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It is a good omen that the tribunals have started applying International Law Commission's Articles on state’s responsibility in a logical order. But this application has created another inconsistency. Tribunals neither interpret these Articles consistently nor do they apply the same tests developed under an individual Article to determine the attribution of a specific act to a state. This inconsistent attitude is affecting the predictability of investment law. After highlighting the importance of consistency in this subject, this paper suggests the preferable interpretation to be adopted consistently.

Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) techniques are highly accurate in detecting biomolecular like blood group measurement, food adulteration, milk adulteration and recently developing as a rapid detection for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus. In order to validate the clinical diagnosis, Real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of nasopharyngeal swabs has been utilized, which is time consuming and expensive. For fast and accurate detection of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, SPR based biosensing chips are described in this review article. SPR sensors have the potential to be employed for fast, accurate, and portable SARS-CoV-2 virus diagnosis. To combat the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, there is considerable interest in creating innovative biosensors that are quick, reliable, and sensitive for COVID-19 diagnosis.

In maize-soybean intercropping system, shade is the major chronic restrain that effected the normal growth of soybean. Different spatial patterns of this system have affected the microclimate of soybean by shading of maize plants. However, the negative impacts of shading stress can be mitigated by providing the optimal ratios of different fertilizers. Therefore, to test this hypothesis, the soybean plants were grown under different light conditions (normal light and shade) to evaluate the response to varying NH4 + /NO3 - ratios. The seed of soybean (Glycine max L. cultivar of "Nan-99-6") were grown in nutrient solution at a total concentration of 5mM N using different NH4 + /NO3 - ratios (To= 0:0, T1= 0:100, T2= 25:75, T3=50:50, and T4= 75:25) for 40 days in greenhouse at PPFD 320.95 μmolm-2 s-1 (low light intensity) and 967.53 μmolm-2 s-1 (normal light intensity). Under low light the growth and photosynthesis of soybean seedlings had significantly decreased as compared to normal light conditions. Nonetheless, the optimal ratios of NH4 + /NO3 - had improved the growth and photosynthesis activities of soybean seedlings under both light conditions. Our results indicated that soybean seedlings supplied with optimal NH4 + /NO3 - ratios (25:75 and 50:50) have showed the maximum biomass yield, chlorophyll pigments, leaf gas exchange, photochemical activities and root growth as compared to high NH4 + /NO3 - ratios (T1 and T4). Since, the higher ratios of NH4 + /NO3 - resulted in lower plant growth due to accumulation in plant tissues; therefore, we suggested that optimal ratios of NH4 + /NO3 - can enhance the shade resistance of soybean seedlings.

An increase in the greenhouse effect is a significant concern for the degradation of the environment. Out of many reasons, adulterated automotive fuels are one of the major contributors to emission. Generally, kerosene is used as an adulterant as it is relatively cheaper in terms of cost and has easy miscibility with petrochemicals. This article proposes an etched fiber Bragg grating (eFBG) sensor coated with titanium dioxide (TiO2), which improves the interaction between the evanescent field and sensing mediums to a larger limit. An experimental investigation has been carried out to measure the extent of adulteration in the petrochemicals. The proposed sensor offers a maximum sensitivity of 54.98 nm/RIU with a detection limit of $2.364\times 10^{-4}$ RIU in petrol and 32.25 nm/RIU with a detection limit of $4.031\times 10^{-4}$ RIU in diesel, respectively. An increase in sensing capability to the tune of 19.57% and 10.1% compared to the eFBG-based sensor in the case of diesel and petrol, respectively, was observed due to TiO2 coating. This sort of sensor is appropriate for continuous remote sensing. It has an immune toward EMI and fewer limitations too. This study will have an incredible advancement of eFBG-based optical fiber sensors for the petrochemicals industry in checking adulteration.

In this paper, sensitivity analysis of fuel adulteration has been carried out. Kerosene is used as an adulterant due to its easy miscibility and cheap cost. It is noticed that net refractive index (RI) of adulterated diesel decreases as the kerosene level increased but reverse in the case of adulterated petrol. In our proposed sensor, we utilizes the etched Fiber Bragg Grating (eFBG) which enhanced the interaction between evanescent field and sensing medium to a greater extent. Concentration mixing is chosen in the succession of 10% in each case to detect the adulteration level in kerosene-diesel and kerosene-petrol. The experimental results of Bragg wavelength shifting and sensitivity was investigated. Sensitivity of 26.97 nm/RIU in the case diesel and 49.98 nm/RIU in the case petrol were recorded respectively. This kind of sensor is suitable for real time on-road sensing.