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In this study, we applied hazelnut husk waste that was composted by using microbial biotechnological techniques into soil in the field conditions. The hazelnut husk compost (HHC) was applied in two hazelnut orchards having different textures such as sandy loam (SL) and clay loam (CL) soils and used different application rates (0, 1.25, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10 t da -1 ). Soil sampling was done four times in a year (spring, summer, fall and winter). We investigated the effects of HHC on soil water holding capacity related to available water content of soil at both field capacity (FC) and permanent wilting point (PWP) with weight basis. Soil moisture coefficients were determined by using pressure plate and indicated as percentage weights at FC (-33 kPa) and PWP (-1500 kPa). Our results showed that HHC doses, sampling periods and soil textures effected soil water holding capacity at both FC and PWP. In addition, FC and PWP were found the highest at 10 t da -1 application dose. Findings of this study, the huge importance of HHC that related to protect soil water without harmful to the environment emphasized.

Spatial variation in water flow and solute transport are important considerations when assessing field-scale re mediation options, and for managing water and chemicals during agricultural production. Here, we evaluated the relationship between laboratory-measured solute transport variables pore-water velocity (v), dispersivity (lambda), and retardation coefficient (R) and land use, soil type, and other independently measured soil properties in adjacent Typic Haplusteps, Mollic Ustifluvents, and Lithic Ustipsamments. We also characterized the spatial variation in v, R, coefficient of hydrodynamic dispersion (D), and lambda. We obtained 100 geo-referenced, undisturbed soil columns (8.4 cm diameter and of varying length) from the topsoil at sites with varying land uses, topographies, and soil types, and synchronized disturbed soil samples to analyze the basic soil properties. We conducted miscible displacement tests on all 100 columns, and predicted the retardation coefficient (R) and D using the computer program CXTFIT, and measured v. All four variables, except R, had strongly right-skewed and kurtotic distributions, and were highly variable. Log lambda (logarithm to base 10) was significantly correlated with land use, with the mean of lambda being significantly greater in grasslands, followed by orchards and croplands. By contrast, v was significantly correlated with soil type, with the mean being significantly greater in Lithic Ustipsamments. Log v (logarithm to base 10) was also significantly correlated with the soil CaCO3 content, log organic matter content, pH, cation exchange capacity, and log electrical conductivity, whereas neither v nor lambda was correlated with soil texture measures. An analysis of the spatial structure of solute transport variables using semivariograms showed that R and lambda had considerably high nugget effect. Log-transformed semivariograms performed well using ordinary point kriging for v and D. However, lambda and R exhibited a very weak spatial dependency that could not be interpolated using ordinary kriging at the current sampling resolution. Therefore, this should be considered when designing future sampling programs to analyze spatial structure-of R and lambda. (C) 2016 Published by Elsevier B.V.

ASKIN, TAYFUN/0000-0001-9352-2710; KIZILKAYA, RIDVAN/0000-0001-7475-9851 WOS: 000364222500001 In this study, changes in some soil quality indexes in a hazelnut orchard located in the Black Sea Region of Turkey were investigated after 6 months of compost (CMP) and hazelnut husk (HH) applications. CMP and HH applications increased soil organic carbon (OC) content from 1.40% to 2.57 and 3.51%, and electrical conductivity from 0.06 dS m(-1) to 0.20 and 0.91 dS m(-1), respectively (P < 0.01). In comparison to control treatment, CMP and HH applications increased the sum of exchangeable cations by 31 and 37%, aggregate stability by 2 and 7%, initial infiltration rate by 34 and 436%, and reduced bulk density by 20 and 33%, penetration resistance by 33 and 67%, respectively (P < 0.01). Physical and chemical soil quality parameters were improved using both HH and CMP in the hazelnut orchard. Although both organic matter sources were effective on quality of clay soil, slow mineralization rate of HH in soil due to including the highest C:N ratio (55%) caused greater effects of HH on soil quality indexes than that of CMP (having 22% C:N ratio) after 6 months of application.

In present study, geostatistical techniques were applied to assess the spatial variability of DTPA-extractable micronutrients which are named heavy metals as chemistry such as; iron (Fe), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) in the non-tillaged layer in Ordu province- Altınordu district, Black sea region, Eastern part of Turkey. Study area was approximately 40095.8 ha where was divided into grids with 2500 x 2500 m spacing with including 66 sampling points from 0-0.2 m in depth. Soil reaction (pH) was the least variable property while electrical conductivity (EC) was the most variable. While the highest nugget effect occurred for Ext-Cu with moderate spatial dependence, the lowest for Ext-Mn with strong spatial dependence. The greatest range of influence (17424 m) occurred for Ext-Cu and the least range (692 m) for Ext-Zn.

Minkina, Tatiana/0000-0003-3022-0883; ASKIN, TAYFUN/0000-0001-9352-2710; KIZILKAYA, RIDVAN/0000-0001-7475-9851; Sushkova, Svetlana/0000-0003-3470-9627 WOS: 000364222500005 Composting is the microbial decomposition of materials that are biologically degradable. The structure of the initial organic materials differs from that of the decomposed materials in terms of C/N ratio and other related chemical properties. During the decomposition process, various microorganisms degrade intermediate organic products. The objectives of this study were to determine the bacteria enabling the degradation of hazelnut husks and some chemical properties of decomposing hazelnut husks, which are an agricultural waste. For that purpose, 1 m(3) of hazelnut husks collected from hazelnut orchards were heaped on bare soil and left to decompose aerobically. The bacterial strains that utilize hazelnut husks were sampled periodically for 2 years. Thirty bacterial isolates were cultured; the majority of the bacterial isolates were affiliated with Actinobacteria, especially Streptomyces spp. with seventeen strains. The total N, pH, and electrical conductivity of the hazelnut husk heap increased significantly over the 2-year period, with the highest values obtained at the end of the study period. The initial C/N ratio was 55.7 and after the 24 months, the final ratio was 22.6. Scientific and Technological Research Council of TurkeyTurkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (TUBITAK) [TUBITAK-111O698] The authors gratefully acknowledge the scientific research grant (TUBITAK-111O698) from the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey.

Minkina, Tatiana/0000-0003-3022-0883; Mandzhieva, Saglara/0000-0001-6000-2209; Turina, Irina/0000-0003-4433-4849; Kolesnikov, Sergey/0000-0001-5860-8420; Sushkova, Svetlana/0000-0003-3470-9627; Turina, Irina/0000-0001-6884-8276; KIZILKAYA, RIDVAN/0000-0001-7475-9851; ASKIN, TAYFUN/0000-0001-9352-2710 WOS: 000339963600009 A new method for benzo[a] pyrene (BaP) analyses in plant material was developed using subcritical water extraction followed by HPLC analyses of the extracts. BaP extraction efficiency was determined by spiking grass vegetation collected from a preserve in Rostov Oblast (Russia). BaP recoverywas optimal with a 30-min extraction by water in a special steel cartridge at 250 degrees C and 100 atm. More than 98% of the BaP was recovered from the plant material using subcritical water extraction, compared to 72% recovery by saponification of the sample with conventional hexane extraction. Other advantages of subcritical water extraction are the use of water as an environmentally friendly solvent instead of large volumes of organic solvents as well as a shorter analysis time. (C) 2014 Elsevier B. V. All rights reserved. Ministry of Education and Science of RussiaMinistry of Education and Science, Russian Federation [1894]; Russian Foundation for Basic ResearchRussian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR) [14-05-00586_a, 12-05-33078]; President of Russia [MK-6448.2014.4]; Leading Scientific School [2449.2014.4] We appreciate Prof. Pat Shea for the help in the manuscript preparation. This research was supported by projects of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia, no. 1894, the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, no. 14-05-00586_a, and no. 12-05-33078, the President of Russia, no. MK-6448.2014.4 and the Leading Scientific School, no. 2449.2014.4.

ASKIN, TAYFUN/0000-0001-9352-2710; KIZILKAYA, RIDVAN/0000-0001-7475-9851; Shein, Evgeny/0000-0002-0101-5293 WOS: 000297627200005 For analyzing the spatial distribution of the Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, and heavy metal (HM) sources on the Bafra deltaic plain (the central Black Sea district of Turkey), 108 soil samples were collected from the 0- to 20-cm layer in an area of about 100 thousand ha. The soil enrichment factor (the ratio between the metal concentration in the soil samples and its content in the earth's crust (EF)) was calculated to reveal the origin of the heavy metal (HM) pollution (natural or anthropogenic). Kriging interpolation and maps of the soil's enrichment factors were used for the characterization of the spatial HM distribution. The maximal EF was found for Cd (12.826), while smaller EF values characterized the Pb, Ni, Co, and Cu. In some districts of the studied region, the Cd, Cu, and Zn concentrations were somewhat greater, probably, due to the application of high rates of phosphorus fertilizers and intense soil cultivation. A content exceeding the critical value was recorded for Ni. Probably, this fact was related to the elevated content of this metal in the parent rocks. None of the investigated soils can be referred to the category of polluted ones.

ASKIN, TAYFUN/0000-0001-9352-2710; KIZILKAYA, RIDVAN/0000-0001-7475-9851 WOS: 000271523500007 The objective of this study was to determine changes in soil basal respiration (BR) and dehydrogenase activity (DHA) in soil aggregates along a pasture slope. Soil samples from 0-50 mm depth were taken from three landscape positions (crest, midslope and footslope) of a pasture in Samsun, Turkey. For each landscape position, soil aggregates were separated into eight aggregate size classes using a dry sieving method and then microbiological properties and organic carbon content (C(org)) were analysed. At all positions, the contents of macroaggregates (especially 841-1190 pm and 1190-1680 mu m) were higher than microaggregates. The contents of C(org) varied between 0.65-2.08%. The highest C(org) contents were found in footslope positions, and the lowest in midslope. All microbiological properties were higher at footslope position than at the other positions. Generally, BR and DHA were higher in microaggregates < 250 mu m, in macroaggregates of 250-420, 420-841, 841-1190 pm than in the other aggregate size classes at all positions, whereas C(org):C(mic) BR:C(mic) and DHA:C(mic) ratios were higher in macroaggregates of 1190-1680, 1680-2380, 2380-4760 mu m than the other macro- and microaggregate size. Consequently, macroaggregates had relatively more C(org) than the microaggregates, even if the absolute values of BR and DHA were the lower.

A survey study was initiated to determine the nutritional status of kiwifruit grown in the Ordu province in eastern part of the Karadeniz Region in Turkey. For this purpose soil and leaf samples were taken from 50 different kiwifruit orchards. Not only some soil chemical and physical properties and but also plant nutrient levels were determined and observed values were compared with their critical values and the degree of sufficiency was evaluated. According to the results, soils have medium-coarse in texture, slightyly and moderately in acid reactions, low in lime content, good in organic matter content. In general, available phosphorus, exchangable potassium, calcium and magnesium, available iron, copper, zinc and manganase contents of soil samples were sufficient. Soil has boron and nitrogen deficiency following order 26 and 22%. Kiwifruit leafs have sufficient and excess levels for boron, iron, copper, zinc and manganase, while nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and sodium and chlorine were deficient levels following order 64, 24, 26, 100 and 84%. © 2007 Academic Journals.

ASKIN, TAYFUN/0000-0001-9352-2710; KIZILKAYA, RIDVAN/0000-0001-7475-9851 WOS: 000243220000005 The purpose of this study was to assess the spatial variability of the activity of three hydrolytic enzymes, i.e, urease activity (UAc), alkaline phosphatase activity (APAc), and arylsulfatase activity (ASAc), in pasture topsoils using geostatistics. Enzyme activities along a transect in a 1.35-ha pasture were determined using 77 soil samples from the upper 20 cm of soil. UAc varied from 101.0 to 182.7 mu g N g(-1) soil h(-1); APAc varied from 1.56 to 3.62 mu g-nitrophenol g(-1) soil h(-1); and ASAc varied from 1.50 to 3.26 mu g p-nitrophenol g(-1) soil h(-1). The linear models fit the best semivariogram models for UAc, APAc, and ASAc. Semivariograms for enzyme activities exhibited spatial dependence with ranges of influence of approximately 124.7 in. (c) 2006 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

ASKIN, TAYFUN/0000-0001-9352-2710; KIZILKAYA, RIDVAN/0000-0001-7475-9851 WOS: 000226158600005 In this study, total heavy metal contents and their relationships with soil microbiological characteristics were investigated in agricultural soils which were with polluted heavy metals. Total heavy metal content of the soils varied from 0.95 to 3-20 mug Cd g(-1), 17.10 to 42.33 mug Co g(-1), 18.43 to 141.18 mug Cr g(-1), 23.05 to 96.68 mug CU g(-1), 19.30 to 144.15 mug Pb g(-1) and 76.10 to 210.43 mug Ni g(-1). Soil dehydrogenase, catalase and urease activity basal soil respiration and microbial biomass-C were 23.9-420.4 mug TPF g(-1) dry soil, 2.7-61.1 ml O-2 5 g(-1) dry soil, 16.9-749.3 mug N g(-1) dry soil, 4.8-33.7 mg CO2 100 g(-1) dry soil and 3.8-135.4 mg CO2-C 100g(-1) dry soil in agricultural soils of Bafra and Carsamba Plain, respectively. The soil organic carbon content showed significant correlation with the dehydrogenase activity, catalase activity, basal soil respiration, and microbial biomass-C at P < 0.01. Urease activity was strongly correlated with clay content and cation exchange capacity (CEC). but not significantly correlated with organic C content. With the exception of urease activity generally significant negative relationships were observed between the total heavy metal contents and soil microbiological characteristics. Thus, these microbiological characteristics could be used as indicators to evaluate the heavy metal contamination of agricultural soils. (C) 2004 Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved.

ASKIN, TAYFUN/0000-0001-9352-2710 WOS: 000187663500015 The objective of the present investigation was to find out the effect of different parent materials and land use on soil erodibility. Four types of parent materials such as andesite, basalt, alluvial, and gypsum, and three land use types such as grass, clover, and maize, all wide spread in Erzurum Province in Turkey, were tested. Aggregate stability and soil erodibility factors were determined. The susceptibility of soils against erosion decreased in the order of parent materials basalt > andesite > alluvial > gypsum. Likewise, the susceptibility of land use can be sorted as follows: grass > clover > maize.

The benzo[a]pyrene accumulation and migration regularities in chernozemic soils under the aerotechnogenic emission zone were revealed on the basis of long-term monitoring researches. A new method of subcritical water extraction has been developed for determination of benzo[a]pyrene from soils of the emissions zone of Novocherkassk Power Station one of the largest thermal power enterprises in Russian Federation. It is shown that the soils adjacent to a source of emission are polluted by benzo[a]pyrene at distance to 5 km. Trends in the accumulation of benzo[a]pyrene in soil zones of the thermal power plant influence have been researched over a 5-year period of monitoring observations. The assessment of soils pollution extent by benzo[a]pyrene is given.

In this study, soil cadmium fractions and their relationships with some microbiological properties were investigated in disturbed twenty soil samples (agricultural area) of Bafra plain in Turkey. Total Cd in the 20 soil samples under study ranged from 1.83 to 2.73 v ?g - g m 1 with an average of 2.32 v ?g - g m 1. A sequential fractionation showed that 7.3-18.5% of total Cd was exchangeable (EX-Cd), 4.1-10.8% was organically complexed (OM-Cd), 6.1-7.6% was associated with Mn oxides (MnO-Cd), 5.2-8.7% was associated with amorphous iron oxides (AFeO-Cd) and 5.8-7.2% was associated with crystalline iron oxides (CFeO-Cd). Most of the total Cd was present in residual (R-Cd) form (54.0-62.1%). In the study, dehyrdogenase activity, catalase activity, urease activity, CO 2 production and microbial biomass-C were approximately 205.3 v ?g TPF/1 v g dry soil, 18.5 v ml O 2 /5 v g dry soil, 148.7 v ?g N/1 v g dry soil, 14.7 v mg CO 2 /100 v g dry soil, 58.5 v mg C/100 v g dry soil in researched soils. Soil organic carbon contents gave the significant positive correlations with microbiological properties at p

Information on soil microorganisms and their activity used to determine microbiological characteristics are very important for soil quality and productivity. Studies of enzyme activities provide information on the biochemical processes occurring in soil. There is growing evidence that soil biological parameters may be potential and sensitive indicators of soil ecological conditions and soil management. Soil microbiological parameters may be evaluated statistically due to application of geostatistical methods to soil science. Measurement of soil dehydrogenase activity (DHA) has been used to establish indices of soil microbiological activity. The objective of this study was to assess the spatial variability of the DHA using the geostatistics in the topsoils of an urban area. DHA along a transect in an urban area was determined using 39 soil samples from the upper 20 cm of soil varied from 10.7-258.4 μg TPF g-1 soil respectively. The spherical model fits the best semivariogram model for DHA and exhibited spatial dependence with range of influence of approximately 48.2 km.