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Born on 1 December 1922 in the small Ukrainian town of Zvenigorodka, Cherkasy region; died on 11 Juni 2002 in Saint Petersburg. In 1947, M.S. Kushakovky graduated from the Military Medical Academy with merits, and his name was among the first to be put on Academy's marble plaque of honor after the war. At the beginning of 1951, M.S. Kushakovky defended his PhD. thesis on the topic Hemodynamic disorders and the condition of the precapillary bed in advanced stages of hypertension (on the issue of adaptive mechanisms). In September 1960 he received the academic title of Associate Professor. At the department, he was in charge of the clinical department, conducted practical classes with students of the 3rd and 6th years of the Military Medical Academy, lectured for military doctors of advanced courses on various sections of internal diseases, functional diagnostics of diseases of the heart and blood vessels. In 1965, the doctoral dissertation was successfully defended. In total, he published 17 monographs (including reprints) and more than 220 articles. Max Solomonovich was a member of the editorial boards of the journals Arterial Hypertension and Bulletin of Arrhythmology. For a long time, Max Solomonovich was a board member of the therapeutic and cardiological societies of Leningrad and St. Petersburg. Prof. M.S. Kushakovsky was a scientific advisor for 30 PhD students. In 2001, he was awarded the title of "Honorary Doctor" of the St. Petersburg Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, as well as the title of "Honorary Cardiologist of Russia". In 2003, the Department of Cardiology of St. Petersburg Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education was named after him. Since 2011, after the merger of St. Petersburg Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education and Leningrad Sanitary and Hygienic Medical Institute, the combined Department of Hospital Therapy and Cardiology has born his name.

The polarimetric techniques are used in various biomedical applications for a non-contact and fast diagnosis of tissue that is known as optical biopsy approach. These optical modalities provide relevant information on micro-architecture of biological tissue and its alterations induced by different diseases, thus, helping in staging and precise delineation of the pathology zones. In this review, we summarize the work of different research groups on using polarized light for brain tissue studies. This includes the investigations of polarimetric properties of brain tissue (both scattering and optical anisotropy) for brain connectome reconstruction, the visualization of in-plane brain fiber tracts for brain tumor contrast enhancement during neurosurgery, and the histopathology analysis for disease staging in Alzheimer’s subjects. We discuss also further perspectives for the pre-clinical studies of brain with polarized light.

The article analyzed the Church Slavonic vocabulary, which formed 27 lexical and semantic groups of church Slavonic nouns and substantive adjectives. The largest in volume (450 units) is a group to refer to the names of abstract concepts, different states, actions, properties, as well as various fields of activity, scientific terms, students, currents, in particular religious, which indicates the great influence of the Church Slavonic language on the Ukrainian language in this area. Smaller groups are groups designating persons by type of activity, social status, character or behavior (286), the names of saints, clergy, other spiritual and religious-church persons, as well as the names of church positions, titles, sleighs and ranks of the clergy (165), the names of buildings, in particular church, parts of the temple and objects of religious and ecclesiastical use (73) and others. The relevance of work pours out of the need for a comprehensive analysis of Church Slavonic as an organic member of the modern Ukrainian language that requires a special study – fuller presentation, clarification, specifying or reassessment of previously known phenomena and facts. The paper covers the question of the place and status of Church Slavonic the lexical system of the modern Ukrainian language, and this aspect of the study, closely related to the problem of interaction between church Slavonic and Ukrainian elements in the Ukrainian language of the new time, still remains debatable. The following scientific methods were used in the study: descriptive, statistical. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that for the first time in Ukrainian linguistics a comprehensive lexical and semantic analysis of Church Slavonic in the modern Ukrainian language was carried out, which makes it possible to determine the place of Church Slavonic vocabulary in the system of modern Ukrainian language and the influence of the Church Slavonic language on the Ukrainian language. The results of the work show that discussions on the emergence of Church Slavonic in the Ukrainian language continue among industry experts and linguists.

Introduction: the lex validatis doctrine, based on the preferability of maintaining the validity of a contract, has been well-established in the jurisprudence of common law countries; instead of being justified by the concept of hypothetical will, it is now functioning in the field of the objective test of the closest connection. Thus, it is essential to fill the gap existing in the domestic science of private international law concerning the understanding of the ways of effective use of this doctrine in the mechanism of conflict-of-laws regulation in the Russian Federation. Purpose and objectives: the study aims to shape the understanding of the prospects and suggest ways of using the lex validatis doctrine within the framework of the principle of the closest connection in private international law of the Russian Federation. Methods: the methods used include a historical-legal method, which allows tracing the formation and prospects for the development of the lex validatis doctrine; a comparative legal method, which allows comparing developments in the field under study in common law countries and the Russian Federation; a systematic approach, which makes it possible to propose a coordinated system of ways of implementing the lex validatis doctrine in private international law of the Russian Federation. Results: we suggest using the lex validatis doctrine as one of the most important substantive legal factors for maintaining the substantive validity of a contract under the closest connection principle, which can perform various functions: as a general reserve connecting factor (Item 2 of Article 1186 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation), as a special connecting factor (Item 10 of Article 1211 and Item 1 of Article 1213 of the Civil Code), and as a corrective clause (Item 9 of Article 1211 of the Civil Code). Conclusion: despite the fact that the lex validatis doctrine is not directly enshrined in regulations, it can be implemented in private international law of the Russian Federation. It can be applied as a substantive legal factor complementing the evaluation of territorial ties when determining the law that is most closely related to the relationship (first of all, within the meaning of Item 2 of Article 1186 and Item 9 of Article 1211 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation).

The paper aims to develop a method for the single-stage purification of mundticin KS and to study its physicochemical and antimicrobial properties. Mundticin produced by strain Enterococcus mundtii B-8398 and belonging to class IIa bacteriocins was obtained by adding 10% of the CM Sephadex C-25 sorbent to the culture medium before cultivation. At the end of cultivation, the sorbent was collected and packed into a column followed by a one-step elution. As a result, a fraction containing mundticin KS was obtained with a purification quality of about 70%. The activity of mundticin KS remained stable over a wide range of pH and temperatures. It is completely inactivated by such enzymes as proteinase K and α-chymotrypsin and partially by trypsin; however, such enzymes as amylase, lipase, and papain do not have any effect on its activity. Mass spectral analysis, electrophoresis, and DNA sequencing showed the high range similarity of mundticin KS produced by strains E. mundtii B-8398 to other previously studied mundticins. The antibacterial activity of mundticin KS was recorded ageist all tested strains of Listeria spp., Enterococcus spp., and Clostridium perfringens in nanomolar concentrations. In addition, mundticin KS inhibits the growth of most tested Gram-positive food-borne pathogens. By the sorbent cultivation method, it was possible to increase the yield of mundticin KS by 2,9 times compared to the control.

The fine line is explored between the application of the closest connection principle as a general gap-filling conflict of laws rule and the solution the related issue based on conflict of laws rules contained in the customs recognized in the Russian Federation. In the absence of a custom, unambiguously recognized in accordance with paragraph 1 of Art. 1186 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the author offers to refer to the closest connection principle in accordance with paragraph 2 of the same article. This proposal is justified by the complexity of the formation of a conflict of laws rule in the form of a custom, since it is not actually implemented in regulatory legal relations. The author reveals a vicious circle in which, in strict accordance with paragraph 1 of Art. 1186 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the condition for the application of a conflict of laws rule in the form of custom is its recognition in the Russian Federation, which it cannot receive in the absence of application. At the same time, when determining the closest connection, special attention is given to the admissibility of reliance on territorial ties recognized in international documents (recommendatory acts and international treaties not ratified by the Russian Federation, including those that have not entered into force), if they correspond to the specifics of a particular relationship.

Inverse problem of Mueller polarimetry is defined as a determination of geometrical features of the metrological structures (i.e. 1D diffraction gratings) from its experimental Mueller polarimetric signature. This nonlinear problem was considered as an optimization problem in a multi-parametric space using the least square criterion and the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm. We demonstrated that solving optimization problem with the experimental Mueller matrix spectra taken in conical diffraction configuration helps finding a global minimum and results in smaller variance values of reconstructed dimensions of the grating profile.

The article analyses the Church Slavonic vocabulary, which in the Ukrainian language, according to etymological dictionaries, were gone in different ways: 1) directly from the Church Slavonic language or through the literary language of the period of Kievan Rus; 2) from the Church Slavonic language through other languages: Russian, Czech or Slovak; 3) from the Church Slavonic language by the method of tracing; 4) from other languages through Church Slavonic mediation: from Ancient Greek, from Middle Greek, from Modern Greek, from Latin, from Turkic, from Hebrew, from German. The relevance of the article is determined by the need of a comprehensive analysis of Church Slavonic, which is an organic component of the Ukrainian language. The urgency of this issue in modern Ukrainian linguistics is due not only to its insufficient coverage and a certain fragmentation of the results, but also to the fact that in addition to linguistic and historical and cultural aspects, it has a certain rehabilitation orientation. The following scientific methods were used in the study: descriptive, comparative, statistical. The scientific novelty of the work is that for the first time the linguistic and extralinguistic factors of the appearance of Church Slavonic borrowings in the modern Ukrainian language, the main ways of entry of Church Slavonic into the Ukrainian language are systematically described. The results of the work show that discussions on the emergence of Church Slavonic in the Ukrainian language continue among industry experts and linguists.

Ongoing climate change can shift organism phenology in ways that vary depending on species, habitats and climate factors studied. To probe for large-scale patterns in associated phenological change, we use 70,709 observations from six decades of systematic monitoring across the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Among 110 phenological events related to plants, birds, insects, amphibians and fungi, we find a mosaic of change, defying simple predictions of earlier springs, later autumns and stronger changes at higher latitudes and elevations. Site mean temperature emerged as a strong predictor of local phenology, but the magnitude and direction of change varied with trophic level and the relative timing of an event. Beyond temperature-associated variation, we uncover high variation among both sites and years, with some sites being characterized by disproportionately long seasons and others by short ones. Our findings emphasize concerns regarding ecosystem integrity and highlight the difficulty of predicting climate change outcomes., The work was financially supported by the Academy of Finland, grants 250243 (O.O.), 284601 (O.O.), 309581 (O.O.); the European Research Council, ERC Starting Grant 205905 (O.O.) and Synergy Grant 856506 – LIFEPLAN (to O.O. and T.R.); Nordic Environment Finance Corporation Grant (O.O.); Jane and Aatos Erkko Foundation Grant (O.O., T.R., M.H., L.A.); University of Helsinki HiLIFE Fellow Grant 2017–2020 (O.O.); and the Research Council of Norway through its Centres of Excellence Funding Scheme (223257) to O.O. via Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics; the Kone Foundation 44-6977 (M.D.) and 55-14839 (G.T.); a Spanish Ramon y Cajal grant RYC-2014-16263 (M.D.); the Federal Budget for the Forest Research Institute of Karelian Research Centre Russian Academy of Sciences 220-2017-0003, 0220-2017-0005 (L.V., S.S. and J.K.); the Russian Foundation for Basic Research Grant 16-08-00510 (L.K.), and the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation 0017-2019-0009 (Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics, Russian Academy of Sciences) (N.I., M. Shashkov).

In the light of Coronavirus disease pandemic, the question of state responsibility in global health has become actual as never before. Rarely mentioned in the scientific literature, but at the same time, an important problem is the lack of an appropriate dispute settlement body which is competent to consider cases of violation of the World Health Organization’s instructions. The goal of the article is to research different bodies which are potentially competent to resolve disputes regarding violations in the scope of healthcare and to determine the most appropriate one in the light of responsibility of states over the COVID-19 pandemic. The paper analyzes the possibility of resolving a dispute regarding the new pandemic in the International Court of Justice, through arbitration, through negotiations, within an advisory body, and through the World Health Assembly. The article also considers the prospects of other organs of the World Health Organization to perform judicial functions. The paper relies on the analysis of treaty regulations regarding functioning of presented bodies, as well as on enforcement practice of these bodies. Additionally, the authors take into account an attitude of members of the World Health Organization to named bodies. The article shows the advantages and disadvantages of each dispute settlement mechanism. It also develops ways of reforming named bodies to expand their competence to hold states responsible for violations during outbreaks of infectious diseases. The paper concludes that the only body, which is currently able to assign the responsibility of states, is the main organ of the World Health Organization – the World Health Assembly. The absence of an effective way of holding states responsible for violations leads to systematic breaches of their obligations. Today responses of the World Health Organization have become a subject of significant criticism. Furthermore, the World Health Organization’s authority in the international community has been greatly shaken. Thus, effective dispute settlement in the field can solve the burning issue of seeking fairness within violations in the area of global health and also improve the effectiveness of the World Health Organization as a whole.

European Research Council (ERC) Starting Grant 205905 (to O.O.) and Synergy Grant 856506—LIFEPLAN (to O.O. and T.R.); Spanish Ramón y Cajal Grant RYC-2014-16263 (to M.M.D.) (...), Delgado, M.D.M., Roslin, T., Tikhonov, G., Meyke, E., Lo, C., Gurarie, E., Abadonova, M., Abduraimov, O., Adrianova, O., Akimova, T., Akkiev, M., Ananin, A., Andreeva, E., Andriychuk, N., Antipin, M., Arzamascev, K., Babina, S., Babushkin, M., Bakin, O., Barabancova, A., Basilskaja, I., Belova, N., Belyaeva, N., Bespalova, T., Bisikalova, E., Bobretsovz, A., Bobrov, V., Bobrovskyi, V., Bochkareva, E., Bogdanov, G., Bolshakov, V., Bondarchuk, S., Bukharova, E., Butunina, A., Buyvolov, Y., Buyvolova, A., Bykov, Y., Chakhireva, E., Chashchina, O., Cherenkova, N., Chistjakov, S., Chuhontseva, S., Davydov, E.A., Demchenko, V., Diadicheva, E., Dobrolyubov, A., Dostoyevskaya, L., Drovnina, S., Drozdova, Z., Dubanaev, A., Dubrovsky, Y., Elsukov, S., Epova, L., Ermakova, O.S., Ermakova, O., Esengeldenova, A., Evstigneev, O., Fedchenko, I., Fedotova, V., Filatova, T., Gashev, S., Gavrilov, A., Gaydys, I., Golovcov, D., Goncharova, N., Gorbunova, E., Gordeeva, T., Grishchenko, V., Gromyko, L., Hohryakov, V., Hritankov, A., Ignatenko, E., Igosheva, S., Ivanova, U., Ivanova, N., Kalinkin, Y., Kaygorodova, E., Kazansky, F., Kiseleva, D., Knorrem, A., Kolpashikov, L., Korobov, E., Korolyova, H., Korotkikh, N., Kosenkov, G., Kossenko, S., Kotlugalyamova, E., Kozlovsky, E., Kozsheechkin, V., Kozurak, A., Kozyr, I., Krasnopevtseva, A., Krugliko, S., Kuberskaya, O., Kudryavtsev, A., Kulebyakina, E., Kulsha, Y., Kupriyanova, M., Kurbanbagamaev, M., Kutenkov, A., Kutenkova, N., Kuyantseva, N., Kuznetsov, A., Larin, E., Lebedev, P., Litvinov, K., Luzhkova, N., Mahmudov, A., Makovkina, L., Mamontov, V., Mayorova, S., Megalinskaja, I., Meydus, A., Minin, A., Mitrofanov, O., Motruk, M., Myslenkov, A., Nasonova, N., Nemtseva, N., Nesterova, I., Nezdoliy, T., Niroda, T., Novikova, T., Panicheva, D., Pavlov, A., Pavlova, K., Van, P., Podolski, S., Polikarpova, N., Tatiana Polyanskaya81, Pospelov, I., Pospelova, E., Prokhorov, I., Prokosheva, I., Puchnina, L., Putrashyk, I., Raiskaya, J., Rozhkov, Y., Rozhkova, O., Rudenko, M., Rybnikova, I., Rykova, S., Sahnevich, M., Samoylov, A., Sank, V., Sapelnikova, I., Sazonov, S., Selyunina, Z., Shalaeva, K., Shashkov, M., Shcherbakov, A., Shevchyk, V., Shubin, S., Shujskaja, E., Sibgatullin, R., Sikkilah, N., Sitnikova, E., Sivkov, A., Skok, N., Skorokhodova, S., Smirnova, E., Sokolova, G., Sopin, V., Spasovski, Y., Stepanov, S., Stratiy, V., Strekalovskaya, V., Sukhov, A., Suleymanova, G., Sultangareeva, L., Teleganova, V., Teplov, V., Teplova, V., Tertitsa, T., Timoshkin, V., Tirski, D., Tolmachev, A., Tomilin, A., Tselishcheva, L., Turgunov, M., Tyukh, Y., Van, V., Ershkova, E., Vasin, A., Vasina, A., Vekliuk, A., Vetchinnikova, L., Vinogradov, V., Volodchenko, N., Voloshina, I., Xoliqov, T., Yablonovska-Grishchenko, E., Yakovlev, V., Yakovleva, M., Yantser, O., Yarema, Y., Zahvatov, A., Zakharov, V., Zelenetskiy, N., Zheltukhin, A., Zubina, T., Kurhinen, J., Ovaskainen, O.

We present the results of the automated post-processing of Mueller microscopy images of skin tissue models with a new fast version of the algorithm of density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (FastDBSCAN) and discuss the advantages of its implementation for digital histology of tissue. We demonstrate that using the FastDBSCAN algorithm, one can produce the diagnostic segmentation of high resolution images of tissue by several orders of magnitude faster and with high accuracy ( > 97 % ) compared to the original version of the algorithm.