for the industry are becoming more transdisciplinary; hybrid research areas as well as cross-disciplinary technologies appear. All this happens under the formation of the sixth technological structure in the world economic system. It is characterized by the development of nanotechnology, IT-technologies, a sharp decline in energy and materials production. This is the reason why the world's hi-tech-trends, such as software engineering, additive production, robotics, development of new materials for a specific product, which gives it unique properties, appear. The main problem is that the Russian industrial complex is not ready for unconditional acceptance of these global technological challenges for the most part organizationally, not economically. We need a simple and well-defined organizational and economic mechanism of technologizing of domestic production. Despite the current economic difficulties, there are enough sources of such technological transition funding. They are: entry into the large-scale investment and infrastructure projects on a national scale; participation in projects of field development of the leading oil and gas companies; the programmes of innovative development and R&D programmes of state companies, industrial state programmes; subsidies and grants of development institutions; private funds of enterprises, etc. This issue is extremely important and urgent but the Russian scientific community, by all accounts, currently is only moving from the generalization of the problems of the domestic industry technological backwardness to the development of the methodological basis of the Russian industry technological transition in the framework of clearly marked in recent years, promising areas and the availability of internal challenges and obstacles. It is important to emphasize that for some countries the current global trend is technologization but for Russia this trend can be classified as catching-up technologization that determines various subtleties of its scientific results.

Copyright of Inventum. Ingenieria, Tecnologia e Investigacion is the property of Corporacion Universitaria Minuto de Dios and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article adopts a novel methodology to explore the transformation of the nineteenth century English lodging industry from an inn-keeping model in the late 1700's to a professional hotel management model in the early 1900's. The multi-level perspective methodology employed in this research is a mid-range theory, which uses elements of technological transitions and the concept of niche innovation cumulation to explain the evolution of the hospitality industry from the mid 1760's to 1914. At the beginning of the nineteenth century English inns provided a rudimentary experience. By the end of the century, the English hotel industry had adopted domestic and international innovations, to improve service quality and comfort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of the Xiongnu State in Mongolia reflected a period of increasing foreign influence, especially from China. Metallurgy was likely one of the key cultural components that may have reacted sensitively to this influence. In our ongoing project focusing on metallic objects excavated from the royal Xiongnu tomb at Golmod 2, we found a group of bronze artifacts possessing an important clue as to the general understanding of the contemporary Xiongnu bronze industry. The assemblage in question consists of 21 exotic ornaments, each nearly identical in shape and size and all associated with the horse-drawn wagons interred in the tomb. They were made of copper alloys containing on average 3.8 % arsenic, 3.0 % lead, and 1.3 % tin by weight. This recipe was a continuation of the unique steppe bronze tradition drawing on the copper-arsenic system as dictated by limited access to tin. The addition of lead, however, was a notable departure driven apparently by Xiongnu-Han interaction. This development likely reveals an important facet of the Xiongnu communities seeking a refined adjustment to the bronze recipe. This enhancement likely served to meet the growing demand for exotic items such as those under consideration, whose stylistic characteristics have led to erroneous conclusions as to the political affiliation of their producers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A group of nine ornamental fish farms and the institutional context that shelters them were studied in order to analyze their possibilities of transit to a green economy. The data collection in the farm was through observation guides and surveys, while in the institutions surveys and open interviews were the way to get the information. It was found that the farms have unsystematic and poorly developed production procedures as well as an incipient cultural capital and that the institutions are poorly adapted to the aquaculture activity; which operate with the aquaculture aims and with a tendency to relegate it because of other productive activities. It is concluded that the gratest feasibility for the aquaculture activity to transit towards the green economy lays on an integral alternative where the community of producers and the institutional support are developed together. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Mode 1 to Mode 2 transition in Europe has become a key research debate on early hominins. In this paper, the available data are used to propose a new interpretation of the origin of the Acheulian by analysing the transition through the lithic industry at key circum-Mediterranean sites with Early-Middle Pleistocene chronology: Vallparadís, Gran Dolina TD6, Barranc de la Boella, and Caune de l’Arago ‘P’ levels. Regarding these lithic records, we propose here the hypothesis based on an evolution of new technological behaviours in Europe before 0.5 Myr carried out from autochthonous populations with Mode 1 industries, combined with external adaptive and technological influences. We interpret the chronology and lithic assemblages of these sites within the transition process towards Acheulian, in which structural continuity of Mode 1 is complemented with the gradual appearance of some foreign innovations (bifacial technology). This technological transition is envisaged as a historical process: the outcome of the cultural evolution resulted from contacts and exchanges between hominin groups from western Eurasia with different social and technological adaptations, in contact and competition with each other. This historical process would explain the time lag between Africa, Levant, and Europe in the spread of the Acheulian, as well as a technological evolution of the European Mode 1 and the gradual expansion of the Acheulian across Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing theories on the diffusion of innovations fail to sufficiently account for contextual factors such as institutions, infrastructure, and supply-side dynamics. This paper presents a novel framework to analyse technology diffusion from a sociotechnical systems perspective, intended as an analytical tool to identify and assess drivers and barriers to diffusion that could be addressed through policy or business strategy. This framework, referred to as the diffusion innovation system (DIS) approach, is positioned within the innovation systems literature. The framework is applied to two empirical cases of renewable energy technology diffusion in Sweden: solar photovoltaics (PV) and wind power. The cases illustrate how key factors related to institutions, infrastructure, adopters, and supply co-develop over time as the technologies diffuse, hence demonstrating the merits of the framework. As these changes are both a reaction to and a cause of diffusion, the sociotechnical diffusion system develops through positive feedback loops. Although the systems' development is largely conducive of diffusion, some remaining and potential barriers are identified. • Existing diffusion of innovations approaches give insufficient attention to context. • Novel framework emphasising sociotechnical context dynamics • Innovation systems approach delimited to diffusion (end of value chain) • Processes related to institutions, infrastructure, supply, and demand • Two case studies: solar PV and wind power in Sweden [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The expedite to network economy during the COVID-19 pandemic has raised the question of how to induce and sustain a societal and industrial transformation towards a more networked world. Among the driving forces behind network economy, the commercialization of 5G, the fifth generation of mobile technologies, is especially noteworthy. How does 5G induce such a transition? How do countries respond? are questions deserving more investigation. However, most discussions of 5G have been confined to standardization or standard-setting. To take into accounts interactions between technology and economy, we adopt Geels' (2002) multi-level perspective to put 5G transition in the social-technical context. We choose China as an influential case and deploy mixed methods to analyze a variety of data sources. The results show a rich picture of technological transition, including: 1) 5G standard-setting as a transition trigger in the global level; 2) IoT incubation in the niche level; and 3) regime configuration in the national level. We help transcend the limitation of standardization studies, extend the scope of transition studies into network economy, and introduce more industrial dynamics. • Technological transition of 5G • Multiple-level perspective • Digitalization • China's 5G development [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In case of opening the electricity market, various factors interact with each other. Although research has been done on various factors affecting the liberal electricity market, little attention has been paid to studying the dynamic relations between the actors involved in the liberal electricity market and projections on electricity consumption in households. The main aim of the research is to explore both short- and long-term effects on the electricity consumption at liberal market conditions by modelling various development scenarios. The electricity market in operation in Latvia was used as the case study. For the simulation of electricity market liberalization, system dynamics has been chosen. This method can determine electricity savings in case of electricity market opening, because system dynamics allows conducting simulation of complex systems and analysing the obtained data to forecast probability of the development of several scenarios. Obtained results show that cumulative electricity savings in households could reach 560 GWh by the end of 2020 due to the opening of the electricity market, implementation of energy saving measures and other reasons. In case of scenario analysis using the change of consumption behaviour, it was obtained that the cumulative electricity saving could be almost twice as big if the majority of households were guided by the environmental concerns. Although the system dynamics model was based on the Latvian case study, its general application to other countries and electricity markets is also possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]