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2. Outcomes of a multimodal cognitive and physical rehabilitation program for persons with mild dementia and their caregivers: a goal-oriented approach

Author

Chew J, Chong MS, Fong YL, and Tay L

Subjects
dementia, rehabilitation, goal attainment scaling, Geriatrics, RC952-954.6
Abstract

Justin Chew, Mei-Sian Chong, Yoke-Leng Fong, Laura Tay Department of Geriatric Medicine, Institute of Geriatrics and Active Ageing, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore Background: Nonpharmacological interventions such as exercise and cognitive rehabilitation programs have shown promise in reducing the impact of dementia on the individual and the caregiver. In this study, we examine the effect of a multimodal cognitive and physical rehabilitation program for persons with mild dementia and their caregivers using conventional measures of cognition, behavior, quality of life (QoL), and caregiver burden together with goal attainment scaling (GAS), an individualized outcome measure.Methods: Goals were set at baseline, and GAS score was calculated at the end of the program. Participants were also assessed with the Chinese Mini-Mental State Examination, functional and behavioral scales (Barthel Index), Instrumental Activities of Daily Living, Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire, QoL, and caregiver burden using EuroQol-five dimension questionnaire and Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI). Differences in median scores postintervention were obtained. Further analysis of caregiver burden was undertaken utilizing the multidimensional classification of burden on the ZBI.Results: Thirty-four (61.8%) patients were assessed to have met their goals (GAS score ≥50). Mean (standard deviation) GAS score was 48.6 (6.5). Cognition goals were set in only 20.6%, followed by goals to improve engagement and socialization; reduce caregiver stress; and improve physical function, behavior, and mood. Median scores in the cognitive, functional, and QoL measures did not differ significantly pre- and postintervention. The intervention had a positive impact on role strain, a unique dimension of caregiver burden.Conclusion: This study provides evidence that a multimodal approach combining physical exercise and cognitive rehabilitation improves goal attainment and caregiver burden in individuals and caregivers of persons with mild dementia. Keywords: dementia, rehabilitation, goal attainment scaling

Published
2015

3. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1: a proinflammatory cytokine elevated in sarcopenic obesity

Author

Lim JP, Leung BP, Ding YY, Tay L, Ismail NH, Yeo A, Yew S, and Chong MS

Subjects
Sarcopenia, Obesity, MCP-1, Geriatrics, RC952-954.6
Abstract

Jun Pei Lim,1,2 Bernard P Leung,3 Yew Yoong Ding,1,2 Laura Tay,1,2 Noor Hafizah Ismail,2,4 Audrey Yeo,2 Suzanne Yew,2 Mei Sian Chong1,2 1Department of Geriatric Medicine, 2Institute of Geriatrics and Active Ageing, 3Department of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, 4Department of Community and Continuing Care, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore Objective: Sarcopenic obesity (SO) is associated with poorer physical outcomes and functional status in the older adult. A proinflammatory milieu associated with central obesity is postulated to enhance muscle catabolism. We set out to examine associations of the chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in groups of older adults, with sarcopenia, obesity, and the SO phenotypes.Methods: A total of 143 community dwelling, well, older adults were recruited. Cross-sectional clinical data, physical performance, and muscle mass measurements were collected. Obesity and sarcopenia were defined using revised National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) obesity guidelines and those of the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia. Serum levels of MCP-1 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Results: In all, 25.2% of subjects were normal, 15.4% sarcopenic, 48.3% obese, and 11.2% were SO. The SO groups had the lowest appendicular lean mass, highest percentage body fat, and lowest performance scores on the Short Physical Performance Battery and grip strength. The MCP-1 levels were significantly different, with the highest levels found in SO participants (P

Published
2015

4. Proliferation and stemness preservation of human adipose-derived stem cells by surface-modified in situ TiO2 nanofibrous surfaces

Author

Tan AW, Tay L, Chua KH, Ahmad R, Ali Akbar S, and Pingguan-Murphy B

Subjects
Medicine (General), R5-920
Abstract

Ai Wen Tan,1 Lelia Tay,2 Kien Hui Chua,2 Roslina Ahmad,3 Sheikh Ali Akbar,4 Belinda Pingguan-Murphy1 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; 2Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; 3Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; 4Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA Abstract: Two important criteria of an ideal biomaterial in the field of stem cells research are to regulate the cell proliferation without the loss of its pluripotency and to direct the differentiation into a specific cell lineage when desired. The present study describes the influence of TiO2 nanofibrous surface structures on the regulation of proliferation and stemness preservation of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs). TiO2 nanofiber arrays were produced in situ onto Ti-6Al-4V substrate via a thermal oxidation process and the successful fabrication of these nanostructures was confirmed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), and contact angle measurement. ADSCs were seeded on two types of Ti-6Al-4V surfaces (TiO2 nanofibers and flat control), and their morphology, proliferation, and stemness expression were analyzed using FESEM, AlamarBlue assay, flow cytometry, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) after 2 weeks of incubation, respectively. The results show that ADSCs exhibit better adhesion and significantly enhanced proliferation on the TiO2 nanofibrous surfaces compared to the flat control surfaces. The greater proliferation ability of TiO2 nanofibrous surfaces was further confirmed by the results of cell cycle assay. More importantly, TiO2 nanofibrous surfaces significantly upregulate the expressions of stemness markers Sox-2, Nanog3, Rex-1, and Nestin. These results demonstrate that TiO2 nanofibrous surfaces can be used to enhance cell adhesion and proliferation while simultaneously maintaining the stemness of ADSCs, thereby representing a promising approach for their potential application in the field of bone tissue engineering as well as regenerative therapies. Keywords: titania, nanofibers, thermal oxidation, stem cells, pluripotency

Published
2014

5. Outcomes of an innovative model of acute delirium care: the Geriatric Monitoring Unit (GMU)

Author

Chong MS, Chan M, Tay L, and Ding YY

Subjects
delirium, function, elderly, Geriatrics, RC952-954.6
Abstract

Mei Sian Chong, Mark Chan, Laura Tay, Yew Yoong Ding Department of Geriatric Medicine, Institute of Geriatrics and Active Ageing, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore Objective: Delirium is associated with poor outcomes following acute hospitalization. The Geriatric Monitoring Unit (GMU) is a specialized five-bedded unit for acute delirium care. It is modeled after the Delirium Room program, with adoption of core interventions from the Hospital Elder Life Program and use of evening light therapy to consolidate circadian rhythms and improve sleep in older inpatients. This study examined whether the GMU program improved outcomes in delirious patients. Method: A total of 320 patients, including 47 pre-GMU, 234 GMU, and 39 concurrent control subjects, were studied. Clinical characteristics, cognitive status, functional status (Modified Barthel Index [MBI]), and chemical restraint-use data were obtained. We also looked at in-hospital complications of falls, pressure ulcers, nosocomial infection rate, and discharge destination. Secondary outcomes of family satisfaction (for the GMU subjects) were collected. Results: There were no significant demographic differences between the three groups. Pre-GMU subjects had longer duration of delirium and length of stay. MBI improvement was most evident in the GMU compared with pre-GMU and control subjects (19.2±18.3, 7.5±11.2, 15.1±18.0, respectively) (P

Published
2014

6. Bright light therapy as part of a multicomponent management program improves sleep and functional outcomes in delirious older hospitalized adults

Author

Chong MS, Tan KT, Tay L, Wong YM, and Ancoli-Israel S

Subjects
Sleep, delirium, function, elderly, Geriatrics, RC952-954.6
Abstract

Mei Sian Chong,1 Keng Teng Tan,2 Laura Tay,1 Yoke Moi Wong,1 Sonia Ancoli-Israel3,41Department of Geriatric Medicine, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore; 2Department of Pharmacy, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore; 3Departments of Psychiatry and Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA; 4VA Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health (CESAMH), San Diego, CA, USAObjective: Delirium is associated with poor outcomes following acute hospitalization. A specialized delirium management unit, the Geriatric Monitoring Unit (GMU), was established. Evening bright light therapy (2000–3000 lux; 6–10 pm daily) was added as adjunctive treatment, to consolidate circadian activity rhythms and improve sleep. This study examined whether the GMU program improved sleep, cognitive, and functional outcomes in delirious patients.Method: A total of 228 patients (mean age = 84.2 years) were studied. The clinical characteristics, delirium duration, delirium subtype, Delirium Rating Score (DRS), cognitive status (Chinese Mini–Mental State Examination), functional status (modified Barthel Index [MBI]), and chemical restraint use during the initial and predischarge phase of the patient’s GMU admission were obtained. Nurses completed hourly 24-hour patient sleep logs, and from these, the mean total sleep time, number of awakenings, and sleep bouts (SB) were computed.Results: The mean delirium duration was 6.7 ± 4.6 days. Analysis of the delirium subtypes showed that 18.4% had hypoactive delirium, 30.2% mixed delirium, and 51.3% had hyperactive delirium. There were significant improvements in MBI scores, especially for the hyperactive and mixed delirium subtypes (P < 0.05). Significant improvements were noted on the DRS sleep–wake disturbance subscore, for all delirium-subtypes. The mean total sleep time (7.7 from 6.4 hours) (P < 0.05) and length of first SB (6.0 compared with 5.3 hours) (P < 0.05) improved, with decreased mean number of SBs and awakenings. The sleep improvements were mainly seen in the hyperactive delirium subtype.Conclusion: This study shows initial evidence for the clinical benefits (longer total sleep time, increased first SB length, and functional gains) of incorporating bright light therapy as part of a multicomponent delirium management program. The benefits appear to have occurred mainly in patients with hyperactive delirium, which merits further in-depth, randomized controlled studies.Keywords: sleep, delirium, function, elderly

Published
2013

8. Global fine-resolution data on springtail abundance and community structure

Author

Potapov, A. M., Chen, T. -W., Striuchkova, A. V., Alatalo, J. M., Alexandre, D., Arbea, J., Ashton, T., Ashwood, F., Babenko, A. B., Bandyopadhyaya, I., Baretta, C. R. D. M., Baretta, D., Barnes, A. D., Bellini, B. C., Bendjaballah, M., Berg, M. P., Bernava, V., Bokhorst, S., Bokova, A. I., Bolger, T., Bouchard, M., Brito, R. A., Buchori, D., Castano-Meneses, G., Chauvat, M., Chomel, M., Chow, Y., Chown, S. L., Classen, A. T., Cortet, J., Cuchta, P., de la Pedrosa, A. M., De Lima, E. C. A., Deharveng, L. E., Doblas Miranda, E., Drescher, J., Eisenhauer, N., Ellers, J., Ferlian, O., Ferreira, S. S. D., Ferreira, A. S., Fiera, C., Filser, J., Franken, O., Fujii, S., Koudji, E. G., Gao, M., Gendreau-Berthiaume, B., Gers, C., Greve, M., Hamra-Kroua, S., Handa, I. T., Hasegawa, M., Heiniger, C., Hishi, T., Holmstrup, M., Homet, P., Hoye, T. T., Ivask, M., Jacques, B., Janion-Scheepers, C., Jochum, M., Joimel, S., Jorge, B. C. S., Jucevica, E., Kapinga, E. M., Kovac, L., Krab, E. J., Krogh, P. H., Kuu, A., Kuznetsova, N., Lam, W. N., Lin, D., Lindo, Z., Liu, A. W. P., Lu, J. -Z., Lucianez, M. J., Marx, M. T., Mawan, A., Mccary, M. A., Minor, M. A., Mitchell, G. I., Moreno, D., Nakamori, T., Negri, Ilaria, Nielsen, U. N., Ochoa-Hueso, R., Oliveira Filho, L. C. I., Palacios-Vargas, J. G., Pollierer, M. M., Ponge, J. -F., Potapov, M. B., Querner, P., Rai, B., Raschmanova, N., Rashid, M. I., Raymond-Leonard, L. J., Reis, A. S., Ross, G. M., Rousseau, L., Russell, D. J., Saifutdinov, R. A., Salmon, S., Santonja, M., Saraeva, A. K., Sayer, E. J., Scheunemann, N., Scholz, C., Seeber, J., Shaw, P., Shveenkova, Y. B., Slade, E. M., Stebaeva, S., Sterzynska, M., Sun, X., Susanti, W. I., Taskaeva, A. A., Tay, L. S., Thakur, M. P., Treasure, A. M., Tsiafouli, M., Twala, M. N., Uvarov, A. V., Venier, L. A., Widenfalk, L. A., Widyastuti, R., Winck, B., Winkler, D., Wu, D., Xie, Z., Yin, R., Zampaulo, R. A., Zeppelini, D., Zhang, B., Zoughailech, A., Ashford, O., Klauberg-Filho, O., Scheu, S., Negri I. (ORCID:0000-0001-5188-1408), Potapov, A. M., Chen, T. -W., Striuchkova, A. V., Alatalo, J. M., Alexandre, D., Arbea, J., Ashton, T., Ashwood, F., Babenko, A. B., Bandyopadhyaya, I., Baretta, C. R. D. M., Baretta, D., Barnes, A. D., Bellini, B. C., Bendjaballah, M., Berg, M. P., Bernava, V., Bokhorst, S., Bokova, A. I., Bolger, T., Bouchard, M., Brito, R. A., Buchori, D., Castano-Meneses, G., Chauvat, M., Chomel, M., Chow, Y., Chown, S. L., Classen, A. T., Cortet, J., Cuchta, P., de la Pedrosa, A. M., De Lima, E. C. A., Deharveng, L. E., Doblas Miranda, E., Drescher, J., Eisenhauer, N., Ellers, J., Ferlian, O., Ferreira, S. S. D., Ferreira, A. S., Fiera, C., Filser, J., Franken, O., Fujii, S., Koudji, E. G., Gao, M., Gendreau-Berthiaume, B., Gers, C., Greve, M., Hamra-Kroua, S., Handa, I. T., Hasegawa, M., Heiniger, C., Hishi, T., Holmstrup, M., Homet, P., Hoye, T. T., Ivask, M., Jacques, B., Janion-Scheepers, C., Jochum, M., Joimel, S., Jorge, B. C. S., Jucevica, E., Kapinga, E. M., Kovac, L., Krab, E. J., Krogh, P. H., Kuu, A., Kuznetsova, N., Lam, W. N., Lin, D., Lindo, Z., Liu, A. W. P., Lu, J. -Z., Lucianez, M. J., Marx, M. T., Mawan, A., Mccary, M. A., Minor, M. A., Mitchell, G. I., Moreno, D., Nakamori, T., Negri, Ilaria, Nielsen, U. N., Ochoa-Hueso, R., Oliveira Filho, L. C. I., Palacios-Vargas, J. G., Pollierer, M. M., Ponge, J. -F., Potapov, M. B., Querner, P., Rai, B., Raschmanova, N., Rashid, M. I., Raymond-Leonard, L. J., Reis, A. S., Ross, G. M., Rousseau, L., Russell, D. J., Saifutdinov, R. A., Salmon, S., Santonja, M., Saraeva, A. K., Sayer, E. J., Scheunemann, N., Scholz, C., Seeber, J., Shaw, P., Shveenkova, Y. B., Slade, E. M., Stebaeva, S., Sterzynska, M., Sun, X., Susanti, W. I., Taskaeva, A. A., Tay, L. S., Thakur, M. P., Treasure, A. M., Tsiafouli, M., Twala, M. N., Uvarov, A. V., Venier, L. A., Widenfalk, L. A., Widyastuti, R., Winck, B., Winkler, D., Wu, D., Xie, Z., Yin, R., Zampaulo, R. A., Zeppelini, D., Zhang, B., Zoughailech, A., Ashford, O., Klauberg-Filho, O., Scheu, S., and Negri I. (ORCID:0000-0001-5188-1408)

Abstract

Springtails (Collembola) inhabit soils from the Arctic to the Antarctic and comprise an estimated ~32% of all terrestrial arthropods on Earth. Here, we present a global, spatially-explicit database on springtail communities that includes 249,912 occurrences from 44,999 samples and 2,990 sites. These data are mainly raw sample-level records at the species level collected predominantly from private archives of the authors that were quality-controlled and taxonomically-standardised. Despite covering all continents, most of the sample-level data come from the European continent (82.5% of all samples) and represent four habitats: woodlands (57.4%), grasslands (14.0%), agrosystems (13.7%) and scrublands (9.0%). We included sampling by soil layers, and across seasons and years, representing temporal and spatial within-site variation in springtail communities. We also provided data use and sharing guidelines and R code to facilitate the use of the database by other researchers. This data paper describes a static version of the database at the publication date, but the database will be further expanded to include underrepresented regions and linked with trait data.

Published
2024

12. Dyadic coping as a concept of positive psychology

Author

Ruch, Willibald; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5368-3616, Bakker, A B, Tay, L, Gander, Fabian; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2204-8828, Ruch, W ( Willibald ), Bakker, A B ( A B ), Tay, L ( L ), Gander, F ( Fabian ), Senn, M, Bodenmann, Guy; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0964-6409, Ruch, Willibald; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5368-3616, Bakker, A B, Tay, L, Gander, Fabian; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2204-8828, Ruch, W ( Willibald ), Bakker, A B ( A B ), Tay, L ( L ), Gander, F ( Fabian ), Senn, M, and Bodenmann, Guy; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0964-6409

Published
2023

16. Assessing Character Strengths

Author

Ruch, Willibald; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5368-3616, Bakker, Arnold B, Tay, Louis, Gander, Fabian; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2204-8828, Ruch, W ( Willibald ), Bakker, A B ( Arnold B ), Tay, L ( Louis ), Gander, F ( Fabian ), Wagner, Lisa; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1925-2676, Ruch, Willibald; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5368-3616, Bakker, Arnold B, Tay, Louis, Gander, Fabian; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2204-8828, Ruch, W ( Willibald ), Bakker, A B ( Arnold B ), Tay, L ( Louis ), Gander, F ( Fabian ), and Wagner, Lisa; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1925-2676

Published
2023

19. Insights into accuracy of social scientists' forecasts of societal change

Author

Grossmann, I., Rotella, A., Hutcherson, C., Sharpinskyi, K., Varnum, M., Achter, S., Dhami, M., Guo, X., Kara-Yakoubian, M., Mandel, D., Raes, L., Tay, L., Vie, A., Wagner, L., Adamkovic, M., Arami, A., Arriaga, P., Bandara, K., Baník, G., Bartoš, F., Baskin, E., Bergmeir, C., Białek, M., Børsting, C., Browne, D., Caruso, E., Chen, R., Chie, B., Chopik, W., Collins, R., Cong, C., Conway, L., Davis, M., Day, M., Dhaliwal, N., Durham, J., Dziekan, M., Elbaek, C., Shuman, E., Fabrykant, M., Firat, M., Fong, G., Frimer, J., Gallegos, J., Goldberg, S., Gollwitzer, A., https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0067-0018, Goyal, J., Graf-Vlachy, L., Gronlund, S., Hafenbrädl, S., Hartanto, A., Hirshberg, M., Hornsey, M., Howe, P., Izadi, A., Jaeger, B., Kačmár, P., Kim, Y., Krenzler, R., Lannin, D., Lin, H., Lou, N., Lua, V., Lukaszewski, A., Ly, A., Madan, C., Maier, M., Majeed, N., March, D., Marsh, A., Misiak, M., Myrseth, K., Napan, J., Nicholas, J., Nikolopoulos, K., O, J., Otterbring, T., Paruzel-Czachura, M., Pauer, S., Protzko, J., Raffaelli, Q., Ropovik, I., Ross, R., Roth, Y., Røysamb, E., Schnabel, L., Schütz, A., Seifert, M., Sevincer, A., Sherman, G., Simonsson, O., Sung, M., Tai, C., Talhelm, T., Teachman, B., Tetlock, P., Thomakos, D., Tse, D., Twardus, O., Tybur, J., Ungar, L., Vandermeulen, D., Williams, L., Vosgerichian, H., Wang, Q., Wang, K., Whiting, M., Wollbrant, C., Yang, T., Yogeeswaran, K., Yoon, S., Alves, V., Andrews-Hanna, J., Bloom, P., Boyles, A., Charis, L., Choi, M., Darling-Hammond, S., Ferguson, Z., Kaiser, C., Karg, S., Ortega, A., Mahoney, L., Marsh, M., Martinie, M., Michaels, E., Millroth, P., Naqvi, J., Ng, W., Rutledge, R., Slattery, P., Smiley, A., Strijbis, O., Sznycer, D., Tsukayama, E., van Loon, A., Voelkel, J., Wienk, M., Wilkening, T., and The Forecasting Collaborative

Abstract

How well can social scientists predict societal change, and what processes underlie their predictions? To answer these questions, we ran two forecasting tournaments testing accuracy of predictions of societal change in domains commonly studied in the social sciences: ideological preferences, political polarization, life satisfaction, sentiment on social media, and gender-career and racial bias. Following provision of historical trend data on the domain, social scientists submitted pre-registered monthly forecasts for a year (Tournament 1; N=86 teams/359 forecasts), with an opportunity to update forecasts based on new data six months later (Tournament 2; N=120 teams/546 forecasts). Benchmarking forecasting accuracy revealed that social scientists’ forecasts were on average no more accurate than simple statistical models (historical means, random walk, or linear regressions) or the aggregate forecasts of a sample from the general public (N=802). However, scientists were more accurate if they had scientific expertise in a prediction domain, were interdisciplinary, used simpler models, and based predictions on prior data.

Published
2022

27. The baby and the bathwater: On the need for substantive-methodological synergy in organizational research

Author

Hofmans, J., Morin, A.J.S., Breitsohl, H., Ceulemans, E., Chénard-Poirier, L.A., Driver, C.C., Fernet, C., Gane, M., Gillet, N., González-Romá, V., Grimm, K.J., Hamaker, E.L., Hau, K.-T., Houle, S.A., Howard, J.L., Kline, R.B., Kuijpers, E., Leysen, T., Litalien, D., Mäkikangas, A., Marsh, H.W., McLarnon, M.J.W., Meyer, J.P., Navarro, J., Olivier, E., O'Neill, T.A., Pekrun, T.A., Salmela-Aro, K., Solinger, O.N., Sonnetag, S., Tay, L., Tóth-Király, I., Vallerand, R.J., Vandenberghe, C., Rossenberg, Y.G.T. van, Vantilborgh, T., Vergauwe, J., Vullinghs, J.T., Wang, M., Wen, Z., Wille, B., Hofmans, J., Morin, A.J.S., Breitsohl, H., Ceulemans, E., Chénard-Poirier, L.A., Driver, C.C., Fernet, C., Gane, M., Gillet, N., González-Romá, V., Grimm, K.J., Hamaker, E.L., Hau, K.-T., Houle, S.A., Howard, J.L., Kline, R.B., Kuijpers, E., Leysen, T., Litalien, D., Mäkikangas, A., Marsh, H.W., McLarnon, M.J.W., Meyer, J.P., Navarro, J., Olivier, E., O'Neill, T.A., Pekrun, T.A., Salmela-Aro, K., Solinger, O.N., Sonnetag, S., Tay, L., Tóth-Király, I., Vallerand, R.J., Vandenberghe, C., Rossenberg, Y.G.T. van, Vantilborgh, T., Vergauwe, J., Vullinghs, J.T., Wang, M., Wen, Z., and Wille, B.

Abstract

Contains fulltext : 242630.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access)

Published
2021

28. Efficacy and safety of long-term evolocumab use among Asian subjects - A subgroup analysis of the further cardiovascular outcomes research with PCSK9 inhibition in subjects with elevated risk (fourier) trial

Author

Keech, AC, Oyama, K, Sever, PS, Tang, M, Murphy, SA, Hirayama, A, Lu, C, Tay, L, Deedwania, PC, Siu, CW, Pineda, AL, Choi, D, Charng, MJ, Amerena, John, Ahmad, WAW, Chopra, VK, Pedersen, TR, Giugliano, RP, Sabatine, MS, Keech, AC, Oyama, K, Sever, PS, Tang, M, Murphy, SA, Hirayama, A, Lu, C, Tay, L, Deedwania, PC, Siu, CW, Pineda, AL, Choi, D, Charng, MJ, Amerena, John, Ahmad, WAW, Chopra, VK, Pedersen, TR, Giugliano, RP, and Sabatine, MS

Published
2021

29. From Data to Causes III: Bayesian Priors for General Cross-Lagged Panel Models (GCLM)

Author

Zyphur, MJ, Hamaker, EL, Tay, L, Voelkle, M, Preacher, KJ, Zhang, Z, Allison, PD, Pierides, DC, Koval, P, Diener, EF, Zyphur, MJ, Hamaker, EL, Tay, L, Voelkle, M, Preacher, KJ, Zhang, Z, Allison, PD, Pierides, DC, Koval, P, and Diener, EF

Abstract

This article describes some potential uses of Bayesian estimation for time-series and panel data models by incorporating information from prior probabilities (i.e., priors) in addition to observed data. Drawing on econometrics and other literatures we illustrate the use of informative "shrinkage" or "small variance" priors (including so-called "Minnesota priors") while extending prior work on the general cross-lagged panel model (GCLM). Using a panel dataset of national income and subjective well-being (SWB) we describe three key benefits of these priors. First, they shrink parameter estimates toward zero or toward each other for time-varying parameters, which lends additional support for an income → SWB effect that is not supported with maximum likelihood (ML). This is useful because, second, these priors increase model parsimony and the stability of estimates (keeping them within more reasonable bounds) and thus improve out-of-sample predictions and interpretability, which means estimated effect should also be more trustworthy than under ML. Third, these priors allow estimating otherwise under-identified models under ML, allowing higher-order lagged effects and time-varying parameters that are otherwise impossible to estimate using observed data alone. In conclusion we note some of the responsibilities that come with the use of priors which, departing from typical commentaries on their scientific applications, we describe as involving reflection on how best to apply modeling tools to address matters of worldly concern.

Published
2021

32. The Way is the Goal: The Role of Goal Focus for Successful Goal Pursuit and Subjective Well-Being

Author

Diener, E, Oishi, S, Tay, L, Diener, E ( E ), Oishi, S ( S ), Tay, L ( L ), Kaftan, Oliver J; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2213-2998, Freund, Alexandra M; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9953-523X, Diener, E, Oishi, S, Tay, L, Diener, E ( E ), Oishi, S ( S ), Tay, L ( L ), Kaftan, Oliver J; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2213-2998, and Freund, Alexandra M; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9953-523X

Abstract

Goals are considered by some theories as essential for subjective well-being (i.e., telic theories, see Diener, 1984). In fact, achieving goals is beneficial for subjective well-being. However, just holding goals does not bring about goal achievement. Therefore, this chapter highlights the importance of goal pursuit (autotelic theories) in addition to goal achievement for a more comprehensive understanding of subjective well-being. We address the question of whether goal progress and attainment are differentially related to subjective well-being and examine how people best pursue their goals. Specifically, we posit that focusing more on the means of goal pursuit (i.e., adopting a process focus) is more beneficial for goal progress and subjective well-being than focusing more on its ends (i.e., adopting an outcome focus). There also exists some evidence that suggests that adopting a process focus is adaptive when people face a particular type of difficulty when intending to pursue a goal, namely procrastination. Given that procrastination hinders successful goal pursuit and subjective well-being, this finding again highlights the importance of goal focus for understanding how people best pursue their goals.

Published
2018

33. From Data to Causes II: Comparing Approaches to Panel Data Analysis

Author

Zyphur, M.J., Voelkle, M.C., Tay, L., Allison, P.D., Preacher, K.J., Zhang, Z., Hamaker, E.L., Shamsollahi, A., Pierides, D.C., Koval, P., Diener, E., Zyphur, M.J., Voelkle, M.C., Tay, L., Allison, P.D., Preacher, K.J., Zhang, Z., Hamaker, E.L., Shamsollahi, A., Pierides, D.C., Koval, P., and Diener, E.

Abstract

This article compares a general cross-lagged model (GCLM) to other panel data methods based on their coherence with a causal logic and pragmatic concerns regarding modeled dynamics and hypothesis testing. We examine three “static” models that do not incorporate temporal dynamics: random- and fixed-effects models that estimate contemporaneous relationships; and latent curve models. We then describe “dynamic” models that incorporate temporal dynamics in the form of lagged effects: cross-lagged models estimated in a structural equation model (SEM) or multilevel model (MLM) framework; Arellano-Bond dynamic panel data methods; and autoregressive latent trajectory models. We describe the implications of overlooking temporal dynamics in static models and show how even popular cross-lagged models fail to control for stable factors over time. We also show that Arellano-Bond and autoregressive latent trajectory models have various shortcomings. By contrasting these approaches, we clarify the benefits and drawbacks of common methods for modeling panel data, including the GCLM approach we propose. We conclude with a discussion of issues regarding causal inference, including difficulties in separating different types of time-invariant and time-varying effects over time.

Published
2020

34. From Data to Causes I: Building A General Cross-Lagged Panel Model (GCLM)

Author

Zyphur, M.J., Allison, P.D., Tay, L., Voelkle, M.C., Preacher, K.J., Zhang, Z., Hamaker, E.L., Shamsollahi, A., Pierides, D.C., Koval, P., Diener, E., Zyphur, M.J., Allison, P.D., Tay, L., Voelkle, M.C., Preacher, K.J., Zhang, Z., Hamaker, E.L., Shamsollahi, A., Pierides, D.C., Koval, P., and Diener, E.

Abstract

his is the first paper in a series of two that synthesizes, compares, and extends methods for causal inference with longitudinal panel data in a structural equation modeling (SEM) framework. Starting with a cross-lagged approach, this paper builds a general cross-lagged panel model (GCLM) with parameters to account for stable factors while increasing the range of dynamic processes that can be modeled. We illustrate the GCLM by examining the relationship between national income and subjective well-being (SWB), showing how to examine hypotheses about short-run (via Granger-Sims tests) versus long-run effects (via impulse responses). When controlling for stable factors, we find no short-run or long-run effects among these variables, showing national SWB to be relatively stable, whereas income is less so. Our second paper addresses the differences between the GCLM and other methods. Online Supplementary Materials offer an Excel file automating GCLM input for Mplus (with an example also for Lavaan in R) and analyses using additional data sets and all program input/output. We also offer an introductory GCLM presentation at https://youtu.be/tHnnaRNPbXs. We conclude with a discussion of issues surrounding causal inference. All authors: Michael J. Zyphur, Paul D. Allison, Louis Tay, Manuel C. Voelkle, Kristopher J. Preacher, Zhen Zhang, Ellen L. Hamaker, Ali Shamsollahi, Dean C. Pierides, Peter Koval, Ed Diener

Published
2020

35. Procedural and Clinical Outcomes in Management of Bifurcational Lesions in ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction.

Author

Bogana Shanmugam V., Malaiapan Y., Ahmar W., Tay L., Psaltis P.J., Bogana Shanmugam V., Malaiapan Y., Ahmar W., Tay L., and Psaltis P.J.

Abstract

Background: Bifurcation percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) remains a challenging frontier in interventional cardiology, especially in the setting of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). We examined the procedural and clinical outcomes of this patient subset. Method(s): We conducted a retrospective case-control study. Between February 2006 and March 2011, 129 patients with STEMI underwent bifurcation PCI at our institution. One hundred and twenty-nine (129) control STEMI patients with non-bifurcation PCI were selected from the institutional database, matched for age, gender, culprit vessel, and lesion location. Patients with cardiac arrest, cardiogenic shock, or who required mechanical ventilation were excluded. Twelve (12)-month follow-up data were collected by telephone calls and examination of the medical records. Result(s): The average age of patients presenting with STEMI was 61.6 +/- 13.1 in the bifurcation group and 61.5 + 31.1 in the non-bifurcation group. There was no difference in lesion type, use of thrombus aspiration catheters, or glycoprotein inhibitors (GPI) among them. Also, the use of drug eluting stent (DES), total cumulative length of stent used, and diameter of the post-dilation balloon were similar. Final kissing balloon post-dilation was performed in 40.3% of bifurcation PCI cases. The incidence of procedural failure (TIMI 0 flow) was 1.5% vs. 0%; p = 0.478. At 12-months follow-up, the bifurcation PCI group had higher incidence of target lesion revascularisation (TLR) (10.9% vs. 3.9%, p = 0.050), mortality (10.1% vs. 2.3%, p = 0.020), and stent thrombosis (9.3% vs. 1.6%; p = 0.013); comprising one acute, nine subacute, and two late vs. two subacute stent thromboses. Conclusion(s): During acute STEMI, bifurcation PCI has excellent acute procedural outcomes, but significantly increased incidence of TLR, stent thrombosis and mortality at 12 months.Copyright © 2019 Australian and New Zealand Society of Cardiac and Thoracic Surgeons (ANZ

Published
2020

36. From Data to Causes I: Building A General Cross-Lagged Panel Model (GCLM)

Author

Leerstoel Hamaker, Methodology and statistics for the behavioural and social sciences, Zyphur, M.J., Allison, P.D., Tay, L., Voelkle, M.C., Preacher, K.J., Zhang, Z., Hamaker, E.L., Shamsollahi, A., Pierides, D.C., Koval, P., Diener, E., Leerstoel Hamaker, Methodology and statistics for the behavioural and social sciences, Zyphur, M.J., Allison, P.D., Tay, L., Voelkle, M.C., Preacher, K.J., Zhang, Z., Hamaker, E.L., Shamsollahi, A., Pierides, D.C., Koval, P., and Diener, E.

Published
2020

37. From Data to Causes II: Comparing Approaches to Panel Data Analysis

Author

Leerstoel Hamaker, Methodology and statistics for the behavioural and social sciences, Zyphur, M.J., Voelkle, M.C., Tay, L., Allison, P.D., Preacher, K.J., Zhang, Z., Hamaker, E.L., Shamsollahi, A., Pierides, D.C., Koval, P., Diener, E., Leerstoel Hamaker, Methodology and statistics for the behavioural and social sciences, Zyphur, M.J., Voelkle, M.C., Tay, L., Allison, P.D., Preacher, K.J., Zhang, Z., Hamaker, E.L., Shamsollahi, A., Pierides, D.C., Koval, P., and Diener, E.

Published
2020

38. From Data to Causes I: Building A General Cross-Lagged Panel Model (GCLM)

Author

Zyphur, MJ, Allison, PD, Tay, L, Voelkle, MC, Preacher, KJ, Zhang, Z, Hamaker, EL, Shamsollahi, A, Pierides, DC, KOVAL, P, Diener, E, Zyphur, MJ, Allison, PD, Tay, L, Voelkle, MC, Preacher, KJ, Zhang, Z, Hamaker, EL, Shamsollahi, A, Pierides, DC, KOVAL, P, and Diener, E

Abstract

This is the first paper in a series of two that synthesizes, compares, and extends methods for causal inference with longitudinal panel data in a structural equation modeling (SEM) framework. Starting with a cross-lagged approach, this paper builds a general cross-lagged panel model (GCLM) with parameters to account for stable factors while increasing the range of dynamic processes that can be modeled. We illustrate the GCLM by examining the relationship between national income and subjective well-being (SWB), showing how to examine hypotheses about short-run (via Granger-Sims tests) versus long-run effects (via impulse responses). When controlling for stable factors, we find no short-run or long-run effects among these variables, showing national SWB to be relatively stable, whereas income is less so. Our second paper addresses the differences between the GCLM and other methods. Online Supplementary Materials offer an Excel file automating GCLM input for Mplus (with an example also for Lavaan in R) and analyses using additional data sets and all program input/output. We also offer an introductory GCLM presentation at https://youtu.be/tHnnaRNPbXs. We conclude with a discussion of issues surrounding causal inference.

Published
2020

39. From Data to Causes II: Comparing Approaches to Panel Data Analysis

Author

Zyphur, MJ, Voelkle, MC, Tay, L, Allison, PD, Preacher, KJ, Zhang, Z, Hamaker, EL, Shamsollahi, A, Pierides, DC, KOVAL, P, Diener, E, Zyphur, MJ, Voelkle, MC, Tay, L, Allison, PD, Preacher, KJ, Zhang, Z, Hamaker, EL, Shamsollahi, A, Pierides, DC, KOVAL, P, and Diener, E

Abstract

This article compares a general cross-lagged model (GCLM) to other panel data methods based on their coherence with a causal logic and pragmatic concerns regarding modeled dynamics and hypothesis testing. We examine three “static” models that do not incorporate temporal dynamics: random- and fixed-effects models that estimate contemporaneous relationships; and latent curve models. We then describe “dynamic” models that incorporate temporal dynamics in the form of lagged effects: cross-lagged models estimated in a structural equation model (SEM) or multilevel model (MLM) framework; Arellano-Bond dynamic panel data methods; and autoregressive latent trajectory models. We describe the implications of overlooking temporal dynamics in static models and show how even popular cross-lagged models fail to control for stable factors over time. We also show that Arellano-Bond and autoregressive latent trajectory models have various shortcomings. By contrasting these approaches, we clarify the benefits and drawbacks of common methods for modeling panel data, including the GCLM approach we propose. We conclude with a discussion of issues regarding causal inference, including difficulties in separating different types of time-invariant and time-varying effects over time.

Published
2020

42. Bovine serum albumin adsorption on passivated porous silicon layers

Author

Tay, L., Rowell, N.L., Poitras, D., Fraser, J.W., Lockwood, D.J., and Boukherroub, R.

Subjects
Dielectric films -- Research, Thin films -- Research, Adsorption -- Research, Silicon compounds -- Chemical properties, Silicon compounds -- Electric properties
Abstract

Hydrogen-terminated porous silicon (pSi-H) films were fabricated through electrochemical anodization of crystalline silicon in hydrofluoric-acid-based solutions. The pSi-H surface was chemically functionalized by thermal reaction with undecylenic acid to produce an organic monolayer covalently attached to the silicon surface through Si--C bonds and bearing an acid terminal group. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was adsorbed onto such surface-modified pSi structures. The resulting surfaces were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), reflection FT-IR spectroscopy, and ellipsometry. SEM showed that the porous films were damaged and partially lifted off the silicon substrate after a prolonged BSA adsorption. Ellipsometry analysis revealed that the BSA penetrated ~1.3 [micro]m into the porous structure. The film damage is likely a result of BSA anchoring itself tightly through strong electrostatic interaction with the acid-covered Si sidewalls. A change in surface tension during BSA film formation then causes the pSi layer to buckle and lift off the underlying Si substrate. FT-IR results from the undecylenic-acid-modified pSi surfaces before and after BSA adsorption showed the presence of strong characteristic amide I, II, and III vibrational bands after BSA adsorption. The surface properties of the pSi matrix and its interactions with BSA are examined in this study. Key words: ellipsometry, porous silicon, protein adsorption, surface passivation.

Published
2004

50. Effect of Sitagliptin on Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes

Author

Green JB, Bethel MA, Armstrong PW, Buse JB, Engel SS, Garg J, Josse R, Kaufman KD, Koglin J, Korn S, Lachin JM, McGuire DK, Pencina MJ, Standl E, Stein PP, Suryawanshi S, Van de Werf F, Peterson ED, Holman RR, Josse RG, Califf RM, Goldstein BJ, Shapiro DR, Silverman R, Bethel A, Green J, Hayden S, Hannan K, Quintero K, Rorick T, Berdan L, Leloudis D, Califf S, Wilson M, McFarron D, Trollinger K, Pesarchick J, Eskenazi L, Campbell C, Townes O, Tolsma D, Keenan J, Milton J, Athwal R, Darbyshire J, Doran Z, Kennedy I, Gregory V, Lokhnygina Y, Prather K, Wolfley A, Usman M, Tajjar A, Gray R, Pfeffer MA, Gerstein HC, Groop L, McMurray JJ, Pocock SJ, Clayton T, Sinay I, Brieger D, Stranks S, Scheen A, Lopes R, Tankova T, Hramiak I, Grado CR, Wenying Y, Ge J, Aschner P, Skrha J, Ambos A, Strandberg T, Travert F, Hanefeld M, Riefflin A, Chan JC, Ofner P, Reddy NK, Christopher J, Mathur A, Arambam P, Mittal S, Manchanda M, Wainstein J, Ambrosio G, Pirags V, Jakuboniene N, Mohamed M, Scott R, White H, Cornel J, Halvorsen S, Tykarski A, Veresiu IA, Dreval AV, Misinkova I, Tai E, Krahulec B, Distiller L, Park Y, Rovira A, Alversson M, Chuang LM, Delibasi T, Adler A, Rodbard HW, Marre M, Goff D, Chacra A, DeVore A, Beaven A, Shah B, Hirsch B, Batch B, Bushnell C, Patel C, Melloni C, Henshaw C, Kong D, Bernecki G, Tillman H, Kang HJ, Hawes J, Strickler J, Piccini J, Wilder J, Alexander K, Mahaffey K, Patel K, Hyland K, Newby K, Jackson L, Cooper L, Armaganijan L, Szczeh L, Koshizaka M, Roe M, Morse M, Guimaraes P, Hess P, Tricoci P, Mehta R, Mathews R, Kociol R, Harrison R, Mentz R, Pokorney S, Leblanc T, Lazzarini V, Eapen Z, Truffa A, Fosbol E, Brito F, Katz M, Bahit M, Santos M, Barros P, Bernardez S, Alvarisqueta AF, Arias P, Cagide AL, Calella PR, Cantero MC, Canella JP, Cipullo MA, de Loredo L, Gelersztein ES, Gorban de Lapertosa SB, Klyver MI, Maffei LE, Maldonado N, Oviedo AI, Piskorz DL, Ridruejo MC, Saavedra SS, Sessa HA, Sinay IR, Sposetti GD, Ulla MR, Vico ML, Waitman JN, Binnekamp M, Carroll P, Cheung W, Colman P, Davis T, De Looze F, dEmden M, Fulcher G, Gerstman M, Hamilton A, Lehman S, Moses R, Proietto J, Roberts A, Shaw J, Simpson R, Sinha A, Tan Y, Topliss D, Vora P, Waites J, Crenier L, Descamps O, Keymeulen B, Mathieu C, Nobels F, Van den Bruel A, Van Gaal L, Borges JL, Costa e Forti A, Eliaschewitz FG, Felício JS, Griz LH, Hissa MN, Leite S, Panarotto D, Pimentel Filho P, Rassi N, Saraiva JK, Sgarbi JA, Silva RP, Tambascia M, Weber Silva DM, Bobeva R, Bostandzhieva R, Cinlikov I, Georgieva M, Iliev D, Ilieva E, Kovacheva S, Liubenova L, Nikitov Z, SHeinikova G, Slavcheva A, Spasova V, Temelkova-Kurktschiev T, Velichka D, Yakov A, Carpentier A, Chiasson JL, Constance C, Dumas R, Filteau P, Garceau C, Huynh T, Kaiser S, Kornder J, Leiter L, Mereu L, Miller D, Pandey S, Punthakee Z, Rabasa-Lhoret R, Robitaille Y, Saunders K, Sigal R, Sigalas J, Vizel S, Weisnagel S, Woo V, Yale JF, Yared K, Zinman B, Bunster Balocchi LB, Escobar Cerda EE, Garces Flores EE, Lanas Zanetti FT, Larrazabal Miranda Adel P, Morales Alvarado JM, Olivares Cañon CM, Potthoff Cárdenas SH, Raffo Grado CA, Rodriguez Venegas ME, Saavedra Gajardo VA, Westerberg Maldonado BH, Chen LL, Dong J, Guo X, Li QM, Shi B, Tang XL, Yang T, Yang WY, Zheng SX, Aschner Montoya P, Botero Lopez R, Coronel Arroyo JA, Cure CA, Gómez Medina AM, Molina DI, Perez Amador GA, Reyes Rincon A, Urina Triana MA, Valenzuela Rincon A, Vélez Pelaez S, Yupanqui Lozno H, Brabec T, Brychta T, Hasalova Zapletalova J, Havelkova J, Hejnicova K, Hola O, Hornackova M, Hrdina T, Kafkova D, Kellnerova I, Krystl T, Kutejova V, Mikulkova I, Nevrla J, Pantlikova C, Petr M, Racicka E, Sarbochova R, Smolenakova K, Turcinek R, Urbancova K, Vejvodova J, Vondrakova M, Zachoval R, Alt I, Kaasik Ü, Kiiroja K, Lanno R, Märtsin K, Past M, Vides H, Viitas L, Kantola I, Nieminen S, Perhonen M, Strand J, Valle T, Clergeot A, Couffinhal T, Courreges JP, Gouet D, Moulin P, Ziegler O, Badenhoop K, Behnke 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Shanik M, Snyder H, Sorli C, Stich M, Sweeney ME, Tsao J, Ukwade P, Viswanath D, Vo A, Vogel C, Voyce S, Weintraub H, White J, Wood M, Wu P, Wysham C, Zimmerman R, Pathology/molecular and cellular medicine, Diabetes Pathology & Therapy, and Green JB, Bethel MA, Armstrong PW, Buse JB, Engel SS, Garg J, Josse R, Kaufman KD, Koglin J, Korn S, Lachin JM, McGuire DK, Pencina MJ, Standl E, Stein PP, Suryawanshi S, Van de Werf F, Peterson ED, Holman RR, Holman RR, Peterson ED, Holman RR, Peterson ED, Armstrong PW, Buse JB, Josse RG, Kaufman KD, Koglin J, Korn S, Lachin JM, McGuire DK, Standl E, Stein PP, Suryawanshi S, Van de Werf F, Engel SS, Califf RM, Goldstein BJ, Shapiro DR, Silverman R, Bethel A, Green J, Hayden S, Hannan K, Quintero K, Rorick T, Berdan L, Leloudis D, Califf S, Wilson M, McFarron D, Trollinger K, Pesarchick J, Eskenazi L, Campbell C, Townes O, Tolsma D, Keenan J, Milton J, Athwal R, Darbyshire J, Doran Z, Kennedy I, Gregory V, Garg J, Lokhnygina Y, Prather K, Wolfley A, 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Subjects
Oral, medicine.medical_specialty, Heart diseases, Glycosylated, Administration, Oral, heart failure, Type 2 diabetes, Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, Kaplan-Meier Estimate, Placebo, Sitagliptin Phosphate, Sitagliptin, Cardiovascular Outcomes, chemistry.chemical_compound, Drug Therapy, Double-Blind Method, Internal medicine, Diabetes Mellitus, medicine, Humans, Hypoglycemic Agents, Glycated Hemoglobin, Hemoglobin A, Glycosylated, Cardiovascular Diseases, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Drug Therapy, Combination, Follow-Up Studies, Heart Diseases, Heart Failure, Hospitalization, Pyrazines, Triazoles, Medicine (all), business.industry, Semaglutide, Hemoglobin A, General Medicine, ta3121, medicine.disease, Surgery, Cardiovascular diseases, chemistry, Sitagliptin, Administration, Combination, Glycated hemoglobin, business, Type 2, Alogliptin, medicine.drug
Abstract

BACKGROUND: Data are lacking on the long-term effect on cardiovascular events of adding sitagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor, to usual care in patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. METHODS: In this randomized, double-blind study, we assigned 14,671 patients to add either sitagliptin or placebo to their existing therapy. Open-label use of antihyperglycemic therapy was encouraged as required, aimed at reaching individually appropriate glycemic targets in all patients. To determine whether sitagliptin was noninferior to placebo, we used a relative risk of 1.3 as the marginal upper boundary. The primary cardiovascular outcome was a composite of cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or hospitalization for unstable angina. RESULTS: During a median follow-up of 3.0 years, there was a small difference in glycated hemoglobin levels (least-squares mean difference for sitagliptin vs. placebo, -0.29 percentage points; 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.32 to-0.27). Overall, the primary outcome occurred in 839 patients in the sitagliptin group (11.4%; 4.06 per 100 person-years) and 851 patients in the placebo group (11.6%; 4.17 per 100 person-years). Sitagliptin was noninferior to placebo for the primary composite cardiovascular outcome (hazard ratio, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.88 to 1.09; P

Published
2015

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