Search

Vieira (Penny 2002: 205���206, Figs 129���131; Tauber 2006, 2007; Tauber et al. 2006; Sosa & Tauber 2017; here Fig. 23). Size: Body large and stout to relatively small and slender; forewing length 11.6���26.0 mm; males and females of similar size. Coloration: Cream with bold, black body markings; antennal flagellum dark basally. Wings: Not narrowed; ratio of forewing length to width = 2.5���2.6: 1; costal area of forewing with patch of splayed crossveins, with dark markings (splaying very moderate in V. elegans (Gu��rin M��neville); forewing and hindwing with dark patches; veins in dark patches also dark, other veins mostly pale. Tarsal claws: Basal dilation present. Abdomen: Setae relatively long, moderate density. Male: Dorsal apodeme of T 9+e sinuous, with proximal section extending downward and well into A8; S8+9 fused with prominent suture; microtholi on S3���S8; gonarcus without gonocornu or frontal plate; mediuncus with or without frontal setae; parameres large, quadrate, closely attached to gonaracus via stiff membrane. Female: Abdominal tergites without mesal suture; dorsum of T 9+e with or without deep mesal invagination; praegenitale absent. In summary, Vieira is the only New World belonopterygine genus having the following suite of features: a robust, pale body with bold, black markings, wings with large dark markings, costal area of forewing with a series of splayed costal crossveins within a dark marking; males with quadrate parameres that are closely associated with the gonarcus, and females lacking a praegenitale., Published as part of Tauber, Catherine A., 2021, The New World Belonopterygini (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): descriptions of a new genus and species from the West Indies and comparisons among the genera, pp. 509-543 in Zootaxa 4975 (3) on page 534, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4975.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/4808947, {"references":["Penny, N. D. (2002) Family Chrysopidae. In: A guide to the lacewings (Neuroptera) of Costa Rica. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 53, 187 - 227, 301 - 373.","Tauber, C. A., Tauber, M. J. & Albuquerque, G. S. (2006) Berchmansus elegans (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): larval and adult characteristics and new tribal affiliation. European Journal of Entomology, 103, 221 - 231. https: // doi. org / 10.14411 / eje. 2006.024","Tauber, C. A. (2007) Review of Berchmansus and Vieira and description of two new species of Leucochrysa (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 100, 110 - 138.","Sosa, F. & Tauber, C. A. (2017) The genus Vieira Navas (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): a new species, a key to the species, and new geographic records. Zootaxa, 4258 (1), 43 - 59. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4258.1.3"]}

Belonopteryx (Brooks & Barnard 1990: 165–167, Figs 133–135; Breitkreuz 2018: 258–262, Fig. 45; here, Fig. 23). A monotypic genus. Size: Body stout, relatively large; wing length 20–22 mm; males and females of similar size. Coloration: Cream with bold reddish-black body markings in longitudinal pattern (Fig. 23); color of antennal flagellum unknown. Wings: Narrow, tapered, acute at tips; ratio of forewing length to width = 5: 1; costal area of forewing without splayed crossveins or dark markings; forewing with im1 cell missing; forewing and hindwing with streak of reddish suffusion surrounding RP, PsM, and outer gradates; veins in reddish patches dark, other veins mostly pale. Tarsal claws: Simple. Abdomen: Setae short, dense. Male: Dorsal apodeme of T 9+e short; S8+9 not fused (Brooks & Barnard 1990), fused (Breitkreuz 2018); S9 small; microtholi dense on all sternites except S9; gonarcus probably without frontal plate, probably without gonocornua; mediuncus with setae; parameres absent. Female: Praegenitale absent. In summary, the rarely encountered Belonopteryx is the most distinct of the New World belonopterygine genera. It is recognized by its long, tapered wings, each with streaks of reddish suffusion along the RP and PsM+outer gradates; the lack of an im1 cell in the forewing; and a robust, pale body with longitudinal dorsal markings. Males have very dense microtholi and females are without a praegenitale., Published as part of Tauber, Catherine A., 2021, The New World Belonopterygini (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): descriptions of a new genus and species from the West Indies and comparisons among the genera, pp. 509-543 in Zootaxa 4975 (3) on pages 533-534, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4975.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/4808947, {"references":["Brooks, S. J. & Barnard, P. C. (1990) The green lacewings of the world: a generic review (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History, Entomology, 59, 117 - 286.","Breitkreuz, L. C. V. (2018) Systematics and evolution of the family Chrysopidae (Neuroptera), with an emphasis on their morphology. Ph. D. dissertation, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, xxix + 661 pp."]}

Part 4. Key to New World Genera of Belonopterygini 1. Forewings and hindwings with distinct (red, black, or brown) markings.......................................... 2 1’. Forewings and hindwings without markings................................................................ 3 2. Wings narrow, with lanceolate tips, membrane marked with red tinge; venation without splayed pattern...................................................................................... Belonopteryx arteriosa (Gertstaecker) 2’. Wings moderately broad, with round tips; alar membrane marked with black or brown, not red; at least some parts of forewing with venation in splayed pattern.............................................................. Vieira Navás * 3. Body without bold, dark markings, usually stout.............................................. Nacarina Navás ** 3’. Body with dark, bold markings, stout or delicate............................................................. 4 4. Prothorax heavy, shield-like, with four pairs of black spots dorsally; body stout................. Abachrysa eureka Banks 4’. Prothorax broad, but not particularly heavy, with two pairs of elongate black lines (one lateral, one sublateral), no spots; body delicate............................................................... Pantaleonius toschiorum Tauber, n.sp., Published as part of Tauber, Catherine A., 2021, The New World Belonopterygini (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): descriptions of a new genus and species from the West Indies and comparisons among the genera, pp. 509-543 in Zootaxa 4975 (3) on page 541, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4975.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/4808947

Pantaleonius Tauber, New Genus (Figs. 1���11) Type species. Pantaleonius toschiorum Tauber, New Species. Etymology of the genus name. The genus Pantaleonius is named in honor of Professor Roberto A. Pantaleoni, Dipartimento di Agraria, Universit�� degli Studi, via Enrico De Nicola, Sassari SS, Italy. Prof. Pantaleoni is a distinguished researcher, educator, colleague, and enthusiastic student of Neuroptera. Most importantly here, he challenged my earlier erroneous, generic determination for this new species and encouraged me to broaden my outlook. The genus-group name is derived from a Latin-based personal name and has a masculine suffix. Tribal association. Relatively recent molecular studies of chrysopid genera worldwide indicate that the tribe Belonopterygini is monophyletic (Garz��n-Ordu��a et al. 2019; Winterton et al. 2019, and literature cited therein). Also, the known belonopterygine larvae exhibit a set of synapomorphic character states that are sufficiently distinct so as to typify a monophyletic tribe (Tauber et al. 2014, Tauber & Winterton 2014, Tauber et al 2020). However, to my knowledge, currently no single trait or suite of traits have been proposed to distinguish belonopterygine adults definitively and consistently from those in other Chrysopinae tribes. Although the adults of some species, especially those of the Old World, express features that traditionally have united them as a tribe (see Tjeder 1966, Brooks 1984, Brooks & Barnard 1990, Breitkreuz 2018), many of these features have been shown to be variable among New World members of the tribe [Tauber 2006 (as Berchmansus), 2007; Tauber et al. 2006 (as Berchmansus); Sosa & Tauber 2017]. Thus, to delineate the adult features that unite the tribe, a re-examination that includes all known New World taxa is now necessary (also see Breitkreuz 2018). As shown on Table 1, Pantaleonius toschiorum n. gen., n. sp. expresses many of the traditional belonopterygine features, most notably: flagellar setae in four rings (Figs 3E���F); mandibles broad; palpomeres round apically; galea broad (Figs 3A���D); pronotum wide, relatively short (Figs 2A���B); forewing with first cubital cell longer than the second cell, which is quadrate with perpendicular angles (Fig. 4A); gonarcus simple, without gonocornua or entoprocesses; mediuncus large; gonosaccus without setae (Fig. 7A���D); female with relatively large spermatheca, velum present, opening directly to bursa copulatrix; praegenitale present (Figs 10A���F, 11A���D). Two features of this species differ from traditional belonopterygine charcteristics: its relatively long flagellomeres and the absence of parameres in the male. Both of these features have been shown to vary among other belonopterygine taxa, especially those from the New World (see Table 1, also Sosa & Tauber 2017). Generic description and comparison with other New World belonopterygine genera. Body: Moderate size and form; wing length 12.0��� 13.1 mm; males and females of similar appearance. Coloration: Cream to tan with moderately bold black body markings; antennal flagellum dark basally. Wings of regular proportion, not narrowed; ratio of forewing length to width = ~2.5: 1; costal area of forewing without splayed crossveins or dark markings; forewing and hindwing without dark patches; longitudinal veins mostly pale, darkened at intersections with crossveins. Claws with heavy basal dilation. Abdomen: S3���S8 with moderate to sparse covering of moderately long setae; S9 with denser, slightly more robust setae. Male: Dorsal apodeme of T9+e straight, with basal section extending proximally into A8, with ventral spur below callus cerci extending downward below margin of ectoproct. S8+9 fused with prominent suture; microtholi present on S8 and distal region of S7, not dense or widespread. Gonarcus broad, U-shaped, without gonocornu, entoprocessus, or frontal plate; mediuncus with lateral wings, beak, frontal setae. Parameres, gonapsis absent. Female: abdominal tergites without longitudinal mesal suture; dorsum of T9+e without deep mesal invagination; praegenitale present; subgenitale elongate; spermatheca doughnut-shaped with large velum; spermathecal duct elongate, curved. In summary, among the New World Belonopterygini, Pantaleonius is the only genus to have a yellow to tan body with prominent but not large dark spots, and wings with dark veins but without markings or splayed venation. The male abdomen is also unique in that the dorsal apodeme of S8&9 has a ventral spur that articulates with a robust, somewhat sclerotized membrane extending from the ventral spur of the dorsal apodeme to the dorsum of the mediuncus. In addition, the male has a broad U-shaped gonarcus, winged mediuncus, and no parameres. In the female, a praegenitale is present; the subgenitale is elongate; and the spermatheca is doughnut shaped and bears a large, tubular velum., Published as part of Tauber, Catherine A., 2021, The New World Belonopterygini (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): descriptions of a new genus and species from the West Indies and comparisons among the genera, pp. 509-543 in Zootaxa 4975 (3) on pages 510-515, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4975.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/4808947, {"references":["Garzon-Orduna, I. J., Winterton, S. L., Jiang, Yunlan, Breitkreuz, L. C., Duelli, P., Engel, M. S., Penny, N. D., Tauber, C. A., Mochizuki, A. & Liu, X. (2019) Evolution of green lacewings (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): a molecular supermatrix approach. Systematic Entomology, 44, 499 - 513. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / syen. 12339","Winterton, S. L., Gillung, J. P., Garzon-Orduna, I. J., Badano, D., Breitkreuz, L. C. V., Duelli, P., Engel, M. S., Liu, X., Machado, R. J. P., Mansell, M., Mochizuki, A., Penny, N. D., Tauber, C. A. & Oswald, J. D. (2019) Evolution of green lacewings (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): an anchored phylogenomics approach. Systematic Entomology, 43, 330 - 354. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / syen. 12278","Tauber, C. A. & Winterton, S. L. (2014) Third instar of the myrmecophilous Italochrysa insignis (Walker) from Australia (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae: Belonopterygini). Zootaxa, 3811 (1), 95 - 106. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3811.1.5","Tauber, C. A., Kilpatrick, S. K. & Oswald, J. D. (2020) Larvae of Abachrysa eureka (Banks) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae: Belonopterygini): descriptions and a discussion of the evolution of myrmecophily in Chrysopidae. Zootaxa, 4789 (2), 481 - 507. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4789.2.7","Tjeder, B. (1966) Neuroptera-Planipennia. The Lace-wings of Southern Africa. 5. Family Chrysopidae. In: Hanstrom, B., Brinck, P. & Rudebec, G. (Eds.), South African Animal Life. Vol. 12. Swedish Natural Science Research Council, Stockholm, pp. 228 - 534.","Brooks, S. J. (1984) A redefinition of the Italochrysini (Chrysopidae), with the description of a new genus from Nigeria. Neuroptera International, 3, 79 - 88.","Brooks, S. J. & Barnard, P. C. (1990) The green lacewings of the world: a generic review (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History, Entomology, 59, 117 - 286.","Breitkreuz, L. C. V. (2018) Systematics and evolution of the family Chrysopidae (Neuroptera), with an emphasis on their morphology. Ph. D. dissertation, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, xxix + 661 pp.","Tauber, C. A., Tauber, M. J. & Albuquerque, G. S. (2006) Berchmansus elegans (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): larval and adult characteristics and new tribal affiliation. European Journal of Entomology, 103, 221 - 231. https: // doi. org / 10.14411 / eje. 2006.024","Sosa, F. & Tauber, C. A. (2017) The genus Vieira Navas (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): a new species, a key to the species, and new geographic records. Zootaxa, 4258 (1), 43 - 59. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4258.1.3"]}

Pantaleonius. Size: Body moderately small, delicate; forewing length 12.0– 13.1 mm; males and females of similar size, but with sexual dimorphism in abdominal markings (see below in this paragraph). Coloration: Head and thoracic markings in linear pattern not spotty; prothorax and dorsum of head with pair of dark, longitudinal stripes that extend onto dorsum of scapes; females, but not males, with abdominal sternites S4 and S5 dark brown to black; antennal flagellum mostly pale, with only basal ¼ to 1/5 black. Wings: Slender; forewing broad, ratio of length to width = 2.6: 1; costal area without splayed crossveins or dark markings; forewing and hindwing without dark patches. Tarsal claws: Basal dilation present, large. Abdomen: Setae relatively long, moderate density. Male: Dorsal apodeme of T 9+e straight, with ventral spur; S8+9 fused, with suture present, not conspicuous; sparse microtholi present on S8 and distally on S7; gonarcus without gonocornu or frontal plate, with mediuncus winged, bearing one or two pairs of frontal setae; parameres absent. Female: Abdominal tergites without mesal suture; dorsum of T 9+e without deep mesal invagination; praegenitale present, transversely elongate. In summary, Pantaleonius is the only genus among the New World Belonopterygini to have a yellow to tan body with prominent (but not large) dark spots; wings without markings or splayed venation, but with dark veins; terminal segments of male abdomen with dorsal apodeme having a ventral spur that articulates with a robust, somewhat sclerotized membrane extending from the ventral spur of the dorsal apodeme to the dorsum of the mediuncus. In addition, the male has a broad, U-shaped gonarcus, winged mediuncus, and no parameres. In the female, a praegenitale is present; the subgenitale is elongate; and the spermatheca is tubular, bent with a large velum., Published as part of Tauber, Catherine A., 2021, The New World Belonopterygini (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): descriptions of a new genus and species from the West Indies and comparisons among the genera, pp. 509-543 in Zootaxa 4975 (3) on pages 534-538, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4975.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/4808947, {"references":["Tjeder, B. (1966) Neuroptera-Planipennia. The Lace-wings of Southern Africa. 5. Family Chrysopidae. In: Hanstrom, B., Brinck, P. & Rudebec, G. (Eds.), South African Animal Life. Vol. 12. Swedish Natural Science Research Council, Stockholm, pp. 228 - 534."]}

Nacarina (Brooks & Barnard 1990: 175���177, Figs 179���186; Freitas & Penny 2001: 252���256, Figs 1���7; Penny 2002: 206���208, Figs 132���140; Breitkreuz 2018: 286���290). Size: Body usually large and stout, but some species from Brazil relatively small and delicate; wing length 16���31 mm; males smaller than females. Coloration: Yellow to cream, with or without markings on thorax, abdomen, or legs; antennal flagellum often dark basally. Wings: Not narrowed, with rounded tips; ratio of forewing length to width = 2.8���3.4: 1, without splayed crossveins; forewing and hindwing without markings, veins mostly pale. Tarsal claws: Basal dilation absent or small. Abdomen: Setae numerous, short, stout. Male: Dorsal apodeme of T 9+e with basal section extending anteroventrally from behind callus cerci to or almost to end of T9+e (See Freitas & Penny 2001: Figs 4D, 5D, 7A); S8+9 fused with prominent suture or no suture; microtholi present or absent; gonarcal complex usually broad, with mediuncus having lateral arms; parameres rarely absent, with two arms fused. Female: No report of mesal suture dividing abdominal tergites; spermatheca with deep or shallow invagination; praegenitale present or absent; elongate, slender bursal ducts [shown for two species in Freitas & Penny 2001: N. lavrasana Freitas & Penny and N. panchlora (Gerstaecker)]. [Note: Figs 1 and 10 in Freitas & Penny are switched���the images on Fig. 10 should have the caption and placement of Fig. 1, N. panchlora; vice versa for the images on Fig. 1 ���they belong with the caption of Fig. 10, Ceraeochrysa cincta (Schneider)]. In summary, Nacarina species (and the sexes) are variable in size, body form, and many genital traits (see Table 1). The claim that parameres are absent from Nacarina (Brooks & Barnard 1990: 177) appears to have been premature. Apparently, they are present and associated with the gonosaccus in many species (Freitas & Penny 2001), but the structure of the parameres has not been well defined or illustrated. Indeed, it is safe to say that this relatively large genus is in great need of morphologically based revisionary work., Published as part of Tauber, Catherine A., 2021, The New World Belonopterygini (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): descriptions of a new genus and species from the West Indies and comparisons among the genera, pp. 509-543 in Zootaxa 4975 (3) on page 534, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4975.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/4808947, {"references":["Brooks, S. J. & Barnard, P. C. (1990) The green lacewings of the world: a generic review (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History, Entomology, 59, 117 - 286.","Freitas, S. & Penny, N. D. (2001) The green lacewings (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) of Brazilian agro-ecosystems. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 52, 245 - 395.","Penny, N. D. (2002) Family Chrysopidae. In: A guide to the lacewings (Neuroptera) of Costa Rica. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences, 53, 187 - 227, 301 - 373.","Breitkreuz, L. C. V. (2018) Systematics and evolution of the family Chrysopidae (Neuroptera), with an emphasis on their morphology. Ph. D. dissertation, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, xxix + 661 pp."]}

Pantaleonius toschiorum Tauber, New Species ( Figs. 1–11) Holotype. Male from the West Indies, Bahamas, Great Exuma Island, Simons Pt [23.31.50–75.47.30], 20 Jan 1980, Tim. L. McCabe (Cornell University Insect Collection, Ithaca NY, CUIC, with red Holotype label). Etymology of the species name. The species, P. toschiorum, is named in honor of the author’s brother (recently deceased) and sister-in-law, Steven Richard Toschi and Mary Jane Toschi, a wonderful pair. In accordance with ICZN Article 31.1.2, the species name, which is formed from a family name that refers to both a male and a female person, is assigned the Latin, masculine, plural genitive ending “- orum ”. Diagnosis. Relative to other New World belonopterygines, this species is distinctive in its small body size, its bold head and body markings, and its lack of markings on the wings (Figs 1–2, 4). Externally, it is quite similar in size and coloration to Pseudomallada luctuosus (Banks), a relatively uncommon chrysopine species reported from central and southwestern United States. However, unlike the new species, P. luctuosus does not express the antennal features typical of belonopterygine lacewings. The male and female genitalia of the two species are very distinctive and should be used in making identifications (see Adams & Garland 1982 for P. luctuosus and Figs 5–11 here for P. toschiorum). Description. Head . (n=4; Figs 1, 2A, 2B, 3). Width (frontal, including eyes) 1.35–1.72 mm; ratio of head width to eye width = 2.0–2.4: 1; width between tentorial pits 0.41–0.46 mm; length mid-antenna to midway between tentorial pits 0.55–0.73 mm; length midway between tentorial pits to tip of clypeus ~ 0.20–0.26 mm. Scape with lateral margin straight, mesal margin rounded; vertex with surface smooth, cream on fresh specimens. Frons shiny, with large torulli; epistomal suture not distinct, probably convex with slight transverse fold below. Clypeus with surface transversely striated, distal margin indented. Labrum rounded laterally, not withdrawn; distal margin indented mesally. Antennal length 8.4–9.2 mm (n=3); scape about equal in length and width [length 0.29–0.30 mm, width 0.27– 0.30 mm (base, frontal, n= 2 specimens, left and right each)]; flagellomeres short basally (length 0.10–0.13 mm, basal seven flagellomeres), becoming longer distally (length 0.11–0.12 mm, midantenna; length 0.14 mm, distal); ratio of flagellomere length to width = 1.0–1.6: 1 basally, 2.3–2.5: 1 distally; each flagellomere (except very basal ones) with setae in four rings, with fewer setae in fourth ring than in basal three rings. Most flagellar setae short, brown, extending distally; each flagellomere with one to two pairs of long, erect, white setae near distal margin. Mandibles broad throughout, asymmetrical; right mandible without mesal tooth, with inner margin of apex smooth, crescent-shaped; left mandible with short, acute mesal tooth, inner margin of apex broadly J-shaped. Labium with ligula bulbous, bearing short stout setae basolaterally and fine long setae distally. Maxilla with stipe and galea broad, stout, extending beyond labrum in some specimens. Coloration: Largely cream with dark brown markings. Dorsum (vertex, dorsal torulli, scapes) with dark brown lateral stripe that extends posteriorly through cervix and pronotum. Face with torulli unmarked; frons with small oblong mark mesally, slightly below torulli, pair of lateral streaks extending from mesal surface of eye inward toward pair of spots on upper margin of clypeus; genae, lateral margins of clypeus dark brown; labrum amber, unmarked.Antenna: scape with wide, dark brown longitudinal stripe dorsolaterally; pedicel dark brown except tan frontobasally; flagellum with basal ~1/5 dark brown, distal ~4/5 light brown. Maxilla pale except galea bright orange, apex of cardo, lateral margin of stipe, and palp dark brown; labium pale, except palp dark brown distally, brown basally. Thorax. (n=4; Fig. 2). Robust; pronotum broad, 2.0–2.7 times wider than long; pronotum, mesonotum with long, dark setae. Legs long, slender; tibia with straight, elongate dorsal spur on distal margin; tarsal subsegments each with ~two pairs of small spurs embedded within tarsal setae along lateral margin; tip of pretarsus with pair of elongate slender setae; tarsal claws elongate, recurved, each with large quadrate base; tip of claw extending well below base; arolium large, membranous. Coloration: Background cream to amber. Pronotum with two pairs of dark brown longitudinal stripes, one submesal, one lateral. Mesothorax with prescutum bearing two pairs of dark brown oblong spots in longitudinal arrangement submesally and posterior margin with single fused, dark brown spot; scutum with two pairs brown spots; scutellum with elongate brown spot anteromesally, pair of brown spots above posterior margin. Metanotum gold, without marks. Pleural regions pale, unmarked. Legs pale, with setae gold to brown; protibia, mesotibia with brown transverse stripe frontolaterally that aligns with costal and radial crossveins of forewing; metatibia with similar, lighter stripe posterolaterally; tarsal claw amber to brown; arolium shiny, white. Wings. (n=3; Fig. 4). Forewing length 12.0– 13.1 mm, maximum height 4.3–4.8 mm; slightly broad throughout, with tallest portion of wing being third distal quadrant; height at distal end of basal quadrant 3.1–3.6 mm; height at basal end of distal quadrant 4.2–4.6 mm; anterior margin relatively straight; apex broad, rounded. Costal area slightly raised basally; tallest costal cell (c9, c10) tall, 0.17–0.19 times maximum height of wing. Subcosta, radius slightly sinuous to straight; most costal veinlets and radial crossveins straight or very slightly curved; basal sc-r crossvein 0.30–0.31 mm distal to crossvein between mcu1 and mcu2, slightly less than half the distance to M f. Eleven to twelve closed radial cells (rarp); height of tallest radial cell (#5, 6) 1.5–1.9x width. First rp-m crossvein meeting M at first intramedian cell (mamp1); mamp1 triangular, composed of MA, MP, no distal crossvein (therefore true im1 cell), width 0.74–0.82 times width of third medial cell (mcu3); gradate veins in two rows, with five to six inner gradates, five to six outer gradates, both rows regularly spaced, slightly divergent distally, with last pair of gradate veins convergent. Five b cells, five b’ cells. Three intracubital cells; icu1 slightly longer than icu2; icu3 (dcc) open distally; CuP forked at icu2. Vein A1 forked. Hindwing length 10.7–12.0 mm, maximum height 3.6–4.1 mm; fairly broad throughout, with apex rounded. Nine to twelve radial cells (rarp); base of M merged with R, t cell absent; five to six inner gradates; six outer gradate veins; three b cells; four 4 b’ cells. Coloration: Forewing and hindwing hyaline, glossy; stigmata prominent, white with dark brown spots basally and distally. All longitudinal veins pale with large dark marks at each intersection; all veinlets, crossveins dark brown to black; setae dark. Abdomen—Male. (n=4; Figs 5–8). Exterior: Texture of integument soft, flexible, with tendency to fold or tear. Tergites, sternites (except T9, S9) with sparse, medium-length, slender setae; T9+e, S9 with longer, more dense, slightly more robust setae. Microtholi inconspicuous but present distally on S7, widely on S8 (always absent from S9). Pleural region large, with medium-length to short, sparse setae; spiracles medium sized (length ~ 0.06–0.08 mm, width 0.03–0.05 mm), round, simple. Tergites (dorsal view) entire, without division or mesal suture visible, roughly quadrate with rounded sides, slightly broader than long; T9 and ectoproct entirely fused, without mesal suture dorsally; distal margin (dorsal view) straight to very slightly concave; ventral margin (lateral view) fairly straight, sloping steeply in straight line proximally, with basal section ending well below T8; dorsal apodeme extending through middle of T9+e, encircling callus cerci, with broad, rounded ventral spur/branch extending below callus cerci; areas ventral and distal to dorsal apodeme with elongate setae. Tip of ventral spur articulating with stiff scabrous membrane that extends below and slightly around tip of mediuncus. Callus cerci almost circular (height 0.15–0.17 mm, width ~ 0.12–0.14 mm), with ~29–30 trichobothria. Basal sternites tall, e.g., for S6, ratio of length to height (lateral view) = 2.0–2.1: 1; S7 shorter, ratio of length to height = 0.72–0.87: 1. Sternite S8+9 fully fused, with suture present (teneral specimens) or not visible (mature specimens); proximal margin approximately as tall as adjoining distal margin of S7; dorsal margin sloping very slightly through most of sternite; terminus truncate; ventral apodeme along dorsal margin of S8+9 lightly sclerotized (difficult to see in teneral specimens). Terminus of S9 with smooth, relatively straight margin; parameres, gonapsis absent. Coloration: Dorsum, pleural region cream, with dark brown to black spots in regular pattern, similar to female (Fig. 2C); venter cream to tan without spots (male only); callus cerci cream, encircled with dark brown ring. Genitalia: Gonarcal complex slender, erect (lateral view), without gonocornua or frontal plate; gonarcal bridge straight, dorsoventrally flattened, with gonarcal apodemes extending perpendicularly from lateral margins. Gonarcal apodemes expanded and rounded distally, with frontal margin (at attachment to gonarcal bridge) bearing small protruding spurlike extensions dorsally and ventrally. Mediuncus flattened dorsoventrally, extending from frontal surface of gonarcal bridge, composed of mediuncal beak mesally and pair of round lateral wings attached to lateral margins of beak, with one to several relatively elongate setae projecting forward from distal margin; mediuncal beak bifurcated, bearing short, slender process mesally; area below mediuncus with scabriculous membrane (probably not a gonosaccus) extending from extensions of gonarcal apodeme, below mediuncal wings, around and above mediuncal beak, and attaching to ventral spur of T9+e dorsal apodeme. Hypandrium internum V-shaped, relatively large, with tall, elongate keel dorsally; comes sickle-shaped, smaller than keel. Gonosaccus, gonosetae absent. Abdomen—Female. (n=2; Figs 2C, 2E, 9–11). Exterior: Integument soft, flexible, with tendency to fold or tear. Tergites, sternites (A2–A8) with relatively dense, long, slender setae throughout; pleural regions (A2–A7) with sparser, smaller setae. T9+e, gonapophyses laterales, with dense, short setae throughout; pleural region large, with sparse, medium-length to short setae. Spiracles oblong (length ~ 0.04–0.06 mm, width 0.03–0.05 mm), with simple atria. Tergites, sternites quadrate, with relatively straight margins (lateral view), rounded corners. S6 (lateral view) approximately same length as height; S7 ~2 times longer than tall (lateral view: length along ventral margin, height along basal margin), with dorsal margin straight over basal three quartiles, steeply sloped over distal quartile. Ninth tergite short; dorsal surface smooth, entire, without mesal suture; proximal margin with shallow invagination; apical margin with deep, round invagination (Figs 8C, 8E). T9 and ectoproct fused, with suture and indentation visible below callus cerci, with lateral margins expanding abruptly below level of anus, becoming very broad ventrally, sometimes extending over entire lateral surface of gonapophyses laterales (width of T9+e along ventral margin>0.6 times entire length of T9+e). Callus cerci ~round (height 0.12–0.13 mm, width 0.13–0.14 mm), with approximately ~35 trichobothria. Gonapophyses laterales slender, crescent shaped (height ~ 0.60 mm, width ~ 0.15 mm). Subgenitale relatively small, externally visible as protruding knob; base largely membranous with slender, lightly sclerotized lateral arms supporting knob. Praegenitale slender, transversely elongate, embedded in membrane below subgenitale and above tip of S7. (The praegenitale is obvious in mature, sclerotized specimens. In teneral specimens, it is not visible, but the robust membrane between the subgenitale and the tip of S7 is elongate.) Coloration: Exterior cream to tan with dark brown to black marks as follows: tergites of each segment with one pair of large spots anteriorly, two pairs of spots (sometimes coalesced) posteriorly; pleuron of each segment with spot anteriorly, two posteriorly; sternites S4 and S5 dark brown to black (female only). Genitalia: Internal female genitalia large, filling most of S7 abdominal cavity (Fig. 9A, 9C). Spermatheca tubula, bent, tapering; length (opening to U-shaped bend) 0.80 mm, width at mouth 0.22 mm, with prominent, U-shaped invagination (width 0.11 mm, depth 0.20 mm) (Fig. 9F). Dorsal surface of spermatheca with large velum giving rise to spermathecal duct; base of spermathecal duct and velum with slit along their dorsal surfaces; slit contiguous with bursa copulatrix. Spermathecal duct straight, attached to top of spermathecal base, becoming tightly coiled after extending from spermathecal opening, length ~ 1.15 mm, with basal ~half slender and smooth, distal ~half brushy, partially attached to membrane within and above subgenitale. Distal end of spermatheca bent, bifurcated; far section giving rise to smooth, robust, moderately slender tube with two fully circular curves leading to closed end (Fig. 10D, sp.t. on figure); basal section (with internal tubule), making sharp, U-shaped turn, and extending back along dorsal surface of spermatheca, becoming textured and delicately fluted, ultimately coalescing with large circular pouch on side of bursal copulatrix (Fig. 10E, sp.e., b.t. on figure). Bursa copulatrix large, saclike; basal section near spermatheca with irregular folds; distal section large, membranous, relatively smooth, with pair of sclerotized, very slender, elongate, intertwined tubules extending proximally. Single pair of elongate bursal glands extending laterally from distal section of bursa. Colleterial complex consisting of very delicate membranes; structures not distinguished. Transverse sclerite roughly rectangular, slightly expanded in middle, with numerous elongate setae extending dorsally (Fig. 9E). Specimens examined. In addition to the Holotype, twenty-one paratypes (15♀, 6♂) from the West Indies: Bahamas: Andros Island, Forfar Field Station, nr. Stafford Creek, 9-VI-2009, M. Thomas (1♀, 1♂, FSCA), 25-July- 2006, M. Thomas & T. Smith (4♀, 1♂, FSCA); Eleuthera Island, Rainbow Bay, I-VII-1958, E. W. & D. B. Wiley (1♀, FSCA); Great Exuma Island, Simons Pt., 23.31.50–75.47.30, 17–26 Jan 1980, Tim. L. McCabe (7♀, 4♂, CUIC); South Bimini Island, 12-vi-1950, Cazier & Rindge (1♀, AMNH). Greater Antilles: Dominican Republic, La Altagracia, 2 km N Bayahibe, 18-23N, 68-41W, 10 m., 3-July-1992, C. Young, R. Davidson, S. Thompson, J. Rawlins, Dry seasonal forest on limestone (1♀, CMNH). Known geographic distribution. West Indies. Four islands of the Bahamas (Andros, South Bimini, Eleuthera, and Great Exuma); one island of the Greater Antilles (Hispaniola)., Published as part of Tauber, Catherine A., 2021, The New World Belonopterygini (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): descriptions of a new genus and species from the West Indies and comparisons among the genera, pp. 509-543 in Zootaxa 4975 (3) on pages 515-523, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4975.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/4808947, {"references":["Adams, P. A. & Garland, J. A. (1982) A review of the genus Mallada in the United States and Canada, with a new species (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Psyche, 89, 239 - 248. https: // doi. org / 10.1155 / 1982 / 17827"]}

Part 2. Redescription of Abachrysa eureka (Banks, 1931) (Figs. 6, 12���22) Taxonomic Synonymy (selected references). Chrysopa eureka Banks, 1931, Psyche 38: 174; ���Hope, Ark., 22 Aug. (L. Knobel), at light���. Holotype in Museum of Comparative Zoology���; only one specimen mentioned, sex unknown, not examined. Abachrysa eureka (Banks). Banks 1938: 75 [new combination, designated type species of new genus Abachrysa Banks]. Brooks & Barnard 1990: 164-5, 266 [redescription, figures]; Garz��n-Ordu��a et al. 2019 [phylogeny within Neuroptera]; Winterton et al. 2019 [phylogeny within Neuroptera]; Tauber et al. 2020: 481 [description of first and third instars, images, biology, myrmecophily, evolutionary considerations]. Diagnosis. Abachrysa eureka is distinguished from other New World belonopterygines by its fairly large, robust body and distinctive markings; head gold, without markings, except pedicel black, flagellum mostly black, only distal �� pale; labial and maxillary palpi black distally; venter of thorax and abdomen heavily marked with black spots throughout; legs pale, except tarsal tips, tibial bases, femoral tips black. Forewing somewhat narrow, with most or all veinlets reaching posterior margin forked (except 3A and 1���2 small veinlets). Male genitalia with large, paired, elaborate parameres; female with praegenitale (sensu Tjeder 1966) tubule-like, looping externally from base to tip of subgenitale. Redescription. Head . (n=3; Figs 12 & 13). Width (frontal, including eyes) 2.3���2.4 mm; ratio of head width to eye width = 4.1���5.0: 1; width between tentorial pits 0.72���0.73 mm; length mid-antenna to midway between tentorial pits 0.55���0.73 mm; length midway between tentorial pits to tip of clypeus ~ 0.60���0.65 mm. Scape with lateral margin straight, mesal margin slightly rounded; vertex rounded, raised posteriorly, with surface smooth, shiny. Frons smooth, shiny, with large torulli; epistomal suture slightly convex with slight transverse fold below. Clypeus with surface transversely striated, distal margin indented. Labrum rounded laterally, not withdrawn; distal margin deeply indented mesally. Antennal length 12.9���13.6 mm (n=2 from one specimen); scape slightly wider than long; basal flagellomeres (#2-#6) with length 0.13���0.16 mm, width 0.15���0.17 mm, ratio of length to width = 0.87���0.93: 1; flagellomeres (midantenna) of similar length (0.13���0.16 mm), smaller width (0.10���0.12 mm), higher ratio of length to width = 1.2���1.4: 1). Flagellar setae short, brown, positioned in four rings, with consistently fewer setae in fourth ring than in three basal rings; almost all flagellar setae extending distally; each flagellomere with pair of pale laterally projecting setae near edge of distal margin. Mandibles broad, symmetrical, heavy throughout; both mandibles with mesal tooth, with inner margin straight after tooth. Labium with ligula bulbous, bearing numerous stout setae basolaterally, numerous fine setae distally. Maxilla with stipe robust; galea large, greatly expanded distally, extending well beyond labrum in most specimens; all segments densely setose. Coloration: Head gold, without markings. Antenna: scape gold; pedicel, basal �� flagellum black; distal �� flagellum pale; labrum gold, unmarked. Maxilla with distal three palpomeres black, basal two pale; galea, cardo, stipe pale. Labium with distal palpomere black, middle palpomere black laterally, basal palpomere pale, Thorax. (n=2; Fig. 14). Robust; pronotum broad, width ~two times greater than length, with small lateral patch of medium-length, pale setae, with sparse, short, dark setae elsewhere; mesonotum, metanotum with relatively few short, dark setae. Legs robust with short, dark setae; mesotibia, metatibia with small, brown spur on distal margin; protibia without distal spur; tarsal subsegments with ventral setae modified as robust spurs along lateral edge; pretarsus with pair of elongate, slender setae, pair of shorter setae; tarsal claws simple, recurved, without quadrate base, with tip not greatly extended beyond base. Coloration: Background cream to amber. Pronotum with four pairs of large, round, dark brown spots, evenly arranged over surface. Membranous region behind prothorax, anterior to wing base, with two pairs of dark brown spots. Mesonotum with prescutum bearing pair of large dark brown spots on frontal margin, posterior margin with single pair of irregularly shaped dark brown spots; scutum with two pairs of brown spots; scutellum gold, without marks. Metanotum with each side of scutum bearing round, dark brown marks above and below; scutellum gold, without marks. Pleural regions cream, each segment with large dark brown spots. Legs light cream, with dark brown setae; femur with dark brown mark distally; tibia with dark brown spot basally, smaller dark lateral spot at �� distance from femoral junction (spot also present on metatibia, but sometimes very small); distal tarsomere with dorsal surface dark brown; pretarsus with claws and arolium dark amber to brown. Wings (n=2; Fig. 15). Forewing length 18.0���19.0 mm, maximum height 5.7���6.1 mm; slightly broad throughout, with tallest portion of wing being about midwing; height at distal end of basal quadrant 4.5���4.9 mm; height midwing 5.6���6.0 mm; height at basal end of distal quadrant 5.3���5.6 mm; anterior margin relatively straight; apex rounded with very slight angulation at tip. Costal area slightly expanded basally; tallest costal cell (c5) 0.20���0.21 times maximum height of wing. Subcosta, radius slightly sinuous to straight; subcosta bordered by abrupt fold basally which tends to obscure view of sc-r crossvein; most costal veinlets, radial crossveins straight or very slightly curved; basal sc-r crossvein ~ 0.35���0.69 mm distal to crossvein between mcu1 and mcu2, slightly more than half the distance to M f. Ten to eleven closed radial cells (rarp), height of tallest radial cell (rarp5) 1.4���1.7 times width. First rp-m crossvein meeting M at first intramedian cell (mamp1); mamp1 triangular in shape, composed of MA, MP, no distal crossvein (therefore true im1 cell), width ~0.55 times width of third medial cell (mcu3); gradate veins in two rows (sometimes with a single additional gradate vein), with five to six inner gradates, six to seven outer gradates, both rows regularly spaced, slightly divergent distally, with last pairs of gradates convergent. Three to four b cells, four to five b��� cells. Three intracubital cells: icu1 usually, but not always longer than icu2; icu3 open distally; CuP forked at icu2. Vein A1 forked. Hindwing fairly broad, with apex rounded; length 16.0��� 17.1 mm, maximum height 4.8���5.3 mm. Eleven radial cells (rarp); base of M merged with R, t cell absent; five inner gradates; seven outer gradate veins; three b cells; four 4 b��� cells. Coloration: Forewing, hindwing hyaline, glossy; stigma prominent, white with dark brown suffusion around subcostal crossveins. All longitudinal veins pale with large dark marks at each intersection; most at base of hindwing pale; all veinlets and crossveins dark brown to black; radial crossveins, crossveins below PsM with pale areas mesally; setae dark. Abdomen���Male. (n=2; Figs 16 ���18). Exterior: Texture of integument soft, flexible, with tendency to fold or tear. All tergites, all sternites, pleural region of A8 (only) with short to medium-length, sturdy setae; T 9+e with longer, more dense setae. Microtholi present at least on S6���S8. Pleural regions proximal to A8 mostly without setae; spiracles medium-sized, round, simple, with two atria. Tergites (dorsal view) roughly quadrate with rounded corners, almost twice as wide as long; dorsum of T 9 short, fully fused with ectoproct, moderately bilobed distally (dorsal view), with dorsal surface entire, slight suggestion of mesal suture; lower margin of T 9+e (lateral view) fully lined by slender dorsal apodeme with inverted V-shape; distal leg of V with small hook at terminus, then curving slightly upward, extending along entire ventral surface of T 9+ectoproct, below callus cerci, to junction near T 8; proximal leg of dorsal apodeme extending anteroventrally well into basal section of A8, ending near proximal peak of S8. Surface between legs of apodeme with long, robust setae similar to those on T 9+e. Callus cerci circular (height 0.25 mm, width ~ 0.29 mm), with ~53���54 slender trichobothria. Basal sternites tall, e.g., for S4���S6, ratio of length to height (lateral view) = ~0.82: 1; S7 shorter, ratio of length to height = ~0.75: 1. Sternites 8 and 9 fully fused, but marked by prominent line of fusion (suture); S8 with short, stout setae, proximal apex slightly lower than adjoining distal margin of S7; S9 with surface smooth, unmarked, bearing longer, finer setae than S8; ventral apodeme visible below dorsal margin of S8&9, sloping through upper region of distal S8, terminating in ventral region of mid-S9. Terminus of S9 relatively broad, straight, smooth, with robust, scabrous membrane folded internally; gonapsis absent, parameres present. Coloration: Cream with dark markings as in Figs 16 and 19. Callus cerci cream with black slash distoventrally. Genitalia: Parameres elongate, slender, curved, acute tipped, with ~three acute thorns along inner margin, with bases remainng separate in heavy membranous sockets embedded in sturdy, darkened, scabrous membrane extending forward beneath each paramere, attached to robust, clear membrane via pair of brownish, scabrous membranes on tip of S9. Gonarcus rounded, arcuate; gonarcal bridge with quadrate, slightly fluted plate extending from dorsal surface; gonarcal apodemes elongate, broad, rounded distally, each bearing small dorsal protrusion near gonarcal plate; mediuncus attached below gonarcal bridge via heavy membrane; pair of spurs* lateral to gonarcal bridge, not attached directly to gonarcal bridge, but via membranous connection; long, robust, clear membrane holding parameres attached to ventral surface of mediuncus. Mediuncus flat, basally with two rounded wings hollow below; distal margin with small, sclerotized, rounded beak; proximal section bifurcated, with each wing separate. Hypandrium internum relatively large, V-shaped; arms straight, distally curved; dorsal keel slender, shallow; comes spear-shaped, about size of keel. Gonosaccus, gonosetae absent. *The spurs (Figs 17B, 17C, 17E) mentioned in the lines above are not fused with the gonarcus, nor do they ���articulate��� with the gonarcus; rather, they are attached to the gonarcus via a membrane. Thus, they do not fall within the definition of either a gonocornu or an entoprocessus (Brooks & Barnard 1990: 124, Sosa & Tauber 2021). Here we use the descriptive term ���spur��� to identify them. Abdomen���Female. (n=2; Figs 19���22). Exterior: Texture of integument soft, flexible, with tendency to fold or tear. Tergites (including T 9+e) closely aligned but not completely fused dorsally; mesal line of fusion visible. Sternites (S3���S7) with relatively dense, evenly spaced, short setae throughout, becoming slightly longer, more robust posteriorly. Tergites (A3���A8) with longer, less dense, evenly spaced setae, also becoming denser and longer distally. Pleural regions of A3���A6 with few setae; pleural regions of A7, A8 with sparse covering of small setae, becoming larger distally; T 9+e, gonapophyses laterales with dense, long setae throughout. Spiracles oblong, large on A5, A6 (length ~ 0.13���0.14 mm, width 0.05���0.06 mm), smaller distally (length ~ 0.08���0.09 mm, width 0.03���0.04 mm), with simple atrium, single small lobe. Tergites, sternites quadrate, with sides curved (flat view), rounded corners. Sternites S4���S6 (lateral view) with length about �� times height; S7 (lateral view) with height and length about equal, dorsal margin straight over basal ~one third, sloped to slightly angled over distal two thirds; distal margin of terminus with small mesal indentation. Ninth tergite + ectoproct (lateral view) narrow, with fairly straight, parallel lateral margins dorsally, diverging somewhat throughout; distal margin slightly concave; ventral margin gently rounded; proximal margin sloping slightly (width along ventral margin ~0.5x entire length of T 9+e). Callus cerci ~round (height 0.23���0.25 mm, width 0.20 mm), with approximately ~47���51 trichobothria. Gonapophyses laterales slender, slightly crescent shaped in lateral view, curved, forming a circular doughnut shape in ventral view (height ~ 0.95���0.97 mm, width ~ 0.36���0.37 mm). Coloration: Exterior cream to tan, terminal sternites gold; all segments with tergites, sternites, pleural regions marked with bold black bands, spots; callus cerci gold, encircled with fine, dark line. Genitalia: Internal female genitalia not especially large, contained within abdominal cavity of lower half of T 9+e, pleural region of A8. Spermatheca robust, heavily sclerotized, doughnut-shaped structure with moderately deep invagination; spermathecal diameter (maximum) ~ 0.41 mm, height ~ 0.25 mm; invagination depth ~ 0.14 mm; invagination width at mouth ~ 0.12 mm. Dorsal surface of spermatheca with large, well sclerotized, sail-shaped velum extending proximally toward bursa copulatrix; length of spermatheca and velum ~ 0.80 mm; velum distally giving rise to spermathecal duct; basal section of spermathecal duct heavily sclerotized, U-shaped, extending directly into subgenitale, with distal end of U-shaped curve attached to membranous base of subgenitale; distal end of spermathecal duct exiting subgenitale, forming broad curves; sclerotized section of spermathecal duct ~ 1.9 mm long, ending abruptly, leading immediately to narrower, lightly sclerotized, brushy terminal section of spermathecal duct. Brushy, distal section of spermathecal duct forming ~half length (~ 1.7 mm) of entire duct. Dorsal surface of spermatheca, velum, and sclerotized section of spermathecal duct with broad, elongate slit opening into bursa copulatrix above. Bursa copulatrix consisting of robust membrane with fluted, coiled section basally, large, clear, sac-like distally; base of sac-like section with pair of elongate, narrow, ribbon-like bursal glands. Subgenitale with (i) broad basal arms reaching across distal section of abdominal terminus, (ii) broad elongate neck terminating distally as bilobed knob, (iii) single, elongate, recurved lobe (praegenitale, sensu Tjeder 1966) extending from base of subgenitale, protruding distally from below, then recurving toward base of S7 (Fig. 20). Colleterial gland delicate, with clear membrane, with broad duct leading to colleterial reservoir; colleterial reservoir bulbous, with narrow duct leading to transverse sclerite. Transverse sclerite with comb-like rows of setae. Specimens examined. USA. AL: Baldwin Co., Bon Secour NWR, 30��15���09���N, 87��48���50���W, 11���15 May 1994, T. L. Schniefer, Mercury vapor and blacklight trap, William H. Cross Expedition (1♂, TRC); Weeks Bay NER Reserve, 30��25���03���N, 87��49���50���W, 4���6 Aug 2000, J. A. MacGowen, blacklight & M.V. lamp in mixed forest near estuary, W. H. Cross Expedition (2♀, TRC). FL: Dixie County, nr. Old Town, 7 Sept 1978, E. R. Hoebeke, M. E. Carter (1♀, TRC); Highlands Co., Archbold Biol. Station, 8 mi. S. Lake Placid, 11 Apr 1974, G. C. Eickwort (1♀, TRC). Known geographic distribution. Southern USA: AL, AR, FL, GA, MS, TX., Published as part of Tauber, Catherine A., 2021, The New World Belonopterygini (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): descriptions of a new genus and species from the West Indies and comparisons among the genera, pp. 509-543 in Zootaxa 4975 (3) on pages 523-533, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4975.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/4808947, {"references":["Banks, N. (1931) A new species of Chrysopa. Psyche, 38, 174. https: // doi. org / 10.1155 / 1931 / 25807","Banks, N. (1938) New native neuropteroid insects. Psyche, 45, 72 - 79. https: // doi. org / 10.1155 / 1938 / 29501","Brooks, S. J. & Barnard, P. C. (1990) The green lacewings of the world: a generic review (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History, Entomology, 59, 117 - 286.","Garzon-Orduna, I. J., Winterton, S. L., Jiang, Yunlan, Breitkreuz, L. C., Duelli, P., Engel, M. S., Penny, N. D., Tauber, C. A., Mochizuki, A. & Liu, X. (2019) Evolution of green lacewings (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): a molecular supermatrix approach. Systematic Entomology, 44, 499 - 513. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / syen. 12339","Winterton, S. L., Gillung, J. P., Garzon-Orduna, I. J., Badano, D., Breitkreuz, L. C. V., Duelli, P., Engel, M. S., Liu, X., Machado, R. J. P., Mansell, M., Mochizuki, A., Penny, N. D., Tauber, C. A. & Oswald, J. D. (2019) Evolution of green lacewings (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): an anchored phylogenomics approach. Systematic Entomology, 43, 330 - 354. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / syen. 12278","Tauber, C. A., Kilpatrick, S. K. & Oswald, J. D. (2020) Larvae of Abachrysa eureka (Banks) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae: Belonopterygini): descriptions and a discussion of the evolution of myrmecophily in Chrysopidae. Zootaxa, 4789 (2), 481 - 507. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4789.2.7","Tjeder, B. (1966) Neuroptera-Planipennia. The Lace-wings of Southern Africa. 5. Family Chrysopidae. In: Hanstrom, B., Brinck, P. & Rudebec, G. (Eds.), South African Animal Life. Vol. 12. Swedish Natural Science Research Council, Stockholm, pp. 228 - 534."]}

Abachrysa (Brooks & Barnard 1990: 165, Figs 125–132; Breitkreuz 2018: 254–258; here, Figs 12–22). A monotypic genus. Size: Body stout, relatively large; wing length 12.6–18.5 mm; males and females of similar size. Coloration: Cream to gold with bold black markings on thorax, abdomen, and legs; antennal flagellum dark basally. Wings: Slender, tips rounded; ratio of forewing length to width = ~3.2: 1; forewing and hindwing without splayed crossveins or dark markings, with most veins dark, interrupted by pale areas basally and within some longitudinal veins and crossveins. Tarsal claws: Basal dilation present. Abdomen: Setae numerous short, stout. Male: Ectoproct extending proximally as far as mid A8; dorsal apodeme of T 9+e with a right-angled bend mesally, with basal section extending downward through at least half the length of A8; S8+9 fused with prominent suture visible; S6–S8 with microtholi; gonarcus without gonocornu, with frontal plate; parameres large, with membranous fusion basally. Female: Abdominal tergites with distinct mesal suture; dorsum of T 9+e with deep mesal invagination; praegenitale present, visible externally. In summary, Abachrysa is the only New World belonopterygine genus having a robust, pale body with bold markings, no wing markings or splayed costal veins, with males having large paired parameres joined in a V-shape, and females having the abdominal tergites mesally divided or very lightly fused and a praegenitale present externally., Published as part of Tauber, Catherine A., 2021, The New World Belonopterygini (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): descriptions of a new genus and species from the West Indies and comparisons among the genera, pp. 509-543 in Zootaxa 4975 (3) on page 533, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4975.3.4, http://zenodo.org/record/4808947, {"references":["Brooks, S. J. & Barnard, P. C. (1990) The green lacewings of the world: a generic review (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History, Entomology, 59, 117 - 286.","Breitkreuz, L. C. V. (2018) Systematics and evolution of the family Chrysopidae (Neuroptera), with an emphasis on their morphology. Ph. D. dissertation, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, xxix + 661 pp."]}

Sosa-Duque, Francisco José, Tauber, Catherine A. (2021): The Neotropical green lacewing genus Ceraeochrysa Adams (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)-new synonymies and combinations, a new species, and an updated key to species. Zootaxa 4970 (1): 1-52, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.1.1

Descriptions of the Immature Stages of Abachrysa eureka (Banks) Egg (Fig. 1) Length 3.0 mm, width 1.1 mm (n = 1); fusiform, with apical pole bearing micropyle; laid singly on an erect, smooth, shiny stalk. Stalk 9.2 mm long (n = 1); sticky, but without fluid droplets. Catanach (2007) provided additional measurements (see Table 1). Catanach (2007) stated that eggs were pale blue-gray if fertile, but light green if infertile. Subsequent work has shown that eggs are light green when laid; if fertile and healthy, they assume a pale bluish-gray color as the embryo becomes visible beneath the chorion. First instar (Figs 2���9) Body. Small, compact, slightly thickened dorsoventrally through mesothorax, metathorax, and anterior abdominal segments, but dorsal surface probably not abruptly elevated; length of shriveled, unfed specimens slightly greater than 1.5 mm. Integument smooth, without microtrichia, bearing four types of setae: (i) moderately long to medium length, stout, slightly denticulate, with acute tip (primary cephalic setae); (ii) long, robust, lightly denticulate to smooth, straight-to-curved basally, curved-to-bent distally, with acute apex (most setae on the lateral and laterodorsal tubercles of the thorax and abdomen; LS, LDS); (iii) very long, slender, smooth, curved submedian setae (SMS) on dorsum of mesothorax, metathorax, and first to sixth abdominal segments; (iv) short to medium length, straight, smooth, with acute tip (some primary setae on the cranium, pronotum, seventh and eighth abdominal segments). The SMS are extremely tapered and thin distally; it is difficult to determine if the tips of these setae are acute or minutely hooked. Cranium (Figs 2���5). Width 0.54���0.55 mm; length ~ 0.46���0.47 mm. Dorsum smooth, well sclerotized; posterior margin quadrate, partially withdrawn into cervix (larva at rest); anterior region beneath base of antenna forming pedicellate extension, capable of receiving retracted base of scape. Six stemmata, all well separated, relatively small. All primary cephalic setae (S1���S12) present, with acute tips (Figs 4, 5). Dorsal setae (S1���S7, S11, S12) with surface slightly denticulate; S11, S12 robust, long, directed anteriorly; S1, S2, S3, S6 medium length, robust, but slightly more slender than S11, S12; S5 relatively small; Vx with three short setae, pore detected on some specimens; anterior region of cranium (anterior to S11) with two pairs of small, smooth, acute setae (possibly S14-cl, S15-cl of V. elegans); anterior tip of clypeus with pair of large, lightly denticulate, acute setae projecting anteriorly (possibly S13-cl of V. elegans). Venter with cardo and stipes narrow, elongate, rectangular; primary setae (S8���S10) smooth, short to medium length; S8 posterior to eye (sometimes near cardo); S9, S10 near each other, medial to eye. Ventral midregion with ~three pairs of setae on or near mentum; base of palpiger with single seta. Cephalic appendages (Figs 4���6). Clypeus large, extending laterally toward base of mandibles; anterior margin extending forward as truncated process. Mandible short, stout, heavily sclerotized, especially at tip and along lateral margin of distal half; 0.35���0.39 mm long; 0.11���0.13 mm wide, at base; with sharply acute tip, ~7���8 acute teeth in saw-like row along inner edge just below apex. Maxilla broad basally, with two short basolateral setae; lateral margin with two acute teeth (spurs) near terminus, basal one small, pointed basally, distal one larger, near terminus, pointed apically; tip rounded, heavily sclerotized, with small patch of microsetae. Labial palp extending to tip of mandible or slightly beyond; second segment broad (~ 0.05 mm wide at widest point; ~ 0.10���0.12 mm long), with three to four annulations; terminal (third) segment rounded, tapering distally, terminus with small, pale, round projection bearing ventral pore and several microsetae apically; maximum width of terminal segment approximately one-half maximum width of second segment. Basal (first) palpal segment with two pairs of long distal setae, one lateral, one mesal; terminal annulation of middle segment with two long setae near apex, one lateral, one mesal. Antenna 0.35���0.38 mm long; scape set within pedicellate cranial extension, heavily sclerotized, rounded, tubular, straight sided, with sharp projection on lateral base; pedicel elongate, tapering, with ~five or six rounded annulations on basal half, with irregular annulations on distal half. Flagellum round in cross section, narrow, tapering to slender, bifurcated terminus; base with lateral spur; spur sheath-like, slender, elongate, wrapped partially around flagellum, extending distally almost to terminus of flagellum, closely pressed against lateral margin of flagellum (often difficult to see); terminus with two elongate (length up to 0.1 mm), very fine terminal setae extending anteriorly, then curving toward each other, with mesal seta usually longer than lateral one. Cephalic coloration (Figs 2, 3, 6). Anterodorsal surface of cranium entirely dark brown, becoming pale near posterior margin (normally concealed within cervical membrane), no specific cephalic markings distinguished; integument around and between stemmata dark brown; pedicellate cranial extension dark brown dorsally, pale ventrally. Venter with cranial margin, sclerites dark brown; intersegmental membrane pale. Antenna with scape, base of pedicel dark brown; pedicel with annulations brown basally, lighter brown distally; flagellum light brown to amber. Mandible and maxilla brown basally, light brown to amber distally. Labial palp with basal segment dark brown; annulations of second segment brown, membrane between annulations pale; distal segment brown basally, becoming lighter brown to amber distally. Thorax (Figs 6, 7). Each segment with pair of broad, thick, palmate, lateral tubercles (LTs); distal margin of each LT with robust chalazae bearing prominent setae (LS); LS long, robust, denticulate, with distal region usually bent at 90�� angle, with tip stout, straight, unhooked; sclerites not distinguished. Prothorax with dorsal surface dark brown, smooth, probably well sclerotized throughout, having sparse setae, no microsetae; each LT with seven to eight LS, anterior LS extending above head well beyond posterior margin of eyes; pronotal setae medium length (not extending beyond segmental margin), smooth, straight, with acute (unhooked) tips, arising from small chalazae: three short setae mesal to each LT, two medium-length setae anteromesal to base of each LT, one pair of shorter setae between them, two pairs of short setae posteriorly. Mesothorax, metathorax with dorsal surface having dense covering of submedian setae (SMS), no microsetae; LTs similar to those on prothorax, each bearing eight to ten long LS; laterodorsal tubercles (LDTs) absent; SMS arranged in two broad bands across surface of each segment; SMS very long, slender, smooth, extending anteriorly from small chalazae. Mesothoracic spiracle very small, oblong, sessile, located near anteromesal base of LT; spiracular seta (SSp) not identified. Leg (Figs 6, 8). Brownish distally, pale basally; setae smooth, with acute tips. Coxa elongate, trochanter triangular, both with few setae; femur with moderately dense setae; tibia with numerous setae, separate from tarsus; tarsus short, with two setae at tip, above claws; tarsal claws slender, deeply cleft; empodia long, with stiff, elongate bristle beneath. Abdomen (Figs 6, 9). First segment (A1) short, narrow, with no spiracle, LT, or LDT; dorsum with transverse band of dense SMS arising from small chalazae. Segments A2���A5 more robust (longer, broader) than A1, each bearing pair of bulbous LTs, round spiracular opening near dorsomesal margin of LT, no laterodorsal tubercles (LDTs). LTs white to cream dorsally, with brown marking on ventrolateral base, visible laterally; each LT with two denticulate LS, no microsetae. Spiracular opening large, round, with well sclerotized ring around margin, with bulbous atrium beneath. Dorsum of each segment with transverse band of dense SMS similar to those on A1. Segments A6���A7 each with LTs, LS, and spiracles similar to those on A2���A5, pair of laterodorsal tubercles (LDTs) near anteromesal margin of LT base. LDTs each bearing two (A6) or three (A7) robust, denticulate, acute, laterodorsal setae (LDS), one long, others short to medium length; segments without microsetae. Dorsal surface of A6 with transverse band of SMS between LTs; posterior section without setae. Dorsum of A7 dark brown, well sclerotized, without elongate, slender SMS as on A1���A6, with shorter, smooth, acute setae as follows: one pair of setae (SSp) associated with spiracles, two pairs of anterior setae between spiracles, two pairs of longer, more robust setae between LTs, single pair of setae near posterior margin. Segment A8 dark brown, well sclerotized dorsally; LT short, bulbous laterally, with robust, denticulate LS���one longer than other; dorsum with two pairs of robust, denticulate setae in midsection between LTs, two pairs of short, smooth, acute setae anterolaterally. Segment A9 tubular, dark brown to black, heavily sclerotized posteriorly; anterior (lighter) section with pair of very small setae; midsection with single pair of long, robust, denticulate setae laterally, pair of white spots (pores) mesal to setae; posterior section with three pairs of long, robust, denticulate setae near posterolateral margin. Segment 10 with large, dark brown to black sclerites; dorsum without setae except for single pair of smooth, acute setae near terminus. Third instar (Figs 10���12) Bod y. Stocky, globose dorsally, flat ventrally; thoracic, abdominal nota wide, extending fully over sides of body, with LTs extending laterally from ventral margins of nota. Integument of thorax and abdomen with dark transverse (possibly sclerotized) bands, separated by pale bands and intersegmental membrane. Four types of setae: (i) smooth, hooked, as described for I. insignis (covering almost entire exposed dorsal surface of body); (ii) stout, short, straight, with acute tip, possibly with rough surface (on upper surface of head, distal margins of trochanters); (iii) stout, with blunt to acute tip, possibly with rough surface, some curved, others with distal one-third to one-fourth bent almost perpendicularly, as described for I. insignis (on distal margins of LTs of T1���T3, A2���A7); (iv) simple, small, straight, with acute tip (at base of LTs on A7; on dorsum of A8, A9; on venter of A3���A7; on femora, tibiae). Cranium. Appearing quadrate, but perhaps not as much as in I. insignis; anterior margin slightly convex; without noticeable markings; dorsal setae dark. Cephalic appendages. Mandibles short, stout, with acute tip. Antenna filiform, tapering, extending beyond end of mandibles; scape located within sclerotized cranial extension, with stout setae on distolateral margin; pedicel annulated; flagellum tapered, apparently with elongate terminal seta(e), as illustrated by Principi (1944) for I. italica (and broken off of Tauber and Winterton���s specimen of I. insignis). Cervix dark, probably well sclerotized, at least laterally. Thorax. Segments broad, dorsoventrally thickened, each with pair of LTs; LTs robust, palmate, rounded distally, with distal margin bearing stiff, robust, bent LS, with dorsal surface bearing sparse, smaller, apparently acute setae; prothorax appearing to have two subsegments, mesothorax with three subsegments, metathorax apparently with one. Legs short, stocky, dark; coxae elongate dorsoventrally, appearing well sclerotized and dark; tarsi particularly short. Abdomen. Segments A1���A6 broad, thick; together with thorax forming large, densely setose, dorsal arch of body; A1 with only one visible subsegment, without LTs, dorsally about as long and wide as metathoracic posterior subsegment, excluding LTs. Segments A2���A6 each with two subsegments dorsally, subsegments merging above LTs; LTs round, spherical distally, with short base, bearing robust, curved, or bent LS distally, smaller, hooked setae dorsally. Segments A7���A10 with subsegmentation not apparent; each segment narrower than, and probably partially retractable within preceding segment; surfaces with sparse, short, acute setae. A7 with LTs about as long as those on A5 or A6, but much narrower, their apices with dense covering of robust, acute LS extending posteriorly; spiracles near anterior margin of segment. A8 with small lateral LTs bearing short, slender, acute setae; spiracles at base of segment. A9, A10 conical (LTs absent), with short slender, acute setae. Biology Little is known about the biology of A. eureka. However, based on our experiences and MacLeod���s notes, we can provide some new information. Egg stage. Five field-collected females laid 57 eggs, 49 (86%) of which hatched. The eggs were laid between September 19 and October 14, 2015 and hatched in 10 to 14 days (under laboratory conditions). Larval development. MacLeod���s rearing started with a female specimen that Joseph Sheldon collected on Boot Key, FL (July 25, 1968) and sent to him at the University of Illinois. The specimen laid nine eggs en route by July 30; two were used for chromosome preparations, and four hatched on August 8 and 9. Three additional eggs were laid during the first week of August. MacLeod���s notes do not indicate a hatching date for either the three remaining eggs that were laid before arrival or the three that were laid after arrival. Presumably, they did not hatch. MacLeod recorded rearing notes for four Abachrysa larvae held in shell vials (25��C, L:D 14:10, 80% relative humidity); all instars fed on the larvae and pupae of the ants that he provided (species not specified), but none ac- cepted aphids, disabled termites, or ether-killed Drosophila. He recorded the following developmental times for the various stages���L1: 15 days (n = 2); L2: 8 and 11 days (n = 2); L3: 28 days (n = 1), mature L3 within cocoon: 10 days (n = 1); pupa within cocoon: 15 days (n = 1, a male that emerged on October 23). One second instar and one third instar were preserved. Unfortunately, the specimens are missing; however, MacLeod made an excellent drawing and took photos of the third instar. Larval behavior. MacLeod���s notes do not mention that the larvae engaged in ���loading behavior���, i.e., the series of movements that debris-carrying chrysopid larvae typically exhibit in order to apply debris to their dorsa. Adult behavior. MacLeod indicated that adults emit a defensive odor similar to that of many species of green lacewings; he referred to it as a ���moderate���, ���usual��� odor (see Blum et al. 1973). Also, his notes include a photo of a pinned adult A. eureka that he examined at the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. This specimen carries a worker ant (Pheidole sp.) firmly attached to a metathoracic leg (Fig. 13), perhaps indicative of an ant association. Seasonal emergence. Based on collection records from numerous museums, Catanach (2007) concluded that A. eureka has two peaks of adult emergence, one in the spring and another in the fall. The second emergence appears to be smaller in the southeastern states than in Texas, where it can be substantial., Published as part of Tauber, Catherine A., Kilpatrick, Shelby Kerrin & Oswald, John D., 2020, Larvae of Abachrysa eureka (Banks) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae: Belonopterygini) descriptions and a discussion of the evolution of myrmecophily in Chrysopidae, pp. 481-507 in Zootaxa 4789 (2) on pages 483-496, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.2.7, http://zenodo.org/record/3990860, {"references":["Catanach, T. A. (2007) Abachrysa eureka (Banks) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): egg, first instar larva and biological notes. Senior Honors Thesis. Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas, 33 pp.","Principi, M. M. (1944 - 46) Contributi allo studio dei Neurotteri Italiani. IV. Nothochrysa italica Rossi. Bollettino dell'Istituto di Entomologia della Universita degli Studi di Bologna, 15, 85 - 102.","Blum, M. S., Wallace, J. D. & Fales, H. M. (1973) Skatole and tricedene: identification and possible role in a chrysopid secretion. Insect Biochemistry [later: and Molecular Biology] 3, 353 - 357. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0020 - 1790 (73) 90068 - 1"]}