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Since 1869, when the first synthetic polymer began replacing natural materials, industrial polymer use has grown dramatically. This increased the number of polymer materials that became waste after reaching the end of their products' lifespans. The overall composition of discarded waste is different, thus, suitability for recovery needs to be analysed individually. Material recovery is the preferred waste management solution. However, it is applicable only for sorted and clean mono-fractions. Here pyrolysis stands out as one of the most environmentally sustainable energy recovery options for multi- material plastic waste. Through a technological assessment of 30 pyrolysis plants, the applicability of pyrolysis for the recovery of multi-layered plastics (MLP) is reviewed. Acceptable feedstock composition and additional feedstock requirements are identified. According to Resin Identification Code (RIC) system, MLP is classified as other (7). Only 40% of existing plants accept other (7) waste stream, and acceptance of polymer materials that are not classified by the RIC system is even lower. This represents a problem as MLP is commonly used in the food industry and accounts for over 14% of packaging waste. Currently, the recovery is challenging because the available technologies cannot identify and separate the individual layers of MLP. The feedstock composition is an important parameter in setting the operating conditions (temperature, residence time, catalyst) of the pyrolysis process. Since the composition of the MLP waste stream is not sufficiently investigated, it was decided to conduct the identification of its average composition from the discarded plastic waste by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microscopy. The obtained average MLP mixture was examined using thermogravimetric and kinetic analysis and pyrolyzed in a fixed bed reactor. Pyrolysis products (oil and gas) were analysed using FTIR spectroscopy and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance.

Scientific discoveries and innovations have served as the backbone for technological advancements, which can impart societal benefits and address critical needs in areas such as public health. For example, the modern hip implant has proven to be an effective treatment for joint-related diseases like arthritis. In the procedure, artificial joints are used to replace damaged or worn joints which can restore mobility and relieve concomitant pains. Today, many materials and implant parameters such as geometry, shape, and angle are available to surgeons, which can support a positive treatment outcome. Considering the significance, it is of interest to retroactively reflect on the technological evolutionary pathways. Technological assessment is not new, but evaluating the process is necessary for optimizing best-case outcomes. Technological developments follow the cycle of of need and solution, leading to both radical and incremental advancements. In this work, we examine the research patterns and contributions that have shaped the technical discourse, using a commonplace hip implant material as an illustrative study from the scholarly perspective. In the span of 5 decades, output for polyethylene-related works grew from 2 in the late 1970s, to 2,123 publications in the 2010s, totaling over 4,600 publications with contributions from surgeons, biologists, engineers, physicists, and chemists. We disentangle components within the ecosystem and discuss the validity of insights from a bibliometric perspective. The reconciliation of technological developments to the impact is dependent on the aims of the assessment. Whilst it is found that bibliometrics analysis could help to disambiguate the technological innovations involving materials systems, advanced computer modeling, and detailed clinical trials, there are socioeconomic aspects, such as health systems, that are not easily validated. To maintain a greater degree of neutrality, the assessment of both public and private will benefit the interpretation of a multi-level system.

Приведены краткие итоги многолетней технологической оценки сортов и сеянцев плодовых и ягодных культур генофонда ВНИИСПК на пригодность для производства натуральных продуктов переработки, по результатам которой даны практические рекомендации по их использованию в переработке и выделены сорта, перспективные для возделывания в сырьевых насаждениях. Для производства сырья соковой отрасли выделены сорта яблони с высоким выходом сока и содержанием РСВ выше 10,0 %: Болотовское (Vf), Кандиль орловский (Vf), Осиповское (3х), Рождественское (Vf + 3x), Зарянка (Vm), Приоское (Vf + Со) и др. На основе многолетнего изучения сортов на пригодность к компоту, варенью, джему, желе выделены сорта, наиболее пригодные для этих видов переработки. Установлено, что с учетом суточной потребности витаминов С и Р - важнейших антиоксидантов - все продукты переработки из чёрной смородины могут служить их источниками, все продукты переработки из вишни, а также яблочный сок и мармелад из крыжовника - источником Р-активных соединений. Высокую пригодность для производства яблочных чипсов показали все колонновидные сорта яблони, а также сорта Болотовское, Рождественское, Ветеран, Имрус и др.; вяленых плодов вишни - Ровесница, Путинка, Подарок учителям, Новелла. На основании многолетних исследований технологических качеств плодовых и ягодных культур генофонда ВНИИСПК предложен адаптивный сортимент, основанный на сортах интенсивного типа селекции ВНИИСПК: яблони - Спасское, Юбиляр, Зарянка, Орловим, Болотовское, Кандиль орловский, Рождественское, Строевское, Свежесть; вишни - Антрацитовая, Гуртьевка, Мценская, Новелла, Подарок учителям, Стойкая, Шоколадница; смородины чёрной - Блакестон, Загляденье, Зуша, Искушение, Кипиана, Ладушка, Орловская серенада, Черная вуаль, Экзотика; смородины красной - Ася, Баяна, Валентиновка, Вика, Нива, Орловская звезда, Осиповская, Роза. Данные сорта обладают оптимальным для переработки сочетанием технологических показателей плодов и пригодны к возделыванию в сырьевых насаждениях Центральной России. Установлено, что большинство новых сортов ведущих плодовых культур по основным химико-технологическим показателям плодов превосходят контрольные сорта (яблоня - Антоновка обыкновенная, вишня - Любская, смородина чёрная - Минай Шмырев, смородина красная - Голландская красная) и позволяют производить продукцию высоких вкусовых и пищевых качеств., Brief results of a long-term technological assessment of fruit and berry cultivars and seedlings of the VNIISPK gene pool for suitability for the production of natural processing products are presented. The results of this assessment provide practical recommendations for their use in processing and cultivars that are promising for cultivation in raw plantations are identified. For the production of raw materials in the juice industry, the following apple cultivars with high juice yield and the content soluble solids above 10.0 % were identified: Bolotovskoe (Vf), Kandil Orlovsky (Vf), Osipovskoe (3x), Rozhdestvenskoe (Vf + 3x), Zaryanka (Vm), Priokskoe (Vf + Co), etc. Based on the long-term study of cultivars for suitability for compote, jam, jelly, the cultivars that are most suitable for these types of processing are identified. It has been found that taking into account the daily requirement of vitamins C and P as the most important antioxidants, all processed products from black currants can serve as their sources, all processed products from cherries, as well as apple juice and gooseberry marmalade are a source of P-active compounds. All columnar apple cultivars, as well as Bolotovskoe, Rozhdestvenskoe, Veteran, Imrus, and other cultivars showed high suitability for the production of apple chips; cherry cultivars Rovesnitza, Putinka, Podarok Uchiteliam and Novella showed high suitability for the production of dried fruit. Based on the long-term research of technological qualities of fruit and berry crops of the VNIISPK gene pool, an adaptive assortment is proposed based on the intensive cultivars of VNIISPK selection: apples – Spasskoe, Jubiley, Zaryanka, Orlovim, Bolotovskoe, Kandil Orlovsky, Rozhdestvenskoe, Stroevskoe and Svezhest; cherries – Antraztitovaya, Gurtievka, Mtzenskaya, Novella, Podarok Uchiteliam, Stoikaya and Shokoladnitza; black currants – Blackstone, Zagliadenie, Zusha, Iskushenie, Kipiana, Ladushka, Orlovskaya Serenada, Chernaya Vual and Ekzotika; red currants – Asya, Bayana, Valentinovka, Vika, Niva, Orlovskaya Zvezda, Osipovskaya and Roza. These cultivars have an optimal combination of technological indicators of fruits for processing and are suitable for cultivation in raw plantations in Central Russia. It is found that the majority of new cultivars of leading fruit crops in terms of basic chemical and technological indicators of fruits exceed the control cultivars (Antonovka Obyknovennaya in apples; Lubskaya in cherries; Minay Shmyrev in black currants; Hollandische Rote in red currants) and allow to produce products of high taste and nutritional qualities.

Осмоловский Павел Дмитриевич, аспирант кафедры технологии хранения и переработки плодов и овощей, Российский государственный аграрный университет - МСХА имени К.А. Тимирязева (г. Москва), pavel.osmolovsku@mail.ru Пискунова Наталья Анатольевна, кандидат сельскохозяйственных наук, профессор кафедры технологии хранения и переработки плодов и овощей, Российский государственный аграрный университет - МСХА имени К.А. Тимирязева (г. Москва), piskunova.natalya24@mail.ru Воробьева Надежда Николаевна, кандидат сельскохозяйственных наук, старший научный сотрудник, Селекционная станция имени Н.Н. Тимофеева (г. Москва), nadeschda.vorobeva51@mail.ru Сычев Роман Витальевич, кандидат сельскохозяйственных наук, доцент кафедры технологии хранения и переработки плодов и овощей, Российский государственный аграрный университет - МСХА имени К.А. Тимирязева (г. Москва), srv@rgau-msha.ru Игнатьева Светлана Леонидовна, кандидат сельскохозяйственных наук, доцент кафедры экологии, Российский государственный аграрный университет - МСХА имени К.А. Тимирязева (г. Москва), ignatevas@yandex.ru. Pavel D. Osmolovskiy, Postgraduate Student at the Department of Technology of Storage and Processing of Fruits and Vegetables, Russian State Agrarian University - MAA named after K.A. Timiryazev, Moscow, pavel.osmolovsku@mail.ru Natalia A. Piskunova, Candidate of Agricultural Sciences, Professor of the Department of Technology of Storage and Processing of Fruits and Vegetables, Russian State Agrarian University - MAA named after K.A. Timiryazev, Moscow, piskunova.natalya24@mail.ru Nadezhda N. Vorobeva, Candidate of Agricultural Sciences, Senior Researcher, Selection Station named after N.N. Timofeev, Moscow, nadeschda.vorobeva51@mail.ru Roman V. Sychev, Candidate of Agricultural Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Technology of Storage and Processing of Fruits and Vegetables, Russian State Agrarian University - MAA named after K.A. Timiryazev, Moscow, srv@rgau-msha.ru Svetlana L. Ignateva, Candidate of Agricultural Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Ecology, Russian State Agrarian University - Moscow Agricultural Academy named after K.A. Timiryazev, Moscow, ignatevas@yandex.ru Для производства продуктов, консервированных сахаром, и, в частности, варенья с улучшенными вкусовыми качествами, большой интерес представляют плоды тыквы. Несмотря на доказанную ценность плодов тыквы как сырья для производства продуктов питания, информации о влиянии видовых особенностей сортов на качество готовой продукции недостаточно. Исследования включали в себя оценку новых сортов тыквы мускатной в сравнении с сортами твердокорой и крупноплодной тыквы как сырья для производства варенья с точки зрения расширения ассортиментного состава данного вида продукции. В качестве объектов исследований были взяты 2 синтетических сорта тыквы мускатной (Цукатная и Московская ароматная), синтетический сорт твердокорой тыквы (Простастоп) и сорт крупноплодной тыквы (Кустовая оранжевая), различающиеся по ряду технологических показателей, включая плотность и толщину коры, консистенцию, окраску, аромат и массовую долю мякоти плодов. Установлено, что видовые различия культуры оказывают влияние на выбор технологии изготовления и показатели качества готового продукта. Продукция стабильно высокого качества из плодов тыквы твердокорой (C. pepo) может быть получена по стандартной технологии, из плодов тыквы крупноплодной (C. maxima) - при замене 25 % воды в сахарном сиропе на яблочный сок, из плодов тыквы мускатной (C. moschata) - при замене 25 % (предпочтительно) или 50 % воды в сахарном сиропе на яблочный сок. При выращивании тыквы погодные условия вегетационного периода оказывают большое влияние на технологические характеристики плодов как сырья для производства варенья и, соответственно, на качество готового продукта. Погодные условия, характеризующиеся более высокой температурой воздуха, особенно в период формирования и созревания плодов, и достаточным количеством осадков, благоприятствуют получению сырья, пригодного для изготовления варенья более высокого качества. For the products, that are canned sugar, and, in particular, jam with improved taste, pumpkin fruits are of great interest. Despite the proven value of pumpkin as a raw material for food production, there is not enough information on the influence of species characteristics of varieties on the quality of finished products. The studies included an assessment of the new varieties of nutmeg pumpkin in comparison with the varieties of a hard-bodied and large pumpkin as a raw material for the production of jam in terms of expanding the assortment composition of this type of product. Two synthetic cultivars of the nutmeg pumpkin (Candied pumpkin and Moscow aromatic), a synthetic variety of hard-bodied pumpkin (Prostastop) and a large-fruited squash variety (Kustovaya orange), differing in a number of technological parameters, including the density and thickness of the bark, texture, color, aroma and mass fraction of fruit pulp. It is established that the species differences of culture influence the choice of manufacturing technology and indicators of the quality of the finished product. Products of consistently high quality from hard-bodied pumpkin (C. pepo) can be obtained using standard technology, from pumpkin with large fruit (C. maxima) - by replacing 25 % of the water in sugar syrup with apple juice, from pumpkin-nut fruits (C. moschata) - by replacing 25 % (preferably) or 50 % of water in sugar syrup on apple juice. When pumpkin is grown, the weather conditions of the growing season have a great influence on the technological characteristics of fruits as a raw material for the production of jam and, accordingly, on the quality of the finished product. Weather conditions characterized by higher air temperature, especially during the formation and ripening of fruits, and sufficient amount of precipitation contribute to obtaining raw materials suitable for the manufacture of higher quality jam.

Over the last decade, the bioeconomy has become increasingly important and visible in international policy agendas, with several strategies being recently developed. The implementation of bio-based technologies mostly takes place on a regional scale. Therefore, from a regional perspective, a key question revolves around what main challenges are associated with technological developments that could catalyze the implementation of sustainable bioeconomy regions. In this study, a cross-cutting analysis was carried out to determine these challenges. First, interviews were conducted with industry practitioners and scientists working in the bioeconomy field. These interviews were supplemented with a literature review to determine the status quo of bioeconomy strategies and their implementation, particularly on a regional level. A multidisciplinary workshop was then organized to identify the most relevant challenges in the short- and mid-term associated with establishing bioeconomy regions. The results show that there is a three-pronged challenge in innovative technological development from a regional perspective: (1) Resources: The establishment of sustainable regional feedstock strategies and supplies for supporting the bio-industrial sector, (2) collaborators: The establishment of a regional &ldquo, critical mass&rdquo, by fostering supply chain clusters and networks, and (3) neighbors: Understanding the local dynamics of societal trends and preferences and social acceptance of bio-technologies and their representative bio-based products.

Цель работы заключалась в оценке технологических свойств образцов мандаринов зарубежного производства, присутствующих на российском рынке, с позиции их использования при получении фруктовых дистиллятов. При этом в задачи исследования входило определение их механического и химического состава. Были проанализированы образцы из пяти партий мандаринов, страны происхождения — Марокко, Турция, Египет, Пакистан, Абхазия. При изучении механического состава были определены следующие показатели плодов: вес, диаметр, процентное содержание мякоти и кожуры, процентное содержание семян. Установлено, что механические свойства мандаринов зависят от природно-климатических условий произрастания и сортовых особенностей культуры. Крупные плоды имели более плотный слой альбедо, отличались толстой кожурой и имели наиболее высокий ее процент. Наиболее высоким процентом семян характеризовались мандарины, выращенные в Египте — в среднем 3,2 %. В абхазских мандаринах семена составляли 1,8%. Самое низкое содержание семян отмечено в плодах из Пакистана — 1,0 %. Установлено, что химический состав, так же как и механические свойства мандаринов, определяется происхождением плодов и их сортом. Массовая доля сухих веществ в исследованных образцах варьировала в пределах 13,5–17,6%. Значительные различия наблюдали по содержанию основных экстрактивных компонентов — титруемых кислот, массовой концентрации сахаров, фенольных соединений и свободных аминокислот. Методом высокоэффективной жидкостной хроматографии изучен качественный и количественный состав сахаров и органических кислот. Установлено, что сахароза составляет 49,4–62,0% от общего содержания сахаров, в зависимости от региона происхождения. Полученные результаты позволили характеризовать мандарины, как перспективное сырье для получения новых видов дистиллятов, обладающих оригинальными отличительными особенностями., The aim of the work was to assess the technological properties of samples of mandarins of foreign production, present in the Russian market, from the point of their use in fruit distillates production. At the same time, the research task was to determine their mechanical and chemical composition. Samples from five batches of mandarins, the country of origin — Morocco, Turkey, Egypt, Pakistan, Abkhazia have been analyzed. When studying the mechanical composition, the following indicators of the fruit were determined weight, diameter, percentage of pulp and rind, percentage of seeds. It was established that the mechanical properties of this fruits depend on the natural and climatic conditions of growth and varietal characteristics of the culture. Large fruits had a denser layer of albedo, had a thick skin and had the highest percentage of it. The highest percentage of seeds had fruits grown in Egypt, an average of 3.2%. Abkhazian fruits had 1.8% of seeds. The lowest seed content was observed in fruits from Pakistan — 1.0 %. It was found that the chemical composition, as well as the mechanical properties of mandarins, determined by the origin of the fruit and their variety. The mass fraction of dry substances in the studied samples varied in the range of 13.5–17.6%.Significantdifferenceswereobservedinthecontentofthe main extractive components — titratable acids, the mass concentration of sugars, phenolic compounds and free amino acids. The qualitative and quantitative composition of sugars and organic acids was studied by high-performance liquid chromatography. It was found that sucrose is 49.4–62.0% of the total sugar content, depending on the region of origin. The obtained results allowed us to characterize mandarins as a promising raw material for the production of new types of distillate with original distinctive features.

В статье рассматриваются результаты изучения исходного материала для получения сортов риса с повышенным содержанием белка и амилозы. Установлено, что в Приморье получены четыре сорта риса с повышенным содержанием амилозы и четыре гибридных формы с содержанием белка более восьми процентов: Musa х Азиат, Приморский 29, Panah х Дельта, (Приморский 29 х Стодневный) х Восход, Малыш х Воронежский 3. По содержанию амилозы (более 21,0%) сорта: Новосельский, Приморский 29, Уссур, Arsenal. В статье выделены отдельные вопросы по использованию гибридов и сортов в качестве доноров при гибридизации для селекционных программ: на признак высокой стекловидности и ароматному запаху каши сорт Новосельский, по повышенному содержанию незаменимых аминокислот сорт Приморский 29, на признак устойчивости к трещинообразованию и высокому выходу крупы сорт Малыш., The article examines findings of investigations on the base line for breeding of rice varieties having enhanced protein and amylose content. It has been found that in Primorye they have grown four rice varieties having enhanced content of amylose and four hybrid forms having protein content exceeding eight percent: Musa x Asiat, Primorskiy29, Panah x Delta, (Primosky29 x Stodnevnyi) x Voskhod, Malysh x Voronezhskiy 3. As for amylose content (more than 21.0%), they are (varieties): Novoselsky, Primorskiy 29, Ussur, Arsenal. The article singles out some questions on the use of hybrids and varieties as donors in hybridization for breeding programs: for the indication of high glassiness and fragrant smell of porridge-variety Novoselskiy, according to the high content of essential amino acids-Primorskii variety 29, on the indication of resistance to cracking and high yield of cereals Malysh variety.

Topical NSAIDs are widely used for the treatment of eye pain and inflammation conditions, including surgical interventions and post-surgical assistance. This allows for safer and more efficient medical procedures and reduces post-operative inflammation and pain. This work was aimed at identifying valid and scalable nanotechnological platforms for an effective and targeted drug delivery in various ophthalmic diseases, with the side aim to minimize drug dosage, toxicity, and frequency of administration. The goal of this particular work was the production of nanoparticles made of poly(hydroxyalkanoates) (PHAs) produced by microbiological methods [1, 2], and loaded with the NSAI agent pranoprofen (PPF). PPF is under active investigation for ocular therapies, and has been also tested in nanoscaled delivery systems [3]. PHAs are macromolecules synthesized by many types of Gram (+) and Gram (-) bacteria that, under appropriate culture conditions, accumulate high concentrations of these compounds as granules for energy and nutrient reserve. PHA composition depends on the bacterial strain used, but also from the culture medium in which the bacteria grow. Our nanoparticle systems were prepared with the copolymer labelled as P254 by a solvent displacement method, obtaining carriers with a mean size compatible with ocular application (160-200 nm; PDI ? 0.3) and a net negative Zeta potential (-17 mV). They showed high encapsulation efficiency values for PPF and were able to release the incorporated drug with a constant evolution up to 12 h. Interestingly, these carriers can be easily sterilized by membrane filtration: to this aim, different 0.22-?m filtering materials commercially available were checked to this aim (table 5). An in vitro MTT assay on rabbit corneal SIRC cells showed that PPF-loaded PHA nanoparticles are highly tolerated (fig. 3), except for the formulations added of one of the tested cryoprotectants (HP-?-CD, table 4) and containing high drug concentrations.

p. 172-193 Submitted by Edileide Reis (leyde-landy@hotmail.com) on 2014-05-13T11:07:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Gustavo da Silva Motta.pdf: 1726560 bytes, checksum: a7629e826b0d8f2aaef51a7ba849d4e5 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Tatiana Lima (tatianasl@ufba.br) on 2014-07-11T18:03:19Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Gustavo da Silva Motta.pdf: 1726560 bytes, checksum: a7629e826b0d8f2aaef51a7ba849d4e5 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-11T18:03:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gustavo da Silva Motta.pdf: 1726560 bytes, checksum: a7629e826b0d8f2aaef51a7ba849d4e5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 The aim of this article is to assess the potential of using scientometric and patentometric indicators as a way of instrumentalizing the selection process of projects for seed capital funding. There is an increasing interest in technology based enterprises for their capacity to contribute to economic and social development, but there is also some difficulty in assessing non-financial criteria associated with technology for the purposes of financial funding. Thus, this research selected the case of the first enterprise invested in by the largest seed capital fund in Brazil, in order to create scientific and technological indicators and to assess the extent to which these indicators may contribute to understanding the market potential of the technology once it is assessed. It was concluded that scientometric and patentometric indicators favour the assessment process for non-financial criteria, in particular those criteria dealt with in this study: technology, market, divestment, and team.

O entendimento do formato da Intervenção Familiar citada pelos ensaios clínicos controlados na condição esquizofrenia foi o foco de nossa investigação aqui relatada. Procedemos a uma busca sistemática na base de dados MedLine e elaboramos a compreensão da fundamentação teórica das práticas descritas para avaliar a heterogeneidade clínica das intervenções que são objeto de estudo dos ensaios que resgatamos. Descrevemos um modelo denominado "pragmático", que apresenta fragmentos de técnicas, sem princípios de base ou técnicas derivadas de teorias; outro modelo cuja ênfase do trabalho é na mudança comportamental; e por fim um modelo cognitivo comportamental, que privilegia a abordagem cognitiva. Fazemos considerações sobre os conceitos de Emoção Expressa (EE) e Sobrecarga Familiar, subjacentes aos modelos comportamental e cognitivo comportamental na Intervenção Familiar para Portadores de Esquizofrenia. Consideramos que esse modelo, que privilegia um maior entendimento do familiar acerca da esquizofrenia, com a devida adequação devido às especificidades culturais nacionais, deve ser investigado para a utilização nos CAPS do Brasil.The understanding of the format of the Family Intervention mentioned by the clinical trials controlled in the condition schizophrenia it was the focus of our investigation here told. We proceeded to the one systematic search in MedLine and we elaborated for the understanding of the theoretical foundation of the described practices to evaluate the clinical heterogeneity of the interventions that are object of study of the trials that we rescued. We described a model denominated "pragmatic", that presents fragments of techniques, without base beginnings or derived techniques of theories; another model whose emphasis of the work is in the change comportamental; and finally a model cognitive comportamental, that privileges the cognitive approach. We make considerations on the concepts of Expressed Emotion (EE) and Family Burden, underlying to the models comportamental and cognitive comportamental in the Family Intervention for Bearers of Schizophrenia.

The fuel costs and the impacts of energy use on the local environment make it necessary to reduce the consumption of energy of industrial processes. The use of waste heat recovery technologies is an effective way of achieving energy saving and therefore a reduction in energy consumption. In order to assess accurately the potential of waste heat recovery, it is necessary to know in detail the characteristics of the process streams. It is also necessary to examine in depth the different recovery technologies, to be able to integrate the set: waste heat-recovery technology-useful flow. Using the Basque Country industrial database and thermodynamic properties databases, the energy and exergy of waste heat have been determined for 10 industrial sectors of the Basque Country. The sectors have been classified according to their type into gases, liquid effluents and solid product streams, and also according to the temperature levels associated with them. In accordance with available data, energy content of waste heats amounts to 40% of total energy consumption in the industrial sectors of the Basque Country. Making a breakdown for types, we found that 33% of the energy of waste heat appears in the gas streams from combustion equipment, 27% is sensible heat of solid products, 16% is vapour, 11% liquid effluents and the rest appears as radiation, gases or by-products. More than half of this energy content appears at temperatures higher than 523 K. © 1997 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.

Les nouvelles technologies médicales contribuent aux dépenses en santé qui ne cessent de croître, alors que les budgets se trouvent limités. L’évaluation économique des technologies devraient permettre d’identifier quelles sont celles qui sont les plus rentables. Malgré cela, plusieurs technologies dont le rapport coût-efficacité reste plutôt limite ou défavorable sont utilisées en médecine moderne et remboursées par notre système public de santé. Ce mémoire se concentre sur deux technologies en santé cardiovasculaire dont le rapport coût-efficacité est plutôt limite mais qui sont fréquemment utilisées au Canada; les tuteurs médicamentés ou pharmaco-actifs et les défibrillateurs cardiaques implantables (DCI). Nous avons fait une évaluation contingente de ces technologies dans le but d’examiner si ce type d’évaluation économique complémentaire pouvait procurer un point de vue nouveau sur la valeur économique et sociétaire des ces technologies. Les résultats de ces deux évaluations indiquent que les patients accordent une grande importance aux bénéfices que procurent ces deux technologies. Nos résultats soutiennent les politiques de santé actuelles de rembourser de façon libérale ces deux technologies., Technological innovations have greatly contributed to the rising costs in healthcare, while budgets have remained limited. Economic evaluations of technologies should identify which technologies are cost-effective. However, several technologies used in modern medicine are either borderline cost-effective or even not cost-effective according to many studies. This thesis focuses on two technologies in cardiovascular medicine which are considered borderline cost-effective; drug-eluting stents and implantable cardioverter defibrillators. We conducted a contingent valuation of these technologies in hopes of determining if this alternative type of economic evaluation could give a novel point of view on the economic and societal value of these technologies. Results indicated that patients greatly valued benefits provided by these two technologies. Our result support our public healthcare system policies’ of liberal reimbursement of these two technologies.

Mit den vollautomatischen Melkverfahren (AMV) steht erstmals eine Technik zur Verfügung, mit welcher der Melkvorgang zeitlich weitgehend unabhängig vom Landwirt durchgeführt werden kann. Seit Mitte der neunziger Jahre werden die ersten Anlagen auch in deutschen Praxisbetrieben eingesetzt. Die in AMV zum Ausdruck kommende zunehmende Komplexität technischer Neuerungen in der Landwirtschaft sowie die wachsende Geschwindigkeit ihrer Ausbreitung haben dabei zu einem gesteigerten Interesse an den Folgewirkungen ihres Einsatzes geführt. Für die AMV als Einzeltechnologie liegt bisher kein Konzept einer umfassenden Technikwirkungsanalyse vor. Zudem sind AMV seither nicht im Hinblick auf ihre innovationstheoretische Einordnung beschrieben worden. Gleichzeitig werden unter dem Eindruck der bisherigen Adoption von AMV Einschränkungen in dem traditionellen modelltheoretischen Vorgehen, Diffusionsprozesse mittels nachfragebasierten Epidemiemodellen zu erklären, offenkundig. Ziel der vorgelegten Arbeit ist es, den Diffusionsprozess von Innovationen in der Landwirtschaft am Beispiel der Markteinführung von vollautomatisierten Melkverfahren zu untersuchen. Ausgehend von der Analyse verschiedener innovations- und wirtschaftstheoretischer Modelle, werden vor dem Hintergrund der Theorien zur Analyse des technischen Fortschritts, ausgewählte Ansätze und Methoden zur Technikfolgenabschätzung in der Landwirtschaft diskutiert. Die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse werden in der Entwicklung einer Gesamtkonzeption zur Technikwirkungsanalyse für vollautomatisierte Melkverfahren zusammengeführt. Die in der Literatur vorliegenden Erkenntnisse wurden durch eine schriftliche Befragung von 5.210 milcherzeugenden Betrieben in vier deutschen Milcherzeugerregionen ergänzt. Die hohen Investitionskosten von AMV stellen zur Zeit das größte Innovationshemmnis dar. Auch die mit der Umstellung der Melktechnik verbundenen Anpassungskosten sowie die Erwartung eines hohen Wartungs- und Reparaturaufwandes werden von den Nichtübernehmern als wichtige Argumente gegen eine Investition in AMV genannt. Arbeitswirtschaftliche und soziale Argumente stehen dagegen für potenzielle Technikübernehmer im Vordergrund ihrer Entscheidungsfindung. Ein weiterer Beweggrund ist im Streben nach einer größeren Unabhängigkeit von Lohnarbeitskräften zu sehen. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass, obwohl der relative Anschaffungspreis von AMV deren relative Produktivität übersteigt, dennoch eine Übernahme aufgrund individueller Nutzenerwägungen stattfindet. Mit der dargelegten Einführung der individuellen Nutzenrelation in die Entscheidungsfunktion kompetitiver Diffusionsprozesse ist es nun möglich, die Diffusion von AMV trotz einer negativen Substitutionsrelation zu erklären. Eine weitere Spezifizierung der nutzen-erweiterten Entscheidungsfunktion könnte maßgeblich zu einer ex ante Schätzung von Diffusionsprozessen auch in der Landwirtschaft beitragen. Für die Mehrzahl der potentiellen AMV-Nutzer ist jedoch anzunehmen, dass die Leistungs- und Gewinnerwartungen die vorwiegend sozialen und arbeitswirtschaftlichen Nutzenerwartungen dauerhaft überlagern. Diese Erkenntnis steht damit der Erwartung einer idealtypischen S-förmigen Verteilungsfunktion der AMV-Übernehmer entgegen. Gegenüber der bisherigen Tradition der nachfrageorientierten Diffusionsforschung konnte hier vielmehr für AMV ein durch die Anbieterseite determinierter Diffusionsprozess nachgewiesen werden. Da sich Diffusionsprozesse aufgrund der zunehmenden Komplexität der Neuerungen auch in der Landwirtschaft verstärkt als Prozesse industrieller Koordination darstellen werden, sollte die bisherige einseitige Betonung der sozioökonomischen Merkmale der potentiellen Übernehmer zugunsten einer verstärkten angebotsorientierten Diffusionsforschung aufgegeben werden. Entsprechend sind auch zukünftige Technikfolgenabschätzungen explizit auf die Hersteller von Neuerungen zu erweitern. Insgesamt kann mit Hilfe des Konzepts des faktorpreis-induzierten technischen Fortschritts die Diffusion von AMV nicht hinreichend erklärt werden. Dies insbesondere auch deshalb nicht, da mit der Einführung von AMV nicht generell effektiveres Kapital in den Milcherzeugerbetrieben zum Einsatz kommt. Ob AMV als technischer Fortschritt im ökonomischen Sinne zu bewerten sind, ist dabei von den individuellen betrieblichen Einsatzgegebenheiten abhängig. Wesentliche Auswirkungen auf den strukturellen Anpassungsprozeß in der Milcherzeugung sind aufgrund der zukünftigen Marktdiffusion von AMV nicht zu erwarten. With the fully automatic milking systems (AMS), we have a technique available to perform the milking process largely independent from the dairy farmer for the first time. On German farms we can observe first utilization of this innovation since the mid-nineties. The complexity of technical innovations in farming that is shown in the AMS has led to a higher interest in the subsequent effects of increased mechanization. A concept of a comprehensive analysis of the technological impact for AMS doesn?t exist so far. Further, AMS have not been described in terms of their classification within innovation-theory yet. At the same time, we get the impression that with the adoption process of the AMS technology, limitations of the traditional demand-based theory become obvious in real-ity. Based on this knowledge, we have to confront the agricultural economic research with the task to carefully investigate the explanatory-models for the development, impact and expan-sion of technical advancement as a basis of a technological assessment for AMS. The objec-tive of this thesis is to investigate the diffusion process of innovations in farming following the example of introducing fully automated milking systems on the market. Coming from observations of innovation processes in the context of various models based on innovation and economic theory, certain approaches and methods for the technological assessment in farming will be discussed against the background of theories to analyse technical advancement. The gained insights will be combined in the development of an overall concept for the analysis of the technical impact for fully automated milking systems. Part of the analysis of technical impact for AMS is to capture the motivation of potential users to adopt this new technology in an empirical study. The available results from literature were supplemented by a written survey of 5.210 dairy farms in four German dairy farming areas. The high investment costs of AMS are the main obstacle for this innovation at the moment. Also the associated costs for adaptation of the milking technique as well as the expectation of a high maintenance effort are important arguments from non-adopters against an investment in AMS. Social arguments are on the other hand the main factors for potential adopters in their decision making process. Possible examples are health aspects or the expected flexibility and time saving. Another reason can be found in the pursuit for greater independence from contract workforce. Therefore it can be shown, that even if the relative cost of purchasing AMS is higher than its relative productivity, we still see adoption of the innovative milking technique based on individual benefits. With the introduction of the individual benefit theory in the decision-making process of competitive techniques, it is now possible to explain the diffusion of AMS, even though the adoption of AMS in terms of maximizing profit would have to be rejected in the single case. A further specification of the decision-making factors with regards to personal benefits could be very helpful for ex ante estimations of diffusion processes in agriculture. For the majority of potential users of AMS we can assume that expectations of performance and profit will outweigh the mostly social and economical benefits expected in the long term. This insight is opposed to the expected S-shaped distribution of AMS adopters. Contrary to the present tradition of demand-based diffusion research, for AMS we were able to prove a diffusion process that is determined more by supply-side. Due to the fact of increased com-plexity of innovations in the diffusion processes, where processes are more and more described in terms of industrial coordination, one should give up the onesided emphasis of socio-economical characteristics of potential adopters in favour of a growing supply-oriented diffusion research. Accordingly, we also have to expand future technological assessments specifically on manufacturers of these innovations. All in all, we are not able to explain the diffusion of AMS sufficiently with the concept of factorprice-induced technical change. This is also shown in the fact that in spite of the introduction of AMS, we don?t necessarily use more effective capital in dairy farms. The question, if we can see AMS as a technical advancement from an economical point of view, is therefore dependent on the individual circumstances for their use on dairy farms. In view of the future development we can therefore realize, that we won?t see big changes in the structure of the dairy farms that can be traced back to the introduction of this technology.

O entendimento do formato da Intervenção Familiar citada pelos ensaios clínicos controlados na condição esquizofrenia foi o foco de nossa investigação aqui relatada. Procedemos a uma busca sistemática na base de dados MedLine e elaboramos a compreensão da fundamentação teórica das práticas descritas para avaliar a heterogeneidade clínica das intervenções que são objeto de estudo dos ensaios que resgatamos. Descrevemos um modelo denominado "pragmático", que apresenta fragmentos de técnicas, sem princípios de base ou técnicas derivadas de teorias; outro modelo cuja ênfase do trabalho é na mudança comportamental; e por fim um modelo cognitivo comportamental, que privilegia a abordagem cognitiva. Fazemos considerações sobre os conceitos de Emoção Expressa (EE) e Sobrecarga Familiar, subjacentes aos modelos comportamental e cognitivo comportamental na Intervenção Familiar para Portadores de Esquizofrenia. Consideramos que esse modelo, que privilegia um maior entendimento do familiar acerca da esquizofrenia, com a devida adequação devido às especificidades culturais nacionais, deve ser investigado para a utilização nos CAPS do Brasil. The understanding of the format of the Family Intervention mentioned by the clinical trials controlled in the condition schizophrenia it was the focus of our investigation here told. We proceeded to the one systematic search in MedLine and we elaborated for the understanding of the theoretical foundation of the described practices to evaluate the clinical heterogeneity of the interventions that are object of study of the trials that we rescued. We described a model denominated "pragmatic", that presents fragments of techniques, without base beginnings or derived techniques of theories; another model whose emphasis of the work is in the change comportamental; and finally a model cognitive comportamental, that privileges the cognitive approach. We make considerations on the concepts of Expressed Emotion (EE) and Family Burden, underlying to the models comportamental and cognitive comportamental in the Family Intervention for Bearers of Schizophrenia.

The growing costs and the availability of fuels make it necessary to reduce energy consumption in industrial processes. The use of residual heat recovery technologies is an effective way of achieving an energy saving and, consequently, better efficiency in their use. In order to appropriately value the recovery potential of residual heat, it is necessary to know the detailed flow characteristics. It is also necessary to examine in depth the different heat recovery technologies, such as heat exchangers, Rankine and Brayton cycles, heat pumps, absorption cooling, expanders, burners and cogeneration systems, in order to be able to integrate the set (residual heat-recovery technology-useful flow). Using the available data of the Basque Country database and other databases of thermodynamical properties, the energy and exergy of waste heat for 10 industrial sectors of the Basque Country has been determined. They have been classified according to their type (gases, liquid effluents and sensible heat in solids), and also according to their thermal level (from under 353 K up to 1473 K). A methodology has been developed in order to assess the application potential of these eight heat recovery technologies. For this, software has been developed which takes into account the limitations of each technology, and makes a preliminary selection, indicating those recovery technologies that are potentially suitable for any industry. The results of this selection made for the industry of the Basque Country show that of the eight studied, heat exchangers and heat pumps are the technologies with the greatest potential for application. Copyright © 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd.

Le présent article vise à préciser les principales balises de l’évaluation sociale des technologies et d’en dégager certains enjeux. Notre analyse procède en deux temps. Le premier expose, à grands traits, l’institutionnalisation du projet d’évaluation des technologies (Technology Assessment ou TA). Le second décrit la spécificité de l'évaluation sociale des technologies. Nous présentons par la suite les différents moments de l’analyse évaluative (analyse constitutive, analyse in situ et analyse prospective) ainsi que le processus de prise en charge sociale des technologies., This papers seeks to delineate the dominant markers in social assessments of technology and to identify some of their dynamics. Our analysis proceeds in two steps. The first describes, in broad strokes, the institutionalization of technological evaluation (Technological Assessment or TA). The second describes the practice of making social assessments of technology. We next present the various types of evaluative processes (constitutive analysis, in situ analysis and prospective analysis) as well as the process involved in socially controling these technologies., Este artículo identifica los aspectos principales de la evaluación social de la tecnología al mismo tiempo que plantea los términos del debate sobre el tema. Nuestro trabajo se divide en dos partes. La primera analiza la institucionalización de la evaluación de las tecnologías. La segunda muestra la especificidad de la evaluación social de las tecnologías. Enseguida, se presentan las etapas del análisis evaluativo (análisis constitutivo, análisis in situ y análisis prospectivo), al mismo tiempo que se explica el proceso de apropiación social de la tecnología.