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Natalus primus Anthony, 1919 Figures 1���3 Natalus major primus Goodwin, 1959. Natalus stramineus primus Linares, 1971. HOLOTYPE: AMNH 41009, a fossil right dentary, collected by H. E. Anthony in 1917, Cueva de Los Indios (locality 29 in the appendix), Daiquirı��, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba. The holotype is missing the coronoid process plus the incisors, canine, and first premolar, and is stained dark brown. (A second right dentary, designated by Anthony as a topo�� type, is in the vial with the holotype. It is complete, but is missing all teeth except the third premolar and the first molar). DISTRIBUTION: Cuba, Isle of Pines, and the Bahamas (Abaco, Andros, New Providence). There is only one known extant locality (Cueva La Barca, Cuba; Tejedor et al., 2004) and 14 fossil localities (fig. 5). DIAGNOSIS: Largest extant species in the genus Natalus (forearm length 46.1���51.2 mm, greatest skull length 18.1���19.9 mm); ear tip rounded, notch on outer margin of ear almost imperceptible; rostrum longer than in any other Greater Antillean Natalus, point of flexion between rostrum and braincase posterior to anterior edge of orbit; braincase not rising abruptly from rostrum, forming an angle smaller than 558 with dorsal plane of rostrum; braincase oval��shaped in dorsal profile, breadth smaller than length; postorbital constriction relatively wide, its sides markedly diverging anteriorly; postorbital sphenoid fenestra present; maxillary convex above molars; two pairs of relatively large fenestra on palate, between molars; basisphenoid pits deeply concave; posterior edge of ascending ramus of mandible forming an angle smaller than 708 with basal plane of dentary, and often with a notch below condyloid process (table 1). DESCRIPTION: Natalus primus is the largest of the Greater Antillean Natalus in mean forearm length, greatest skull length, and breadth across molars (P, 0.001; table 2, fig. 6). Its mean braincase breadth, however, is relatively small compared to those of N. jamaicensis and N. major (P, 0.001; fig. 6). The ears of N. primus are very large (20.2���21.2 mm). Males of N. primus are significantly, although only slightly, larger than females in body weight, length of tibia, greatest skull length, and zygomatic breadth (P, 0.01; table 2; fig. 6). The hair is long and lax. Dorsal and ventral hairs are 8 mm long. The dorsal hairs are bicolored, with bases lighter than tips, and the ventral hair is monocolored. There are two pelage��color morphs, one bright yellowish and another grayish, with some individuals showing intermediate coloration. In the bright��yellowish phase the bases of the dorsal hairs are buff and the tips are sepia, and the ventral hair is entirely cream buff. In the grayish phase the dorsal hairs are drab to smoke gray with fuscous tips and the ventral hairs are pale smoke gray. There is a fringe of hairs along the free border of uropatagium. Natalus primus has mustachelike facial hair tufts that are sepia to fuscous in col�� or, and are not connected across the dorsum of the muzzle by a band of dark hairs. The pelage extends slightly into both faces of the plagiopatagium, dorsally to 6 mm, and ventrally to 10 mm. The muzzle is long and dorsoventrally flattened. The small, oval nostrils open ventrolaterally. The tip of the muzzle, between nostrils, projects slightly beyond upper lip, a feature that is most noticeable in ventral view. The lower lip is thickened and has a shallow central groove. The ears are rather squareshaped, with a straight anterior margin and lacking a notch on the posterior margin, giving the tip a relatively round appearance. The ears of Natalus primus show rudimentary folds, varying in number from five to seven. The braincase of Natalus primus is moderately inflated, and does not rise abruptly from the rostrum, forming an angle smaller than 558 with the dorsal plane of the nasals. The sagittal crest is pronounced and its interparietal region is slightly higher than its supraoccipital region. The postparietal region is relatively narrow in dorsal view and the ridge formed between this region and the occipital is relatively low. The postorbital constriction is relatively wide, with sides markedly diverging anteriorly. The rostrum is very long and moderately broad. The sulcus between the nasals is long and deep. The premaxillary region projects anteriorly, so that in lateral view the diastema between canines and incisors is conspicuous. The maxillary is convex dorsal to the molars. The rostrum tips slightly downward. The infraorbital foramen opens laterally, close to the alveolar margin. The anterior palatal foramina are very small and near the palatine emargination, at the level of the anterior edge of the canines. There are two relatively large palatal fenestra at the level of the last two molars. The bony palate extends for less than half the distance between posterior edge of last molars and tip of pterygoids. The pterygoid processes are convergent posteriorly, and vary from broadly triangular to acutely pointed in lateral view. The inner edge of each pterygoid has a prominent right��angled point visible in ventral view. The basisphenoid pits are deep, forming a large, double concavity that is conspicuously deeper than the basisphenoid furrows between the auditory bullae. The dentary bone is thin and not markedly curved. A rudimentary mandibular angle is sometimes present. The angular process is long and thin, rather straight, and with a hooked end. The base of the angular process is at the level of the alveolar plane. The coronoid process is at about the same height or slightly higher than the condyle above the alveolar plane. The ascending ramus is not markedly upturned. The anterior border of the ascending ramus is slightly concave, rising from the alveolar plane in an angle of about 808. The posterior border of the ascending ramus rises from the base of the angular process in an angle smaller than 708. Usually the posterior edge of the ascending ramus is not straight, having a shallow notch immediately above the base of the angular process. The mental foramen is between the canine and the first premolar. The superior incisors are relatively long and slightly hooked in lateral view. The first incisor is situated more anteriorly than the second, so that in lateral view the first incisor is easily visible. In occlusal view, the base of the canine is slender, its width comprising about two thirds of its length. The cingulum of the canine is well developed. The premolars are successively larger, in occlusal view, and relatively long and not crowded. The molar row is relatively slender, its width less than half the width of the palate. The first and second molars are approximately equal in size, with the third slightly smaller. The inferior incisors are small, tricuspid, and subequal. The canine is relatively small and straight. In occlusal view, the canine and premolars are longitudinally elongate, with the first premolar longer than the canine and about as long as the other two premolars. The molars are approximately equal in size and shape, with the first more projected labially than the other two. The last premolar and the first molar are not markedly crowded (fig. 3). COMPARISONS: Natalus primus is the largest of all extant Natalus, and overlaps in range of forearm length only with Natalus jamaicensis (mean forearm length, however, is significantly different between the two species; P, 0.001; table 2). Natalus primus, therefore, can be distinguished by size alone from most other species of the genus. Externally N. primus can be identified by its rather rounded ear tip that lacks a notch or emargination along the posterior margin of the ear, whereas in all other species of Natalus the ear tip is markedly pointed and the lateral ear margin has a notch below the ear tip. Similarly, N. primus lacks the band of dark hairs that in all other species of Natalus connects the labial mustachelike hair tufts characteristic of the genus. Cranially, Natalus primus is unlike any other species of Natalus in that its basisphenoid pits are very deep and steep��sided, whereas in the remaining species of the genus the basisphenoid pits are shallow. Also, in N. primus, the rostrum appears proportionately longer, relative to skull length, than in all other species of Natalus. This greater length of the rostrum in N. primus is concomitant with (1) the elongation of the premaxillary region, resulting in an anterior projection of the incisors, and (2) the position of the dorsal point of flexion of the skull, which, in lateral view, lies posterior to the anterior edge of the orbit. In all other species of Natalus, the premaxilla is not markedly elongated, so that the incisors are at or near the level of the canines, and the dorsal point of flexion of the skull, in lateral view, lies dorsal to the anterior edge of the orbit. In N. primus, the posterior edge of the ascending ramus of the mandible is not perpendicular to the basal plane of the dentary, and usually shows a distinctive notch, absent in all other species of Natalus, that is dorsal to the angular process. REMARKS: Fossil Natalus collected in the western Bahamas were referred to N. major primus by Morgan (1989), but were reported by him to be noticeably larger than those of Cuba. Although it is possible that the Bahamian fossils represent a species distinct from N. primus, we refrain from excluding them from the Cuban taxon until specimens from both island groups are compared in greater detail. Natalus primus THE BAHAMAS Abaco 15. Hole in the Wall Cave, (fossils), Morgan (2001). Andros 16. Coleby Bay Cave, Morgans Bluff (258109N, 788029W). FLMNH 79324 (fossil), Morgan (1989). 17. King Cave, Morgans Bluff (258109N, 788029W). FLMNH 79110 (fossil), Morgan (1989). New Providence 18. Banana Hole ( 258019N, 778339W). FLMNH 79986���79990 (fossils), Morgan (1989). 19. Hunts Cave (258029N, 778229W). FLMNH 27694, 79751���79759, 79761���79766, 79843��� 79848 (fossils), Morgan (1989). CUBA Camag��ey 20. Cueva de los Portales de Pinto, Jaron�� (218489N, 778579W), Esmeralda. MCZ (fossil), Koopman and Ruibal (1955). 21. Cueva del C��rculo, Cairije (218369N, 778409W), Tom��s Betancourt. IES (fossil), Silva��Taboada (1979). Cienfuegos 22. Cueva de la Macha [5 Cueva de los Machos, Cueva de Vilches], Cantera de San Ant��n, Soledad (228079N, 808199W). AMNH (fossil), Goodwin (1959). Isla de la Juventud 23. Cueva del Abuelo, Sierra de Caballos (218529N, 828469W). IES (fossil), Silva��Taboada (1979). Matanzas 24. Cueva de la Elo��sa, Bellamar (238019N, 818339W), Guan��bana. IES (fossil), Silva��Taboada (1979). Pinar del Rio 25. Cueva La Barca, 20 km E of Cabo de San Antonio (218509N, 848569W), Guanahacabibes Peninsula, Manuel Lazo. MNHN 1���26 G. Sil�� va��Taboada field numbers (male), 27���51 G. Silva��Taboada field numbers (female), Tejedor et al. (2004). FLMNH 26810 (female). Sancti Spiritus 26. Lomas de Judas (22869N, 788279W), Yaguajay. IES (fossil), Silva��Taboada (1974). ISEZ (fossil), Wolozyn and Silva��Taboada (1977). 27. Sistema Cavernario Masones��Jag��ey, Trinidad (218489N, 798599W). IES (225 fossil specimens), Silva��Taboada (1974); ROM 59133 ��� 59135 (fossils). Santiago de Cuba 28. Cueva de la Cantera, Siboney (198579N, 758429W), Damayajabo. IES (fossil), Silva��Taboada (1979). 29. Cueva de Los Indios, Daiquir�� (198559N, 758399W), AMNH 41009 (fossil, holotype), Anthony (1919)., Published as part of TEJEDOR, ADRIAN, TAVARES, VALERIA DA C. & SILVA-TABOADA, GILBERTO, 2005, A Revision of Extant Greater Antillean Bats of the Genus Natalus, pp. 1-23 in American Museum Novitates 3493 (1) on pages 9-22, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2005)493[0001:AROEGA]2.0.CO;2, http://zenodo.org/record/4712627, {"references":["Anthony, H. E. 1919. Mammals collected in eastern Cuba in 1917, with descriptions of two new species. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 41: 625 - 643.","Goodwin, G. G. 1959. Bats of the subgenus Natalus. American Museum Novitates 1977: 1 - 22.","Linares, O. J. 1971. A new subspecies of funneleared bat (Natalus stramineus) from western Venezuela. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Science 70: 81 - 84.","Tejedor, A., G. Silva-Taboada, and D. Rodriguez Hernandez. 2004. Discovery of extant Natalus major (Chiroptera: Natalidae) in Cuba. Mammalian Biology 69: 153 - 162.","Morgan, G. S. 1989. Fossil Chiroptera and Rodentia from the Bahamas, and the historical biogeography of the Bahamian mammal fauna. In C. A. Woods (editor), Biogeography of the West Indies, past, present, and future: 685 - 740. Gainesville, FL: Sandhill Crane Press."]}

Natalus jamaicensis (Goodwin), 1959 Figures 2���4 Natalus major jamaicensis Goodwin, 1959. Natalus stramineus jamaicensis Linares, 1971. HOLOTYPE: AMNH 182000, skull and skin in fluid, collected by C. B. Lewis in St. Clair Cave (locality 1 in the appendix), St. Catherine Parish, Jamaica on 5 March 1954. The skull is complete, and the skin is in good condition. DISTRIBUTION: Jamaica, known to be extant at the type locality only (fig. 5). DIAGNOSIS: A relatively large representative of Greater Antillean Natalus with a long forearm (44.1���44.8 mm) relative to its skull length (17.4���18.1 mm); ear tip pointed, with a shallow notch on the outer margin of ear; point of flexion between rostrum and braincase dorsal to anterior edge of orbit; braincase rising abruptly from rostrum, with an angle greater than 608 between dorsal plane of rostrum and frontal plane of forehead; braincase rounded in dorsal profile, with breadth almost as great as length; postorbital constriction narrow, its sides almost parallel; maxillary distinctly concave above molars; one pair of small palatal fenestrae near the posterior edge of palate; basisphenoid pits shallow and almost imperceptible; posterior edge of ascending ramus of mandible straight and vertical, forming an angle close to 908 with basal plane of dentary, and lacking notch below condyloid process (tables 2, 3). DESCRIPTION: Natalus jamaicensis has a long forearm (44.0���47.0 mm; P, 0.001, compared to Natalus major and Natalus primus) but a relatively small skull (greatest skull length smaller than that of N. primus, P, 0.001; table 2; fig. 6). Its ears are large (20.2���21.2 mm). No significant secondary sexual dimorphism in size was found in our sample of N. jamaicensis. The hair of Natalus jamaicensis is long, lax, dense, and slightly woolly. The dorsal hairs are longer (9���11 mm) than the ventral hairs (6���7 mm). The dorsal hairs are bicolored, with bases lighter than tips, and the ventral hair is also slightly bicolored, with bases darker than tips. The dorsal hair bases are buff and the tips are light sepia to tawny olive. The ventral hair bases are buff and the tips are pale pinkish��buff. Dorsally, there is a faint lighter��colored band across the shoulders. The pelage extends slightly into the plagiopatagium, dorsally to 6 mm, and ventrally to 10 mm. The uropatagium is sparsely furred in microscopic view. There is a sparse fringe of hairs along the free edge of the uropatagium. The muzzle is long and dorsoventrally flattened. The small, oval nostrils open ventrolaterally. In ventral view, the tip of the muzzle, between the nostrils, projects slightly be�� yond the upper lip. The lower lip is thickened and has a shallow central groove. The ears are rather square��shaped with a straight anterior edge and a shallow notch on the distal third of the posterior margin, below the tip, giving it a pointed appearance. The ears of N. jamaicensis show rudimentary folds varying in number from five to seven. The skull is relatively narrow and delicate. The braincase is greatly inflated and abruptly elevated above the rostrum in an angle great�� er than 608. The postparietal region is relatively wide in dorsal view, and is separated from the occipital region by a conspicuous ridge. The sagittal crest is greatly developed and, in the interparietal region, it is noticeably higher than in the supraoccipital region. The postorbital region is very narrow with nearly parallel sides. The rostrum is markedly flattened dorsoventrally, so that the orbits appear relatively narrow in lateral view. The sulcus between the nasal bones is short and shallow, being restricted to the posterior end of the rostrum. The premaxillary region does not project anteriorly, so that in lateral view the diastema between canines and incisors is not particularly noticeable. The maxillary bone is concave above the molars. The rostrum tips downward. The anterior palatal foramina are very small, and near the palatine emargination, their anterior edges lie posterior to the anterior edge of the canines. The bony palate extends more than half the distance between the posterior edge of last molars and the tip of pteryogids. The pterygoid processes are not markedly convergent, and are conspicuously hooked in lateral view. In ventral view the inner edge of each pterygoid is smooth and convex. The basisphenoid pits are very shallow, in contrast with the basisphenoid furrows, which are relatively deep. The dentary bone is markedly curved (upturned) and thick. The angular process is relatively short, rather straight, and with a blunt spatulate end. The coronoid process is at about the same height as the condyle above the alveolar plane. The ascending ramus is markedly upturned, being relatively tall and square��shaped, with its anterior border concave at the base and rather straight for most of its length, rising from the alveolar plane in an angle close to 908. The posterior border of the ascending ramus rises from the base of the angular process in a nearly straight angle with the base of the dentary. The mental foramen is between the canine and the first premolar. The upper incisors are small and with slightly hooked tips. The inner incisors are transversally aligned with the outer ones, so that the inner incisors are not visible in lateral view. The base of the canine is robust in occlusal view, with a well��developed cingulum that is slightly longer than it is wide. In occlusal view, the premolars are successively larger, and are relatively short and crowded. The molar row is relatively thick, its width about half the width of the palate. The first and second molar are approximately equal in size, with the third slightly smaller. The lower incisors are small, tricuspid, and subequal. The canine is curved, relatively short, and with a well��developed cingulum. In occlusal view, the canine and the premolars are relatively short longitudinally, with the first premolar slightly shorter than the canine and the other two premolars. The first two molars are larger and wider than the third, the first more projected labially than the other two. The last premolar and the first molar are relatively crowded (fig. 3). COMPARISONS: The large body size (forearm length 44.0���47.0 mm) of Natalus jamaicensis readily separates this species from Natalus stramineus (35.0���41.0 mm; Tejedor et. al., 2004) and Natalus tumidirostris (37.2���41.5 mm; Tejedor, unpublished data). From Natalus primus and Natalus major, N. jamaicensis is best distinguished by discrete external and/or cranial characters because, although clearly distinct in morphometry from the former two species (as shown by our principal component analysis [PCA] results; fig. 7), N. jamaicensis overlaps in size with the other two Greater Antillean species. Natalus jamaicensis differs externally from Natalus primus by its pointed ear tips (rounded in N. primus), and from Natalus stramineus and Natalus tumidirostris by its straight anterior ear margin (slightly to deeply concave in the latter two species). From Natalus major and all remaining species of the genus, N. jamaicensis is best distinguished on the basis of cranial characters. Most conspicuously, N. jamaicensis shows several cranial modifications concomitant with its high degree of cranial flexion. First, in N. jamaicensis the frontal plane of the braincase rises very steeply from the rostrum, in an angle greater than 608, a condition that is unique among species of the genus Natalus. Second, the braincase of N. jamaicensis is markedly inflated and almost as wide as it is long, hence it has an almost circular profile in dorsal view. In all other species of Natalus the braincase is longer than wider and thus appears oval��shaped. Third, the postorbital constriction of the skull of N. jamaicensis is proportionally narrower than in all other species of Natalus (mean postorbital breadth is significantly smaller than in N. major and N. primus; P, 0.001; fig. 6), with sides almost parallel in dorsal view, whereas in all other species of Natalus the sides of the postorbital constriction markedly diverge anteriorly. Also, the rostrum of N. jamaicensis is flattened dorsally to a greater degree than in other species of Natalus, and shows a marked reduction of the sulcus between nasal bones, a rather dorsal location of the infraorbital foramen, and a concave shape of the maxillary in the area dorsal to the molars. The concave maxillary bone is sufficient to diagnose N. jamaicensis because all other species of Natalus have markedly convex to markedly inflated maxillary bones. REMARKS: Fossil mandibles of Natalus from Grand Cayman were described by Morgan (1994) as being smaller than any other Greater Antillean Natalus, and as having a relatively large last premolar. Morgan referred to these fossils as Natalus cf. N. major and remarked that they may represent and undescribed form. Given the geographical proximity of the Cayman Islands to Jamaica and Cuba, it is probable that either of the populations of these two larger islands may be the closest relative of the Grand Cayman Natalus. Future examination of these fossils should shed light on this question. Natalus jamaicensis JAMAICA St. Catherine Parish 1. St. Clair Cave, Linstead (188079N, 778019W). AMNH 181999, 182000 (holotype), 214131, 246123, 246126���246128, 271575, 271576 (8 males, 1 female); FLMNH 13688���13692 (3 males, 2 females); FMNH 93784 (female); BMNH 65.4000 a, 65.4000b; JI No. 3, JI No. 4, Goodwin (1959); ROM 37029, 37065���37076 (4 females). St. Elizabeth Parish 2. Wallingford Cave, Balaclava (188109N, 778 399W). AMNH 147208 (fossil), Koopman and Williams (1951)., Published as part of TEJEDOR, ADRIAN, TAVARES, VALERIA DA C. & SILVA-TABOADA, GILBERTO, 2005, A Revision of Extant Greater Antillean Bats of the Genus Natalus, pp. 1-23 in American Museum Novitates 3493 (1) on pages 12-21, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2005)493[0001:AROEGA]2.0.CO;2, http://zenodo.org/record/4712627, {"references":["Goodwin, G. G. 1959. Bats of the subgenus Natalus. American Museum Novitates 1977: 1 - 22.","Linares, O. J. 1971. A new subspecies of funneleared bat (Natalus stramineus) from western Venezuela. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Science 70: 81 - 84.","Morgan, G. S. 1994. Late Quaternary fossil vertebrates from the Cayman Islands. In M. A. Brunt and J. E. Davies (editors), The Cayman Islands: natural history and biogeography: 465 - 580. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers."]}

Natalus major Miller, 1902 Figures 1���4 Natalus major major Goodwin, 1959. Natalus stramineus major Linares, 1971. HOLOTYPE: USNM 101395, adult male skull and skin in fluid, collected by W. M. Gabb between 1869 and 1871 ������near Savaneta [locality 10 in the appendix], Dominican Republic��� ���. The skull is complete and the skin is in good condition. DISTRIBUTION: Hispaniola, including the Dominican Republic and Haiti (fig. 5). DIAGNOSIS: Forearm length relatively small (42.1���44.8 mm); ear tip pointed, with a shallow notch on the outer margin; rostrum relatively short, with the point of flexion between rostrum and braincase dorsal to the anterior edge of orbit; braincase not rising abruptly from the rostrum, with an angle smaller than 558 between dorsal plane of rostrum and frontal plane of forehead; braincase oval��shaped in dorsal profile, its breadth smaller than its length; postorbital constriction relatively wide, its sides markedly diverging anteriorly; maxillary convex dorsal to molars; one pair of small palatal fenestra sometimes present between last molars; basisphenoid pits shallow, and raised above plane of basisphenoid furrows, in ventral view; posterior edge of ascending ramus of mandible straight and vertical, forming an angle close to 908 with basal plane of dentary, and lacking notch below condyloid process (table 1). DESCRIPTION: Natalus major has a relatively short forearm (42.0��� 44.8 mm) and a relatively short ear (ear length 15.8���17.9 mm). The braincase breadth and greater skull length means of males of N. major appear to average larger than those of females (fig. 6), but these differences were not statistically significant in our sample. The hair is long (7 mm) and lax, both ventrally and dorsally. Dorsal hairs are bicolored, with bases lighter than tips, and ventral hairs are monocolored. There are two morphs of pelage color, one bright yellowish and another grayish, with a few intermediate individuals. In the bright��yellowish morph, dor�� sal hair bases are buff and the tips are sepia, and ventral hairs are entirely cream buff (fig. 4). In the grayish morph, the dorsal hairs are drab to smoke gray with fuscous tips, and ventral hairs are pale smoke gray. Most individuals have a darker��colored patch on the forehead. There is a fringe of hairs along the free border of the uropatagium. Mustachelike facial hair is sepia to fuscous, connected across dorsum of muzzle by a narrow band of dark hairs. The pelage extends slightly into both faces of the plagiopatagium, dorsally to 6 mm, and ventrally to 10 mm. The muzzle is relatively short and dorsoventrally flattened. The nostrils are small, oval, and open ventrolaterally. In ventral view, the tip of the muzzle between the nostrils projects slightly beyond the upper lip. The lower lip is thickened and with a shallow central groove. The ears are rather squareshaped. The inner edge of the ear is straight below the tip and has a shallow notch on the outer edge, giving the tip a pointed appearance. The ears of N. major show five to seven rudimentary folds, though they may be entirely absent in some individuals. The skull is relatively broad and robust. The braincase of Natalus major is not markedly inflated, nor very abruptly elevated above the rostrum, forming an angle smaller than 558 with the dorsal plane of the nasals. The postparietal region is relatively wide in dorsal view. A conspicuous ridge separates the postparietal and occipital regions. The sagittal crest is well developed. The postorbital region is wide, with sides markedly diverging anteriorly, in dorsal view. The rostrum is relatively short and broad. The dorsal point of flexion between the rostrum and the braincase is dorsal to the anterior edge of the orbit. There is a moderately deep sulcus between the nasal bones. The premaxillary region does not project anteriorly, so that in lateral view the small diastema between canines and incisors is not particularly noticeable. The maxillary is convex above molars. The rostrum does not tip downward, or does so only slightly. The anterior palatal foramina are very small and near the palatine emargination, and their anterior margin is posterior to the anterior edge of the canines. Two pairs of small palatal fenestra are present at the level of the last molar in some individuals. The bony palate extends more than half the distance between the posterior edge of the last molar and the tip of pterygoids. The pterygoid processes are slightly convergent and markedly hooked in lateral view. In ventral view, the inner edge of each pterygoid is smoothly convex. In ventral view, the basisphenoid pits, between the maxillary articular facets, are shallow and raised above the level of the basisphenoid furrows. The dentary is curved (upturned) and thick. The angular process is thick, rather straight, and with a blunt spatulate end. The base of the angular process is dorsal to the alveolar plane. The coronoid process is at about the same height than the condyle, above the alveolar plane. The ascending ramus of the mandible is markedly upturned, with its anterior border concave and raising from the alveolar plane at an angle greater than 808. The posterior border of the ascending ramus rises from the base of the angular process at a nearly straight angle with the base of the dentary, giving a rectangular appearance to the ascending ramus. The mental foramen is between the canine and the first premolar. The upper incisors of Natalus major are small, with a hooked point in lateral view. The first incisor is situated more posteriorly than the second, so that in lateral view the first incisor is not visible. The base of the upper canines is robust, in occlusal view, with a well��developed cingulum that is about as wide as it is long. The upper premolars are successively larger, in occlusal view, and relatively short and crowded. The upper molar row is relatively slender, its width less than half the width of the palate. The first and second molars are approximately equal in size, with the third slightly smaller. The lower incisors are small, tricuspid, and subequal. The lower canine is large and rather curved, with a large cingulum that is slightly longer than it is wide. The canine and premolars are longitudinally short in occlusal view, and the first premolar is shorter than the canine and the other two premolars. The first two molars are larger and wider than the third; the first projects more labially than the other two. The last premolar and first molar are relatively crowded (fig. 3). COMPARISONS: Natalus major can be distinguished from most other species of Natalus (with the exception of Natalus jamaicensis) on the basis of body size and external characters. The forearm length of N. major (42.0���45.0 mm) is smaller than that of Natalus primus (46.1���51.2 mm; P, 0.001; fig. 6), and is larger than those of Natalus stramineus (35.0���41.0 mm; Tejedor et. al., 2004) and Natalus tumidirostris (37.2���41.5 mm; Tejedor, unpublished data). Externally, the ear of N. major has a straight anterior margin and a pointed tip, whereas that of N. primus has a relatively rounded tip and those of N. stramineus and N. tumidirostris have slightly to deeply concave anterior margins. The dorsum of the muzzle of N. major shows a thin band of dark, long hairs connecting the labial mustaches, which is absent in N. primus. Natalus major is morphometrically distinct from Natalus jamaicensis (figs. 6, 7), but both species overlap in size and are similar in external characters. Nonetheless, N. major can be unambiguously distinguished from N. jamaicensis on the basis of cranial characters (table 1, figs. 2���3). In N. major the maxillary bone is convex dorsal to the molars, and in N. jamaicensis it is markedly concave. In N. major, the sulcus between the nasal bones is moderately deep and long, whereas it is short and shallow in N. jamaicensis. In N. major, the upper molar series is narrower than half of the palate width, whereas in N. jamaicensis it is thicker than half of the palate���s width. In N. major, the postorbital constriction is wider than in N. jamaicensis (P, 0.001, fig. 6), with sides markedly diverging anteriorly, in dorsal view, as opposed to sides almost parallel in N. jamaicensis. Also, in N. major, the braincase is much less inflated than in N. jamaicensis, and it is oval��shaped in dorsal profile, instead of almost circular as in N. jamaicensis. Finally, in N. major, the braincase does not rise very abruptly from the rostrum (angle between dorsal plane of rostrum and frontal plane of braincase less than 558), whereas it rises very abruptly from the rostrum in N. jamaicensis (angle between dorsal plane of rostrum and frontal plane of braincase greater than 608). Cranially, Natalus major can also be distinguished from Natalus primus, by its small�� er skull size (greatest skull length 17.0��� 18.1 mm; P, 0.001), and shallow basisphenoid pits, whereas in the latter the basisphenoid pits are very deep and the skull is larger (greatest skull length 18.1���19.9 mm; P, 0.001; table 2, figs. 2���3). From Natalus tumidirostris, N. major can be distinguished by its convex yet uninflated maxillary bones, which are markedly inflated in the former, so that the molars are not easily seen in dorsal view. Natalus major differs from Natalus stramineus, as it is currently defined, by its larger skull (greatest skull length: 17.0��� 18.1 mm, 15.0��� 17.1 mm in N. stramineus) and by a larger and more voluminous braincase, relative to the overall size of the skull. REMARKS: Fossil Natalus collected in the eastern Bahamas (Grand Caicos) were referred to N. major major by Morgan (1989). We tentatively include these fossils within N. major until they can be reexamined. Natalus major DOMINICAN REPUBLIC Barahona 3. Los Patos (178589N, 718109W). AMNH 97590 (male). 4. Maniel Viejo ( 178589N, 718199W, 278 m). AMNH 97589 (female). Elias Pi��a 5. Cerro de San Francisco, B��nica (198049N, 718429W). FLMNH (fossil), Morgan (2001). Independencia 6. Puerto Escondido (188199N, 718349W), 9.9 km S, North slope Sierra de Bahoruco. USNM 542274 (female, mummy). Mar��a Trinidad S��nchez 7. Cueva de Murci��lagos, Entrada (198339N, 698549W), Cabrera. AMNH 238148, 238149 (2 females); (AMNH, 4 males, 1 female) AT 44, 45, 49, 51, 52 (field numbers). Montecristi 8. Pepillo Salcedo (198429N, 718459W), 5 km SE. KU 150713���20, KU 152361 (7 males, 2 females), Timm and Genoways (2003). S��nchez Ram��rez 9. Cueva Grande de Juli��n, Don Miguel, 4 km E Platanal (198079N, 708059W). (AMNH, field numbers) AT 70 (female), AT 77 (male). Santiago 10. Savaneta (possibly Sabaneta [198409N, 708229W] ������near the north coast������; see Timm and Genoways 2003). USNM 101395a (male, holotype), 101395b (female, paratype), Miller (1902). unknown locality FLMNH 5517 (male); USNM 49362, 96496, Goodwin (1959). HAITI Departement du L���Ouest 11. Port��au��Prince (188349N, 728179W). BM (1 specimen, unspecified), Sanborn (1941). Departement du Sud 12. Camp Perrin (188199N, 738529W, 246 m), Les Cayes. KU 150721 (male), Timm and Genoways (2003). TURKS AND CAICOS Grand Caicos 13. Conch Bar Cave. FLMNH 246 (fossil), Morgan (1989). Natalus cf. N. major CAYMAN ISLANDS Grand Cayman 14. Bodden Cave, Bodden Town (198169N, 818159W). FLMNH (fossil), Morgan (1994)., Published as part of TEJEDOR, ADRIAN, TAVARES, VALERIA DA C. & SILVA-TABOADA, GILBERTO, 2005, A Revision of Extant Greater Antillean Bats of the Genus Natalus, pp. 1-23 in American Museum Novitates 3493 (1) on pages 4-22, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2005)493[0001:AROEGA]2.0.CO;2, http://zenodo.org/record/4712627, {"references":["Miller, G. S., Jr. 1902. Twenty new American bats. Proccedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 54: 398 - 399.","Goodwin, G. G. 1959. Bats of the subgenus Natalus. American Museum Novitates 1977: 1 - 22.","Linares, O. J. 1971. A new subspecies of funneleared bat (Natalus stramineus) from western Venezuela. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Science 70: 81 - 84.","Morgan, G. S. 1989. Fossil Chiroptera and Rodentia from the Bahamas, and the historical biogeography of the Bahamian mammal fauna. In C. A. Woods (editor), Biogeography of the West Indies, past, present, and future: 685 - 740. Gainesville, FL: Sandhill Crane Press."]}

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