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Background. An increased prevalence of Parkinson’s disease (PD) disease has been previously reported in subjects with Fabry disease (FD) carrying alpha-galactosidase (GLA) mutations and their first-line relatives. Moreover, decreased alpha-galactosidase A (AGLA) enzymatic activity has been reported among cases with PD compared to controls. Objective. The aim of our study was to determine the prevalence of FD among patients with PD. Methods. We recruited 236 consecutive patients with PD from February 2018 to December 2020. Clinical and sociodemographic data, including the MDS-UPDRS-III scores and HY stage (the Hoehn and Yahr scale), were collected, and in-depth phenotyping was performed in subjects with identified GLA variants. A multistep approach, including standard determination of AGLA activity and LysoGb3 in males, and next-generation based GLA sequencing in all females and males with abnormal AGLA levels was performed in a routine diagnostic setting. Results. The mean age of our patients was 68.9 ± 8.9 years, 130 were men (55.1%), and the mean disease duration was 7.77 ± 5.35 years. Among 130 men, AGLA levels were low in 20 patients (15%), and subsequent Lyso-Gb3 testing showed values within the reference range for all tested subjects. In 126 subsequently genetically tested patients, four heterozygous p.(Asp313Tyr) GLA variants (3.2%, MAF 0.016) were identified; all were females. None of the 4 GLA variant carriers identified had any clinical manifestation suggestive of FD. Conclusions. The results of this study suggest a possible relationship between FD and PD in a small proportion of cases. Nevertheless, the GLA variant found in our cohort is classified as a variant of unknown significance. Therefore, its pathogenic causative role in the context of PD needs further elucidation, and these findings should be interpreted with caution.

The main topic of the contribution was comparison between retrospective attachment (emocional warmth and rejection) and aggressive manifestations (physical aggressivness, verbal aggressivness, anger and hostility) among younger adulthood. Bowlby's theory of attachment was that once a core attachment style develops in an infant, it will influence and shape the nature of all intimate relations for the individual moving forward throughout the infant's life cycle. Authors Mikulincer and Shaver (2011) explain how these primary attachment experiences would affect future emotional, cognitive and behavioral processes. Secure adolescents, in comparison to insecure ones are perceived as being less aggressive. Research has pointed out that secure parental attachment promotes adaptive psychological functioning. The direct relationship between attachment security and aggressive/delinquent behaviour is in line with prior evidence that secure adolescents rate higher in terms of emotional and social adjustment, enjoy more positive relationships with their family and peers, and are less likely to engage in externalizing problems, such as antisocial and aggressive behaviours. On the other hand, insecure attachment is connected with aggressive and externalizing behaviour. Hypotheses were formulated on the base of theoretical background and our assumption was, that younger adults with emocional warmth attachment will have lower level of aggressive manifestations (physical aggression, verbal aggression, anger and hostility) than younger adults with rejectional attachment. We used two standardized questionnaires for data collection, s.E.M.B.U. Questionnaire, which measured retrospective attachment (emocional warmth and rejection) and Questionnaire of Aggressivness, which measured aggressive manifestations. We used statistical analysis and we found statistically significant differencies, which are preliminary findings from broader research, between emocional warmth attachment and rejectional attachment in physical aggressivness with F = 13,53 , anger with F = 11,23 and hostility with F = 24,96 and in all cases was statistical significance p ≤ 0,05. We did not find significant differencies between emocional warmth attachment and rejectional attachment in verbal aggressivness with p = 0,13 a F = 2,12. Hypotheses were confirmed and it is possible to agree with previous researches, that secure attachment or emocionally warmth attchment is associated with appropriately and insecure attachment or rejectional attachment is associated with aggressive behaviour.