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Ikan Ringau (Datnioides microlepis) merupakan ikan asli Indonesia yang dapat ditemukan di pulau Kalimantan dan Sumatera. Ikan ini memiliki nilai ekonomi yang cukup tinggi. Tingginya permintaan ikan ini dan pemenuhannya hanya dapat mengandalkan dari hasil tangkapan alam. Hal ini berpotensi meningkatkan status kerentanannya. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan informasi mengenai keragaman genetik ikan Ringau antar populasi Kalimantan Barat dan Sumatera Selatan. Salah satu metode yang dapat dilakukan untuk melakukan penilaian variasi genetik antar populasi adalah dengan menggunakan Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Metode ini dilakukan untuk mendapatkan informasi dasar dalam pengembangan kegiatan pengelolaan ikan Ringau secara berkelanjutan. Primer yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah OPZ 13, OPC 2, OPB 7, OPZ 5, dan OPH 12. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai heterozigositas populasi Kalimantan Barat dan Sumatera Selatan adalah 0,2567 dan 0,2817. Sedangkan derajat polimorfisme adalah 66,67% dan 75%. Hasil uji perbandingan berpasangan Fst menunjukkan bahwa keragaman genetic antar populasi Kalimantan Barat dan Sumatera Selatan tidak berbeda nyata (p>0,05) dengan nilai jarak genetik yaitu 0,1248. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah Keragaman genetic Ikan Ringau (D. microlepis.) yang ditemukan pada populasi Kalimantan Barat dan Sumatera Selatan berdasarkan prosentase polimorfisme dan nilai heterozigositas termasuk dalam keragaman yang relative sedang. Berdasarkan jarak genetic dan uji perbandingan Fst Ikan Ringau (D. microlepis.) yang ditemukan pada populasi Kalimantan Barat dan Sumatera Selatan berasal dari satu nenek moyang yang sama dan tidak ada perbedaan yang nyata antar populasi. Informasi ini bermanfaat untuk pengembangan konservasi eksitu dan pemuliaan ikan pada penelitian selanjutnya

The North Coast of Jakarta is a strategic area to support the economy of the DKI Jakarta Province and as a place to live for organisms, one of which is phytoplankton. Phytoplankton is a primary producer in aquatic ecosystems that have an essential role in maintaining aquatic ecosystems and as an indicator of water quality. This study aims to determine the quality of seawater (turbidity, TSS, BOD, Phosphate, and Nitrate) and the diversity of species (H') of phytoplankton in the waters of the North Coast of Jakarta around the reclamation islands C and D from 2006 to 2021. Types of data used in this study is secondary data from Environmental Impact Analysis (ANDAL) documents and reports on the implementation of the Environmental Management Plan and Environmental Monitoring Plan for Reclamation and Development on Islands C and D. Concentrations of turbidity, TSS, BOD, phosphate, and nitrate in coastal waters North of Jakarta around the reclamation islands C and D are fluctuation and several sampling times exceed the quality standard. The species diversity index (H') of phytoplankton in the coastal waters of North Jakarta around the reclamation islands C and D is dominantly included in the criteria for community stability in stable conditions (H 3). Based on the partial correlation test, phosphate with the diversity of phytoplankton species in the waters of the North Coast of Jakarta around reclamation island C and D had a significant relationship (P 0.05).

The higher anthropogenic activities in the Thousand Islands National Park, especially in residential islands, will affect seagrass ecosystems and the biota in it, one of which is macrozoobenthos Macrozoobenthos can be used for public consumption and as a bioindicator of water quality. Research in several locations that represent the conditions on the island needs to be carried out to determine the state of the seagrass ecosystem and the presence of macrozoobenthos around the residential islands. Choosing the representative location for each island is used a purposive sampling technique. With this research, it is hoped that it can provide information input to interested parties in the Thousand Islands National Park area, especially in managing resource conservation and public outreach. The study results show that seagrass density is in moderate to dense conditions, as for the quality of the waters in a mild and good conditions. The statistical test results show a positive correlation between seagrass density and macrozoobenthos abundance. For this reason, it is necessary to increase awareness efforts for the community and interested parties in the Thousand Islands to be more concerned and maintain the existence of the remaining seagrass ecosystems., Kegiatan antropogenik di Taman Nasional Kepulauan Seribu khususnya di pulau-pulau pemukiman akan berpengaruh terhadap keberadaan ekosistem lamun dan biota yang ada di dalamnya, salah satunya adalah makrozoobenthos. Selain dapat dimanfaatkan untuk konsumsi masyarakat, makrozoobenthos dapat dijadikan sebagai bioindikator kualitas perairan.Identifikasi kondisi aktual ekosistem lamun dan keberadaan makrozoobenthos di sekitar pulaupulau pemukiman tersebut dapat dijadikan sebagai masukan dalam rehabilitasi lingkungan. Oleh karena itu, dalam penelitian ini dilakukan identifikasi kualitas perairan pada ekosistem lamun di semua pulau pemukiman dengan pendekatan biomassa makrozoobenthos. Metode yang digunakan dalam penentuan titk lokasi adalah purposive sampling. Sedangkan untuk Metode transek pengambilan data yang digunakan adalah adaptasi dari seagrass watch protocol dan manual monitoring padang lamun Coremap-CTI. Dari hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa kerapatan lamun dalam kondisi sedang sampai dengan rapat. Sedangkan untuk kualitas perairannya dalam kondisi baik dan sedang (tekanan ekologi ringan). Dari hasil uji statistik menunjukkan adanya korelasi yang positif antara kerapatan lamun dengan kelimpahan makrozoobenthos. Penelitian ini dapat berkontribusi dalam kajian kualitas perairan menggunakan metode kurva biomassa dan kelimpahan makrozoobenthos yang belum banyak dilakukan di wilayah Kepulauan Seribu. Tindak lanjut dari penelitian ini adalah upaya peningkatan kesadaran masyarakat serta para pihak yang berkepentingan di Kepualuan Seribu untuk lebih peduli dan mempertahankan keberadaan ekosistem lamun.

Understanding of animal responses to dynamic resource landscapes is based largely on research on temperate species with small body sizes and fast life histories. We studied a large, tropical mammal with an extremely slow life history, the Western Bornean orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii), across a heterogeneous natural landscape encompassing seven distinct forest types. Our goals were to characterize fluctuations in abundance, test hypotheses regarding the relationship between dispersion dynamics and resource availability, and evaluate how movement patterns are influenced by abiotic conditions. We surveyed abundance in Gunung Palung National Park, West Kalimantan, Indonesia, for 99 consecutive months and simultaneously recorded weather data and assessed fruit availability. We developed a Bayesian hierarchical distance sampling model to estimate population dispersion and assess the roles of fruit availability, rainfall, and temperature in driving movement patterns across this heterogeneous landscape. Orangutan abundance varied dramatically over space and time. Each forest type was important in sustaining more than 40% of the total orangutans on site during at least one month, as animals moved to track asynchronies in fruiting phenology. We conclude that landscape-level movements buffer orangutans against fruit scarcity, peat swamps are crucial fallback habitats, and orangutans’ use of high elevation forests is strongly dependent on abiotic conditions. Our results show that orangutans can periodically occupy putative-sink habitats and be virtually absent for extended periods from habitats that are vitally important in sustaining their population, highlighting the need for long-term studies and potential risks in interpreting occurrence or abundance measures as indicators of habitat importance.

Marine waters surrounding Child-friendly Integrated Public Spaces (RPTRA) at Tanjung Elang still has the potential for highly productive coral reef resources, thus enabling the development of ecological-based tourism, education and conservation. Despite the potential, the coral reefs in the surrounding of RPTRA Tanjung Elang has suffered damage caused by anthropogenic activities and natural factors. The aim of this research is to assess the initial condition of coral reef at the location of marine park areal and coral reef education center plan, RPTRA Tanjung Elang Waters, Pramuka Island, Seribu Islands National Park, DKI Jakarta, Indonesia. This research used Underwater Photo Transect/UPT method were analyzed using CPCe 4.1. software (Coral Point Count with Excel extension). The results of physico-chemical parameters measurements showed that water quality in RPTRA Tanjung Elang Waters Pramuka Island, is still within tolerance limits for coral life. The percentage of live coral cover was in a bad category with a low value (5.35%). The most dominant form of coral growth was submassive (CS) with a percentage value 54.46%. Composition of hard coral genusis consists of 3 family, 5 genus, and 100 species.The most dominant of Porites was with submassive and massive growth form. The index value of diversity shows a low category (0.56). The dominance index value showed a medium category (0.75). Uniformity and mortality index value showed a low category (0.35 and 0.43).

Vertebrate predation and consumption by wild Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus spp.) is rare. In contrast to recorded observations of slow loris consumption by Sumatran orangutans (Pongo abelii), no cases of this have been previously published for Bornean orangutans in the wild. In 2017, we observed the capture and consumption of a slow loris (Nycticebus borneanus) by an adult unflanged male Bornean orangutan at Tuanan Orangutan Research Station, which is located in the Kapuas region of Central Kalimantan. The unflanged male was together with an adult female and her 3.5-year-old offspring throughout the event. However, despite the mother and her offspring watching the male closely and occasionally begging while he consumed the loris, he resisted all food-taking attempts. This study reports, to the best of our knowledge, the first documented case of slow loris predation and consumption by a Bornean orangutan, and thus provides an important data point for understanding primate predation on other primate species.

Funder: AZA Ape TAG Initiative, Funder: Department of Afroamerican and African Studies, University of Michigan; Id: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100005543, Funder: Disney Conservation Fund; Id: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100012168, Funder: Idea Wild; Id: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100007142, Funder: Leakey Foundation; Id: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100005966, Funder: Mohamed bin Zayed Species Conservation Fund; Id: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100011672, Funder: Victoria University of Wellington; Id: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001538, Haemadipsid leeches are ubiquitous inhabitants of tropical and sub‐tropical forests in the Indo‐Pacific region. They are increasingly used as indicator taxa for biomonitoring, yet very little is known about their basic ecology. For example, to date no study has assessed the occurrence and distribution of haemadipsid leeches across naturally occurring gradients within intact habitats. We analyzed a long‐term data set (2012–2020) on the closely related tiger (Haemadipsa picta) and brown (Haemadipsa spp.) leech species to investigate if and how abiotic and biotic factors influence their occurrence across a gradient of forest types at an undisturbed tropical rainforest site in Indonesian Borneo. We compared a series of negative binomial mixed models and found that, of the abiotic factors, soil moisture had the largest positive effect on encounter rates of both leech species. Among biotic factors, forest type had differential effects on counts of the two species: while tiger leech counts were greater in low elevation forest types, brown leech counts were greater in high elevation forest types. Additionally, we found that the presence of one species had a positive effect on the presence of the other species. Finally, our results show that the tiger leech has a narrower distribution, being restricted to lower elevation forest types with higher water retention, suggesting that the tiger leech could be more sensitive to lower soil moisture levels. Abstract in Indonesian is available with online material.

Ikhwani, Saribanon N, Setia TM, Yuniarti E, Jumakir. 2021. Nitrogen-fixation and phosphate-solubilization bacteria isolated from alluvial and latosol soil paddy field. Biodiversitas 22: 4722-4730. This study aims to isolate, select and identify molecular characterization of bacteria from alluvial and latosol soil paddy field. This study has been conducted from February-June 2020 in the Soil Biology Laboratory, ICALRRD, Bogor. Alluvial and latosol soil samples were selected from Pusakanagara and Muara experimental gardens, Muara district. The result showed that bacteria growth in N-free media was higher from latosol soil as compared to alluvial soil. The higher nitrogenase activity isolates, could form ethylene gas concentration 1.1.E + 09 µmol/mL/hours, 1.7.E + 09 µmol/mL/hours and 1.3.E + 09 µmol/mL/hours from alluvial 6, latosol 4, and latosol 9. Three isolates have great PSB performances, i.e. isolates No. 4.2, 2.1 and 2 could dissolve 14.398 mg l-1, 12.648 mg l-1 and 12.145 mg l-1 of phosphate, from latosol soil. The highest N-fixing and solubilization capacity identified by molecular characterization i.e latosol 4, 4.2 and alluvial 7.1, alluvial-1.11. The phylogeny analyzed the presence of bacterial isolates in two distinct groups. Latosol 3.1 and latosol 4.2 isolates clustered in the same as the genus Lysinibacillus bacteria. The Alluvial 7.1 bacterial isolate showed similarities by Fictibacillus sp. and alluvial 1.2 isolate showed similarities by the genus Bacillus sp.

Yuriyah S, Darnaedi D, Setia TM, Windarsih G, Utami DW. 2021. Phenotype and genotype variability of interspecific rice lines related to bacterial leaf blight resistance (Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae) character. Biodiversitas 22: 4123-4130. Wild rice species are the source of the gene pool for rice genetic diversity. The cross-species crosses (interspecific crosses) play an important role in breeding, namely in terms of expanding the diversity of desirable characters, such as disease resistance and improvement in yield potential. Currently, the genes from wild rice species have been successfully introgressed into cultivated rice so that they can overcome the rice production constraints, including the introgression of genes for the bacterial leaf blight (BLB) resistance. The purpose of this study was to analyze the variability of phenotype and genotype performance of lines derived from wild rice species for the character of resistance to BLB disease. A total of 33 selected backcross lines derived from wild rice species of O. rufipogon and O. glaberrima as the donor parents and 2 control varieties (resistant and susceptible to BLB disease), were used in this study. The evaluation of phenotype and genotype of resistance characters to BLB disease was carried out during a vegetative phase of the plant. The resistance evaluation was carried out in a greenhouse, while the genotype performance was analyzed using 4 STS markers linked to Xa4, Xa7, and Xa13 genes. The result of the phenotype evaluation showed that there were variations among the resistance of the tested lines. Three lines derived from a Situ Bagendit/Oryza rufipogon cross were resistant to all BLB races used in the testing. Those three lines indicated to have the allele of the Xa7 resistance gene based on the genotype performance which grouped with the Code variety that had the Xa7 resistance gene.

Jamur merupakan komponen dasar yang sangat penting dalam suatu ekosistem. Taman Nasional Baluran merupakan salah satu ekosistem dengan beberapa tipe habitat yang mendukung pertumbuhan jamur. Kawasan ini memiliki keanekaragaman jamur yang belum banyak dieksplorasi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui komposisi, keanekaragaman jenis dan potensi jamur makroskopis di lima tipe habitat di kawasan Taman Nasional Baluran. Penelitian dilakukan pada tipe habitat hutan primer perbukitan, hutan primer dataran rendah, hutan evergreen , hutan musim dan hutan jati pada bulan Maret 2013. Metode yang digunakan adalah petak kuadrat yang berukuran 10 x 10 m pada jalur dengan interval 50 m sebanyak 20 plot pada masing-masing tipe habitat. Jumlah jenis jamur makroskopis yang ditemukan adalah sebanyak 152 jenis, 37 marga dan 25 suku. Masing-masing lokasi memiliki kesamaan jenis yang berbeda. Indeks keanekaragaman termasuk kategori rendah. Pada hutan primer perbukitan sebesar 2,154; hutan primer dataran rendah sebesar 2,144; hutan jati sebesar 2,423; hutan musim sebesar 1,375; dan evergreen sebesar 1,063. Terdapat perbedaan jenis jamur makroskopis yang mendominasi setiap habitat. Pada penelitian ini ditemukan jamur makroskopis berpotensi dekomposer, mikoriza, obat dan pangan. Hasil penelitian diharapkan para pihak dapat menjaga kawasan untuk mempertahankan keanekaragaman hayati khususnya jamur makroskopis sehingga dapat dilakukan penelitian lebih lanjut serta dapat dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat sekitar. Abstract The fungus is a basic component that is very important in the forest ecosystem. Baluran National Park is one of the ecosystems with several types of habitats, which supports the growth of fungus. This area has a diversity of macrofungi that has not been much explored. The purpose of this study was to determine the composition, diversity and potential of macrofungi in five habitat types in Baluran National Park area.The study was conducted on habitat types of hills hilly primary forest, primary forest of lowland, evergreen forest, forest season and jati forests in March 2013.The method used is the swath of squares measuring 10 x 10 m on track, with an interval of 50 m, as many as 20 plots in each habitat type. Number of species of macrofungi found as many as 152 species, 37 genera and 25 familiy. Each location has a different kind of similarity. The diversity index is categorized as low. hills hilly primary forest amounted to 2.154, primary forest of lowland amounted to 2. 144, jati forest of 2.423, seasons forest of 1.375 and evergreen of 1.063. There are different types of macrofungi that dominate in every habitat. In this study found macroscopic fungi potentially as decomposers, mycorrhizae, medicinal and food. From the research result expected the management of Baluran National Park can maintain the area to protect biodiversity in particular macrofungi so that it can be further research and can be used by the local community .

The areas surrounding peat swamp forest at Dusun Meliau and Bukit Peninjau, Kapuas Hulu, West Kalimantan host a diverse species of flora and fauna, including macrofungi. However, the information on the macrofungal diversity in this area has not been reported. The goal of this study was to obtain information on the diversity of macrofungi that can be used as food and medicine. Data was collected by direct modified collection method using plot (10 × 20 m) with interval 10 m along the transect line. A total of 79 specimens of macrofungi discovered from the two locations, of which 23 and 66 specimens were collected from Dusun Meliau and Bukit Peninjau, respectively. Of the 79 macrofungi specimens, 16 specimens were potential as a food source, and 41 as medicine. The macrofungi in this study was dominated by members of Ordo Aphyllophorales.

Praptiwi RA, Saab R, Setia TM, Wicaksono G, Wulandari P, Sugardjito J. 2019. Bird diversity in transition zone of Taka Bonerate, Kepulauan Selayar Biosphere Reserve, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 819-823. Conservation management in the buffer and transition zones of Biosphere Reserves play an important role in ensuring enhanced core zone protection. Tambolongan and Polassi are two islands located in the administrative region of South Sulawesi, Indonesia, and part of the transition zone area of UNESCO’s Taka Bonerate-Kepulauan Selayar (TBKS) Biosphere Reserve (BR). These two islands can be considered as some of the most populated islands in the region, containing a variety of human activities. These human activities, such as the ever expanding agriculture and the building of human habitation have put pressures toward ecosystem and species conservation in the BR. Bird are often the focus of conservation efforts, due to their roles in supporting the ecological functioning of their habitats. This study aims to provide baseline data of bird diversity in Tambolongan and Polassi that can be used as a proxy indicator of ecosystem health and input to conservation strategies within the BR area. A Visual Encounter Survey (VES) method is used to examine bird diversity index. Results from the observation recorded a total of 29 species were found in both islands, with 5 listed as protected species and 3 categorized as migratory species. The comparison between the two islands showed that the bird diversity index (H’) differs only slightly (H’Tambolongan=2.98; H’Polassi=2.71). This study provided the initial attempt in understanding the role of habitats or land cover types, guild types and human interferences in determining the diversity of bird population - and related ecosystem health - in the area. Such knowledge is essential in providing the information necessary for sustainable management practices. This work represents the first study to inventorize avian species diversity in the transition zone of TBKS BR.

Soybean is the third most important food commodity in Indonesia, which is a cheap source of protein and rich in different nutritional contents for humans. This study aimed to analyze the four genotypes of the crossing parents using SSR primers and select one SSR polymorphic primer to confirm the F1 generation alleles compared to their parents. The research was conducted in the laboratory and greenhouse of the Indonesian Center for Agricultural Biotechnology and Genetic Resources Research and Development (ICABIOGRAD). The research activities included a polymorphic primers survey, population formation, and confirmation of crossing populations using one polymorphic primer. A total of 20 SSR primers were used to amplify the DNA of the four crossing parents (Biosoy 1, Biosoy 2, Demas, and Tanggamus). The results of the polymorphic SSR survey showed that 6 SSR primers could distinguish the combination of Biosoy 2 vs Demas parents, then 7 SSR primers could distinguish the combination of Biosoy 1 vs Tanggamus and Biosoy 2 vs Tanggamus parents. Satt 406 polymorphic primer was chosen to analyze F1 hybrid lines of three crossings. Based on phenotypic observation, two individuals were suspected to be hybrid lines. Molecular analysis using Satt 406 showed that alleles from male parents were not found in 16 F1 individuals from the three crossings. Selection using molecular markers such as Satt 406 polymorphic SSR can help breeders screen heterozygous populations in F1 generations to check successful crossings.Keywords: biosoy 1; biosoy 2; Demas; Tanggamus; Al tolerance; SSR markers ABSTRAKPenentuan Tetua Berbasis Analisis Molekuler Untuk Pembentukan Galur KedelaiKedelai merupakan komoditas pangan penting ketiga di Indonesia yang dimanfaatkan sebagai sumber protein yang murah dan kaya berbagai kandungan gizi bagi manusia. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk untuk menganalisis 4 genotip tetua persilangan menggunakan primer SSR dan memilih satu primer polimorfik SSR untuk mengonfirmasi alel-alel generasi F1 dibandingkan dengan para tetuanya. Penelitian dilakukan di laboratorium dan rumah kaca Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumber Daya Genetik Pertanian (BB Biogen). Kegiatan penelitian terdiri dari survei primer polimorfik, pembentukan populasi, dan konfirmasi populasi persilangan menggunakan satu primer polimorfik. Sebanyak 20 primer SSR digunakan untuk mengamplifikasi DNA dari empat tetua persilangan kedelai (Biosoy 1, Biosoy 2, Demas, dan Tanggamus). Hasil survei polimorfisme SSR menunjukkan bahwa 6 primer SSR dapat membedakan kombinasi tetua Biosoy 2 vs Demas, serta 7 primer SSR dapat membedakan Biosoy 1 vs Tanggamus dan Biosoy 2 vs Tanggamus. Primer polimorfik Satt 406 terpilih untuk menganalisis hibrida F1 dari tiga persilangan. Berdasarkan hasil pengamatan fenotipik, diperoleh 2 nomor individu F1 yang diduga sebagai generasi hibrida. Analisis molekuler menggunakan Satt 406 menunjukkan bahwa alel-alel dari tetua jantan tidak ditemukan pada 16 nomor tanaman dari 3 populasi persilangan. Seleksi menggunakan marka molekuler seperti SSR polimorfik Satt 406 membantu pemulia dalam menskrining populasi heterozigot pada generasi F1 untuk mengetahui keberhasilan persilangan.Kata kunci: biosoy 1, biosoy 2, Demas, Tanggamus, toleransi Al, marka SSR

From early infancy, human face-to-face communication is “multimodal”, comprising a plethora of interlinked articulators and sensory modalities. Although there is also growing evidence for this in nonhuman primates, the functions of integrating articulators (i.e. multiplex or multi-articulator acts) and channels (i.e. multimodal or multi-sensory acts) remain poorly understood. Here, we studied close-range social interactions within and beyond mother-infant pairs of Bornean and Sumatran orang-utans living in wild and captive settings, to examine to what extent species, setting and recipient-dependent factors affected the use of and responses to multi-sensory as well as multi-articulator communication. Results showed that both multi-sensory and multi-articulatory acts were more effective at eliciting responses (i.e. “apparently satisfactory outcomes”) than their respective uni-component parts, and generally played a larger role in wild populations. However, only multi-articulator acts were used more when the presumed goal did not match the dominant outcome for a specific communicative act, and were more common among non-mother-infant dyads and Sumatrans across settings. We suggest that communication through multiple sensory channels primarily facilitates effectiveness, whereas a flexible combination of articulators is relevant when social tolerance and interaction outcomes are less predictable. These different functions underscore the importance of distinguishing between these forms of multi-component communication.

Understanding of animal responses to dynamic resource landscapes is based largely on research on temperate species with small body sizes and fast life histories. We studied a large, tropical mammal with an extremely slow life history, the Western Bornean orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii), across a heterogeneous natural landscape encompassing seven distinct forest types. Our goals were to characterize fluctuations in abundance, test hypotheses regarding the relationship between dispersion dynamics and resource availability, and evaluate how movement patterns are influenced by abiotic conditions. We surveyed abundance in Gunung Palung National Park, West Kalimantan, Indonesia, for 99 consecutive months and simultaneously recorded weather data and assessed fruit availability. We developed a Bayesian hierarchical distance sampling model to estimate population dispersion and assess the roles of fruit availability, rainfall, and temperature in driving movement patterns across this heterogeneous landscape. Orangutan abundance varied dramatically over space and time. Each forest type was important in sustaining more than 40% of the total orangutans on site during at least one month, as animals moved to track asynchronies in fruiting phenology. We conclude that landscape-level movements buffer orangutans against fruit scarcity, peat swamps are crucial fallback habitats, and orangutans' use of high elevation forests is strongly dependent on abiotic conditions. Our results show that orangutans can periodically occupy putative-sink habitats and be virtually absent for extended periods from habitats that are vitally important in sustaining their population, highlighting the need for long-term studies and potential risks in interpreting occurrence or abundance measures as indicators of habitat importance.

Summary Whether nonhuman species can change their communicative repertoire in response to socio-ecological environments has critical implications for communicative innovativeness prior to the emergence of human language, with its unparalleled productivity. Here, we use a comparative sample of wild and zoo-housed orangutans of two species (Pongo abelii, Pongo pygmaeus) to assess the effect of the wild-captive contrast on repertoires of gestures and facial expressions. We find that repertoires on both the individual and population levels are larger in captive than in wild settings, regardless of species, age class, or sampling effort. In the more sociable Sumatran species, dominant use of signals toward single outcomes was also higher in captive settings. We thus conclude that orangutans exposed to more sociable and terrestrial conditions evince behavioral plasticity, in that they produce additional innate or innovated signals that are highly functionally specific. These findings suggest a latent capacity for innovativeness in these apes' communicative repertoires., Graphical abstract, Highlights • We studied wild-captive contrasts in gestural repertoires in two orangutan species • Individual and group-level repertoires were larger in captivity than in wild • Only in Sumatrans, functional specificity was higher in captivity than in wild • Some of orangutans’ captivity-specific signals may qualify as weak innovations, Wildlife behavior; Zoo animal behavior; Anthropology

Ecosystem service assessments are increasingly used to support natural resource management, but there is a bias in their application towards terrestrial systems and higher income countries. Tropical marine applications are particularly scarce, especially in SE Asia. Given the growing coastal population and expansion in blue economy sectors in SE Asia, evidence to support effective marine planning, such as ecosystem service assessments, is urgently needed. Data deficiencies for marine systems, especially (but not only) in lower income countries is a significant obstacle for ecosystem service assessments. To overcome this, we develop an ecosystem service potential matrix which combines evidence taken from an extensive literature review together with expert opinion. The matrix includes both natural and modified habitats as the service providing units. The ecosystem service potential for habitats are scored at the macro level (e.g. mangrove) due to insufficient evidence to score micro-habitats (e.g. fringe, basin or riverine mangroves). The majority of evidence is available for biogenic habitats (mangroves, coral reefs and seagrass meadows) with comparatively little for sedimentary habitats. While provisioning, regulating and cultural services are scored, published evidence is more readily available for provisioning and regulating services. Confidence scores, indicating the uncertainty in the ecosystem service potential scores are included in the matrix. To our knowledge this is the first attempt to systematically capture the provision of ecosystem services from tropical marine habitats. Although initially developed for four marine biosphere reserves and protected areas in SE Asia, the generic nature of the evidence included suggests that the matrix constitutes a valuable baseline for marine ecosystem service assessments within SE Asia and provides a robust foundation for development in future work.

Kelly C, Mitrasetia T, Sugardjito J. 2017. An assessment of a tropical urban stream using benthic macroinvertebrates as a bio-indicator in Muara Angke, Jakarta, Indonesia. Bonorowo Wetlands 1: 65-73. A preliminary study was conducted on the populations, density and distributions of benthic macroinvertebrate species along the course of the Ciliwung/Angke River, Jakarta. The selected river section is highly urbanized and heavily polluted, and five study sites were selected along its course to assess the health of the river ecosystem. Benthic macroinvertebrates are used as a bio-indicator for evaluation of ecosystem health. Their different pollution sensitivities, wide distribution and relatively sedentary lives make them useful candidates for this role. The focal point of the study is the MuaraAngke mangrove forest and wetland, a small remnant wetland at the mouth of the river in Jakarta Metropolitan. A comparison is drawn between the different study sites to assess the health and potential utility of this unique habitat. Despite several intense pressures resulting from the highly urbanized surroundings, and the mangrove's position at the mouth of the river where pollution accumulation would be highest, the data collected from this site showed a macroinvertebrate population dominated by pollution -sensitive taxa, suggesting the mangrove itself continues to provide significant ecosystem services in water -purification.

Saab R, Siregar PG, Tatang Mitra Setia TM. 2019. Implementation of animal welfare in tiger sanctuary, Barumun Nagari Wildlife Sanctuary, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 2790-2795. The accelerated growth in the development of economic and social infrastructure has drastically diminished the population of Sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae) and its habitat. As a result, conflicts between tigers and humans are increasing rapidly in recent years. The wild tigers in conflict, such as those that attack humans and livestock, are usually killed or captured, while those who cannot return to the forest due to injury or illness are then translocated to the zoo. The increasing number of human and tiger conflicts raises the need for special facilities, such as sanctuaries, to recover the condition of the tigers, before they are released to the wild. This study aimed to examine the aspects of welfare management and assess the level of welfare of the tigers kept in the sanctuary at the Barumun Nagari Wildlife Sanctuary (BNWS) in North Sumatra, Indonesia. The study was carried out from March to April 2019, while data collection was carried out by literature studies, field observation on implementation of five animal welfare parameters, and self-assessment by the manager of the sanctuary. The results showed that, on a score from 1 to 5, the animal welfare parameter scores were 4.88 (freedom from hunger and thirst), 4.81 (freedom to express natural behavior), 4.79 (freedom from discomfort), 3.81 (freedom from fear and distress) and 3.69 (freedom from pain, injuries, and diseases). The total achievement implementation value of animal welfare in BNWS was 89.13, or very good. However, some improvements still have to be made by the sanctuary manager to enhance the animal welfare of tigers in BNWS.

The communicative function of primates' self-directed behaviours like scratching has gained increasing attention in recent years, but their intentional use is still debated. Here, we addressed this issue by exploring the communicative function of ‘loud scratches’ in wild Sumatran orangutans. Building on previous studies in chimpanzees, we examined the prediction that audio-visual loud scratches are used communicatively in mother–infant travel coordination. Specifically, we examined whether individual, social and scratch features affected the use of pre-move scratches, markers of intentional signal use and approach responses. We analysed a total of 1457 scratching bouts, produced by 17 individuals (including four mothers and their dependent offspring) observed during 305 h of focal follows. Overall, we found that scratching bouts preceded departure mainly when these were produced by mothers and showed features of exaggeration. If the scratching individual was a mother, associates were more likely to be visually attentive during pre-move scratches than in other contexts. Approach or follow responses to scratches by individuals in association were predicted by context, the relationship with the scratcher (i.e. offspring) and the associate's attentional state. We conclude that orangutan mothers use loud scratches as communicative strategies to coordinate joint travel with their infants.

The Gunung Palung Orangutan Project has conducted research on critically endangered wild Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) since 1994 in Gunung Palung National Park, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. A major goal of our broad-ranging research on orangutan behavior and ecology is to understand how the unique rainforest environment of Southeast Asia, characterized by dramatic changes in fruit productivity due to unpredictable mast fruiting, impacts orangutan behavior, physiology, and health. Much of our research has been devoted to the development of non-invasive techniques and an integrated biology approach – using hormonal assays, fecal processing, nutritional analysis, genetics, and behavioral ecology – and has led to an increased understanding of the ecological and evolutionary pressures shaping orangutan adaptations. Our results show that the extended life history and very slow reproductive rate of orangutans are adaptations to their environment. Orangutans in the Gunung Palung landscape, as elsewhere across Borneo and Sumatra, also face a series of conservation challenges, including extensive habitat loss and the illegal pet trade. We highlight how our investigations of orangutan health status, ecosystem requirements, and the assessment of orangutan density using ground and drone nest surveys have been applied to conservation efforts. We describe our project's direct conservation interventions of public education and awareness campaigns, sustainable livelihood development, establishment of village-run customary forests, investigation of the illegal pet trade, and active engagement with Indonesian government organizations. These efforts, in concert with the development of local scientific and conservation capacity, provide a strong foundation for further conservation as orangutans face a challenging future.

The long call is an important vocal communication signal in the widely dispersed, semi-solitary orangutan. Long calls affect individuals' ranging behavior and mediate social relationships and regulate encounters between dispersed individuals in a dense rainforest. The aim of this study was to test the utility of an Acoustic Location System (ALS) for recording and triangulating the loud calls of free-living primates. We developed and validated a data extraction protocol for an ALS used to record wild orangutan males' long calls at the Tuanan field site (Central Kalimantan). We installed an ALS in a grid of 300 ha, containing 20 SM2+ recorders placed in a regular lattice at 500 m intervals, to monitor the distribution of calling males in the area. The validated system had the following main features: (i) a user-trained software algorithm (Song Scope) that reliably recognized orangutan long calls from sound files at distances up to 700 m from the nearest recorder, resulting in a total area of approximately 900 ha that could be monitored continuously; (ii) acoustic location of calling males up to 200 m outside the microphone grid, which meant that within an area of approximately 450 ha, call locations could be calculated through triangulation. The mean accuracy was 58 m, an error that is modest relative to orangutan mobility and average inter-individual distances. We conclude that an ALS is a highly effective method for detecting long-distance calls of wild primates and triangulating their position. In combination with conventional individual focal follow data, an ALS can greatly improve our knowledge of orangutans' social organization, and is readily adaptable for studying other highly vocal animals.

Acoustic individual discrimination has been demonstrated for a wide range of animal taxa. However, there has been far less scientific effort to demonstrate the effectiveness of automatic individual identification, which could greatly facilitate research, especially when data are collected via an acoustic localization system (ALS). In this study, we examine the accuracy of acoustic caller recognition in long calls (LCs) emitted by Bornean male orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) derived from two data-sets: the first consists of high-quality recordings taken during individual focal follows (N = 224 LCs by 14 males) and the second consists of LC recordings with variable microphone-caller distances stemming from ALS (N = 123 LCs by 10 males). The LC is a long-distance vocalization. We therefore expect that even the low-quality test-set should yield caller recognition results significantly better than by chance. Automatic individual identification was accomplished using software originally developed fo...

The Bukit Rimbang Bukit Baling Wildlife Reserve Area (SMBRBB) Riau is one of the areas that has the characteristics of lowland rainforest types with high biodiversity, so it is possible to find many macro fungi, but there is no data on macrofungi diversity. This research was conducted with the aim of obtaining diversity data and potential data on macrofungi, both as food ingredients and as medicinal ingredients. This study uses a searching method that is modified by the path method using sample plots. 138 macrofungi species were obtained, which included 52 genera, 37 families and 3 phyla. Macrofungi diversity index at this location is relatively moderate, and high uniformity index. 66 species potentially as medicinal ingredients, including Amauroderma rugosum, Ganoderma aplanatum, Ganoderma lucidum, Lentinus sajo-caju, Lentinus squamolosus, Cymatoderma elegans, Daldinea concentrica, Microporus xantopus, M. afinitis, Pycnoporus cinnabarius, Polyporus arcularius, Rigidoporus microporus, Rigidoporus microporus, Trametes versikularis, and Xylaria longipes. As many as 32 species have potential as food ingredients, including Auricularia auricula, Auricularia delicata, Auricularia polytricha, Cookeina sulcipes, Phallus indusiatus, Lentinus sajor-caju, Lentinus squamolosus, Pleurotus ostreatus, Schizophyllum commune, Tramella fuciformis, and Volvariellavolvacea. Keywords: cultivation, diversity, food, makrofungi, medicine.

Monkey alarm calls have shown that in the primate clade, combinatorial rules in acoustic communication are not exclusive to humans. A recent hypothesis suggests that the number of different call combinations in monkeys increases with increased number of predator species. However, the existence of combinatorial rules in great ape alarm calls remains largely unstudied, despite its obvious relevance to ideas about the evolution of human speech. In this paper, we examine the potential use of combinatorial rules in the alarm calls of the only Asian great ape: the orangutan. Alarm calls in orangutans are composed of syllables (with either one or two distinct elements), which in turn are organized into sequences. Tigers and clouded leopards are predators for Sumatran orangutans, but in Borneo, tigers are extinct. Thus, orangutans make a suitable great ape model to assess alarm call composition in relation to the size of the predator guild. We exposed orangutans on both islands to a tiger and control model. Response compositionality was analyzed at two levels (i.e., syllable and syllable sequences) between models and populations. Results were corroborated using information theory algorithms. We made specific, directed predictions for the variation expected if orangutans used combinatorial rules. None of these predictions were met, indicating that monkey alarm call combinatorial rules do not have direct homologues in orangutans. If these results are replicated in other great apes, this indicates that predation did not drive selection towards ever more combinatorial rules in the human lineage.

In many solitary mammalian species, females live alone in relatively small home ranges whereas males roam widely and converge around, and compete for matings with fertile females. In primates, orangutans are the only diurnal semi solitary species showing this roving male promiscuity mating system. Here, we develop and test hypotheses about the nature of male-male competition in Bornean orangutans by examining its sexually selected long-distance calls to disentangle the mechanisms through which males compete over mating access. This study uses a novel approach to disentangle the mechanisms of male-male competition. We established an acoustic localization system (ALS) comprising 20 recorders installed in a grid that allowed accurate localization in an area of 450 ha. With this procedure, we triangulated 1615 long calls over 109 days spread over 10 months to examine the males’ ranging and calling decisions. A male’s choice of area was determined mainly by local fruit availability. Once there, however, his calling behavior depended primarily on the number of sexually attractive females and the number of other flanged males present. Both these variables also predicted the proportion of calls to which individual males responded, and the proportion of males present that responded to long calls of other males. We conclude that intra-sexual competition among Bornean flanged males comprises a combination of contest and scramble competition best summarized as confrontational assessment. Where males range widely in search of scattered fertile females and these females do not broadcast their reproductive state, males could pursue a variety of strategies. Flanged male Bornean orangutans emit long calls serving to attract females and repel male rivals. In order to disentangle whether the competitive tactics of flanged males correspond to scramble or contest competition in their long-distance communication system, we used an acoustic localization approach with a grid of recorders installed in the research are. We found that flanged males go to areas with much food and then engage in vocal, and subsequently, physical battles with rivals, probably because their relative strength fluctuates rapidly. We call this unusual form of contest competition confrontational assessment.

Periodic episodes of food scarcity may highlight the adaptive value of certain anatomical traits, particularly those that facilitate the acquisition and digestion of exigent fallback foods. To better understand the selective pressures that favored the distinctive dental and locomotor morphologies of gibbons and orangutans, we examined the foraging and ranging behavior of sympatric Hylobates albibarbis and Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii during an episode of low fruit availability at Tuanan, Kalimantan Tengah, Indonesia. We found that Hylobates ranged 0.5 km day(-1) or 33% farther than did Pongo, but the overall daily ranging of both species did not vary as fruit availability decreased by as much as 50%. Among gibbons, we observed dietary switching to fallback foods; in particular, there was a progressively greater reliance on figs, liana products, and unripe fruit. Orangutans relied heavily on unripe fruit and fracture-resistant bark and pith tissues. Despite these divergent fallback patterns, the stiffness of fruit mesocarp consumed by Hylobates and Pongo did not differ. We discuss canine and molar functional morphology with respect to dietary mechanics. Next, to contextualize these results, we discuss our findings with respect to forest structure. The rain forests of Southeast Asia have been described as having open, discontinuous canopies. Such a structure may inform our understanding of the ranging behavior and distinctive locomotion of apes in the region, namely richochetal brachiation and quadrumanous clambering. Our approach of integrating behavioral ecology with physical measures of food may be a powerful tool for understanding the functional adaptations of primates.

Telah dilakukan Penelitian di Kawasan Cagar Alam Lembah Anai dan Cagar Alam Batang Palupuh, Sumetera Barat, dengan tujuan mendapatkan data jenis-jenis jamur makro di kedua kawasan tersebut, dan data-data jenis jamur makro yang berpotensi baik sebaga bahan pangan dan obat, menggunakan metode koleksi langsung dengan memodifikasi jalur menggunakan plot. Dalam eksplorasi ini telah ditemukan sebanyak 112 jenis makrofungi (63 jenis di Ka-wasan Cagar Alam Lembah Anai, 58 jenis di Kawasan Cagar Alam Batang Palupuah). Jamur makro yang ditemukan didominasi dari bangsa Aphylloporales dengan jenis-jenisnya antara lain Amauroderma rugosum, Cymatoderma sp., Fomitopsis sp., Ganoderma spp., Hetero-basidion annosum, Microphorus spp., Polyporus spp., Rigidoporus spp., dan Trametes spp. Kelompok berikutnya yang mendominasi adalah dari bangsa Agaricales, dengan jenis-jenisnya antara lain Amanita spp., Agaricus spp., Clytocibe spp., Entoloma spp., Filoboletus spp., Hygrocybe spp., Lepiota spp., Omphalina spp., Marasmius spp., Marasmiellus spp., dan Russula spp. Jenis-jenis yang berpotensi sebagai sumber pangan dari kawasan ini adalah Auricularia auricula, Auricularia delicata, Agaricus spp., Boletellus spp., Calvatia excipu-liformis, Cantharellus cibarius, Cookeina speciosa, Fistulina sp., Hygrocybe sp., Lentinus sajor-caju, Marasmiellus ramealis, Russula fragilis, dan Pluteus cervinus. Sementara jenis-jenis yang berpotensi sebagai bahan obat adalah Amauroderma rugosum, Ganoderma lucidum, Ganoderma pfeifferi, Ganoderma resinaceum, Microphorus spp., Polyporus spp., Trametes spp., dan Xylaria spp.

The long call is an important vocal communication signal in the widely dispersed, semi-solitary orangutan. Long calls affect individuals' ranging behavior and mediate social relationships and regulate encounters between dispersed individuals in a dense rainforest. The aim of this study was to test the utility of an Acoustic Location System (ALS) for recording and triangulating the loud calls of free-living primates. We developed and validated a data extraction protocol for an ALS used to record wild orangutan males' long calls at the Tuanan field site (Central Kalimantan). We installed an ALS in a grid of 300 ha, containing 20 SM2+ recorders placed in a regular lattice at 500 m intervals, to monitor the distribution of calling males in the area. The validated system had the following main features: (i) a user-trained software algorithm (Song Scope) that reliably recognized orangutan long calls from sound files at distances up to 700 m from the nearest recorder, resulting in a total area of approximately 900 ha that could be monitored continuously; (ii) acoustic location of calling males up to 200 m outside the microphone grid, which meant that within an area of approximately 450 ha, call locations could be calculated through triangulation. The mean accuracy was 58 m, an error that is modest relative to orangutan mobility and average inter-individual distances. We conclude that an ALS is a highly effective method for detecting long-distance calls of wild primates and triangulating their position. In combination with conventional individual focal follow data, an ALS can greatly improve our knowledge of orangutans' social organization, and is readily adaptable for studying other highly vocal animals.

For orangutans, the largest predominantly arboreal primates, discontinuous canopy presents a particular challenge. The shortest gaps between trees lie between thin peripheral branches, which offer the least stability to large animals. The affordances of the forest canopy experienced by orangutans of different ages however, must vary substantially as adult males are an order of magnitude larger in size than infants during the early stages of locomotor independence. Orangutans have developed a diverse range of locomotor behaviour to cross gaps between trees, which vary in their physical and cognitive demands. The aims of this study were to examine the ontogeny of orangutan gap crossing behaviours and to determine which factors influence the distance orangutans crossed. A non-invasive photographic technique was used to quantify forearm length as a measure of body size. We also recorded locomotor behaviour, support use and the distance crossed between trees. Our results suggest that gap crossing varies with both physical and cognitive development. More complex locomotor behaviours, which utilized compliant trunks and lianas, were used to cross the largest gaps, but these peaked in frequency much earlier than expected, between the ages of 4 and 5 years old, which probably reflects play behaviour to perfect locomotor techniques. Smaller individuals also crossed disproportionately large gaps relative to their size, by using support deformation. Our results suggest that orangutans acquire the full repertoire of gap crossing techniques, including the more cognitively demanding ones, before weaning, but adjust the frequency of the use of these techniques to their increasing body size.

Flanged male orang-utans emit loud vocalizations called long calls. In this study, we examined the correlates of variation in long-calling rates among flanged male Sumatran orang-utans, as well as the ranging responses of adult females and flanged males to these long calls. Males that gave calls more often were more likely to approach calls by others. Results bolster a female attraction function of long calls. Flanged males did not significantly avoid or approach long calls. However, males called more when alone than when guarding a female mate, and adult females significantly approached long calls, especially those of the dominant male, and did so regardless of their reproductive state, allowing them to remain within earshot of calling males. The possible selective advantages of this response include avoidance of harassment and infanticide by males. These findings confirm the existence of some form of social organization above the mother-infant unit.