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The authors develop a model to predict worldwide container movements including both maritime and land shipping network from the viewpoint of cargo owners, given the liner shipping network provided by shipping companies and the level of service in each port. The network assignment methodology is applied to both an intermodal shipping network and maritime shipping sub-network, by which the solution can be obtained in a huge, real-scale network including more than 150 worlds’ container ports as well as some hinterland network of the world. The developed model is applied to the Central American region, where the international maritime containers are often transported across national borders by land. It is confirmed that the model output agrees with the actual container movement in terms of the container cargo throughput for each port, land container flow, and maritime flow by shipping company in Central America. Also, the model sensitivity to key parameters included in the model is confirmed reasonable. Finally, it is also confirmed that the model can predict the volume of containers handled in the port of La Union, where no liner service had previously called and a new liner service calls.

Roll-on/Roll-off (RO/RO) shipping is unique in providing seamless services of carrying passengers, vehicles, general cargoes on trucks, and containers on chassis without time-consuming lift-on/lift-off operations. RO/RO shipping services are widely used across the world for various routes between islands and/or on by-pass routes avoiding detour transport, taking functional advantage into account. Accordingly, RO/RO shipping services between islands may provide seamless connectivity, especially for the Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Philippines-East Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Growth Area and the Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand-Growth Triangle sub-regions. Experience with RO/RO shipping in Northeast Asia and Europe, mostly in Japan and the United Kingdom, is summarized to identify the business conditions conducive to establishing cross-border RO/RO shipping services, particularly physical conditions and traffic demand. RO/RO shipping in ASEAN may play a complementary role in container shipping by providing fast and seamless unitized cargo services on selected feeder routes.

A series of model experiments were conducted for cylinder caisson breakwaters wi th openings intermittently along the center line of breakwaters. This type breakwater is economical, able to exchange seawater between bay and ocean and suitable for rapid construction. The wave forces on t he breakwater are investigated as well as the hydraulic characteristics. The wave reflection and transmission coefficients are both around 50% when the opening ratio is 10-15%. The wave forces of this t ype breakwater reduced to 70-80% compared with that of conventional breakwater.

Wakayama Prefecture, located in the southwestern part of Kii Peninsula of Japan Proper, is backed by the Kyoto-Osaka-Kobe District. Kown from the ancient times by the name of Kinokuni (Province of Kii), the prefecture is occupied for the most part by mountains and has a limited plain land area, but flatland predominates in the Kinokawa River basin. In the central part of Wakayama-Shimotsu Port situated at the mouth of the river lies Wakanoura Bay opened westward and stretching about 4.5 km north to south and east to west, respectively. The bay is blessed with good natural coasts and beaches presenting varied picturesque scenery. The well-developed coasts provide fishery ports, man-made beaches, tourist inns, sea side promenades and other amenities for the tourist public. The bay and its surrounding area, which used to be a favorite locality for poets of the Nara and Heian eras, abounds in spots of histrical and cultural interest. And in the area, one can find traditional Japanese industries, such as lacquerware and umbrellas, and a variety of marine sports or recreational activities. Thus the area is full of tourist attractions and offers great possibilities as a marine resort. The Wakayama Prefecutral Government's Long-range Development Plan designates development of Wakanoura bay as marine recreation resort. The plan expects that the value of the environment and resources of the bay area will be further enhanced as a result of the inauguration of the Kansai International Airport, scheduled for opening in 1993, and will assist development of the Wakanoura Bay area to cope with the growing needs for cultural and human communication and meet the requirements of the resort age. Against this background, the Wakayama Marina City project has been planned for the Wakanoura Bay area to create an international urban resort complex.