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1. Just 2% of SARS-CoV-2—positive individuals carry 90% of the virus circulating in communities

Author

Yang, Qing, Saldi, Tassa K., Gonzales, Patrick K., Lasda, Erika, Decker, Carolyn J., Tat, Kimngan L., Fink, Morgan R., Hager, Cole R., Davis, Jack C., Ozeroff, Christopher D., Muhlrad, Denise, Clark, Stephen K., Fattor, Will T., Meyerson, Nicholas R., Paige, Camille L., Gilchrist, Alison R., Barbachano-Guerrero, Arturo, Worden-Sapper, Emma R., Wu, Sharon S., Brisson, Gloria R., McQueen, Matthew B., Dowell, Robin D., Leinwand, Leslie, Parker, Roy, and Sawyer, Sara L.

Published
2021

2. High-resolution within-sewer SARS-CoV-2 surveillance facilitates informed intervention

Author

Reeves, Katelyn, Liebig, Jennifer, Feula, Antonio, Saldi, Tassa, Lasda, Erika, Johnson, William, Lilienfeld, Jacob, Maggi, Juniper, Pulley, Kevin, Wilkerson, Paul J., Real, Breanna, Zak, Gordon, Davis, Jack, Fink, Morgan, Gonzales, Patrick, Hager, Cole, Ozeroff, Christopher, Tat, Kimngan, Alkire, Michaela, Butler, Claire, Coe, Elle, Darby, Jessica, Freeman, Nicholas, Heuer, Heidi, Jones, Jeffery R., Karr, Madeline, Key, Sara, Maxwell, Kiersten, Nelson, Lauren, Saldana, Emily, Shea, Rachel, Salveson, Lewis, Tomlinson, Kate, Vargas-Barriga, Jorge, Vigil, Bailey, Brisson, Gloria, Parker, Roy, Leinwand, Leslie A., Bjorkman, Kristen, and Mansfeldt, Cresten

Published
2021
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3. Higher Viral Load Drives Infrequent Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Transmission Between Asymptomatic Residence Hall Roommates

Author

Bjorkman, Kristen K, primary, Saldi, Tassa K, additional, Lasda, Erika, additional, Bauer, Leisha Conners, additional, Kovarik, Jennifer, additional, Gonzales, Patrick K, additional, Fink, Morgan R, additional, Tat, Kimngan L, additional, Hager, Cole R, additional, Davis, Jack C, additional, Ozeroff, Christopher D, additional, Brisson, Gloria R, additional, Larremore, Daniel B, additional, Leinwand, Leslie A, additional, McQueen, Matthew B, additional, and Parker, Roy, additional

Published
2021
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4. High-resolution within-sewer SARS-CoV-2 surveillance facilitates informed intervention

Author

Reeves, Katelyn, primary, Liebig, Jennifer, additional, Feula, Antonio, additional, Saldi, Tassa, additional, Lasda, Erika, additional, Johnson, William, additional, Lilienfeld, Jacob, additional, Maggi, Juniper, additional, Pulley, Kevin, additional, Wilkerson, Paul J., additional, Real, Breanna, additional, Zak, Gordon, additional, Davis, Jack, additional, Fink, Morgan, additional, Gonzalez, Patrick, additional, Hager, Cole, additional, Ozeroff, Christopher, additional, Tat, Kimngan, additional, Alkire, Michaela, additional, Butler, Claire, additional, Coe, Elle, additional, Darby, Jessica, additional, Freeman, Nicholas, additional, Heuer, Heidi, additional, Jones, Jeffery R., additional, Karr, Madeline, additional, Key, Sara, additional, Maxwell, Kiersten, additional, Nelson, Lauren, additional, Saldana, Emily, additional, Shea, Rachel, additional, Salveson, Lewis, additional, Tomlinson, Kate, additional, Vargas-Barriga, Jorge, additional, Vigil, Bailey, additional, Brisson, Gloria, additional, Parker, Roy, additional, Leinwand, Leslie A., additional, Bjorkman, Kristen, additional, and Mansfeldt, Cresten, additional

Published
2021
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5. Just 2% of SARS-CoV-2−positive individuals carry 90% of the virus circulating in communities

Author

Yang, Qing, primary, Saldi, Tassa K., additional, Gonzales, Patrick K., additional, Lasda, Erika, additional, Decker, Carolyn J., additional, Tat, Kimngan L., additional, Fink, Morgan R., additional, Hager, Cole R., additional, Davis, Jack C., additional, Ozeroff, Christopher D., additional, Muhlrad, Denise, additional, Clark, Stephen K., additional, Fattor, Will T., additional, Meyerson, Nicholas R., additional, Paige, Camille L., additional, Gilchrist, Alison R., additional, Barbachano-Guerrero, Arturo, additional, Worden-Sapper, Emma R., additional, Wu, Sharon S., additional, Brisson, Gloria R., additional, McQueen, Matthew B., additional, Dowell, Robin D., additional, Leinwand, Leslie, additional, Parker, Roy, additional, and Sawyer, Sara L., additional

Published
2021
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6. Saliva TwoStep for rapid detection of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 carriers

Author

Yang, Qing, primary, Meyerson, Nicholas R, additional, Clark, Stephen K, additional, Paige, Camille L, additional, Fattor, Will T, additional, Gilchrist, Alison R, additional, Barbachano-Guerrero, Arturo, additional, Healy, Benjamin G, additional, Worden-Sapper, Emma R, additional, Wu, Sharon S, additional, Muhlrad, Denise, additional, Decker, Carolyn J, additional, Saldi, Tassa K, additional, Lasda, Erika, additional, Gonzales, Patrick, additional, Fink, Morgan R, additional, Tat, Kimngan L, additional, Hager, Cole R, additional, Davis, Jack C, additional, Ozeroff, Christopher D, additional, Brisson, Gloria R, additional, McQueen, Matthew B, additional, Leinwand, Leslie A, additional, Parker, Roy, additional, and Sawyer, Sara L, additional

Published
2021
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7. Higher viral load drives infrequent SARS-CoV-2 transmission between asymptomatic residence hall roommates

Author

Bjorkman, Kristen K., primary, Saldi, Tassa K., additional, Lasda, Erika, additional, Bauer, Leisha Conners, additional, Kovarik, Jennifer, additional, Gonzales, Patrick K., additional, Fink, Morgan R., additional, Tat, Kimngan L., additional, Hager, Cole R., additional, Davis, Jack C., additional, Ozeroff, Christopher D., additional, Brisson, Gloria R., additional, Larremore, Daniel B., additional, Leinwand, Leslie A., additional, McQueen, Matthew B., additional, and Parker, Roy, additional

Published
2021
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8. Just 2% of SARS-CoV-2-positive individuals carry 90% of the virus circulating in communities

Author

Yang, Qing, primary, Saldi, Tassa K., additional, Lasda, Erika, additional, Decker, Carolyn J., additional, Paige, Camille L., additional, Muhlrad, Denise, additional, Gonzales, Patrick K., additional, Fink, Morgan R., additional, Tat, Kimngan L., additional, Hager, Cole R., additional, Davis, Jack C., additional, Ozeroff, Christopher D., additional, Meyerson, Nicholas R., additional, Clark, Stephen K., additional, Fattor, Will T., additional, Gilchrist, Alison R., additional, Barbachano-Guerrero, Arturo, additional, Worden-Sapper, Emma R., additional, Wu, Sharon S., additional, Brisson, Gloria R., additional, McQueen, Matthew B., additional, Dowell, Robin D., additional, Leinwand, Leslie, additional, Parker, Roy, additional, and Sawyer, Sara L., additional

Published
2021
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9. Author response: Saliva TwoStep for rapid detection of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 carriers

Author

Yang, Qing, primary, Meyerson, Nicholas R, additional, Clark, Stephen K, additional, Paige, Camille L, additional, Fattor, Will T, additional, Gilchrist, Alison R, additional, Barbachano-Guerrero, Arturo, additional, Healy, Benjamin G, additional, Worden-Sapper, Emma R, additional, Wu, Sharon S, additional, Muhlrad, Denise, additional, Decker, Carolyn J, additional, Saldi, Tassa K, additional, Lasda, Erika, additional, Gonzales, Patrick, additional, Fink, Morgan R, additional, Tat, Kimngan L, additional, Hager, Cole R, additional, Davis, Jack C, additional, Ozeroff, Christopher D, additional, Brisson, Gloria R, additional, McQueen, Matthew B, additional, Leinwand, Leslie A, additional, Parker, Roy, additional, and Sawyer, Sara L, additional

Published
2021
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10. Saliva TwoStep for rapid detection of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 carriers

Author

Yang, Qing, primary, Meyerson, Nicholas R., additional, Clark, Stephen K., additional, Paige, Camille L., additional, Fattor, Will T., additional, Gilchrist, Alison R., additional, Barbachano-Guerrero, Arturo, additional, Healy, Benjamin G., additional, Worden-Sapper, Emma R., additional, Wu, Sharon S., additional, Muhlrad, Denise, additional, Decker, Carolyn J., additional, Saldi, Tassa K., additional, Lasda, Erika, additional, Gonzales, Patrick K., additional, Fink, Morgan R., additional, Tat, Kimngan L., additional, Hager, Cole R., additional, Davis, Jack C., additional, Ozeroff, Christopher D., additional, Brisson, Gloria R., additional, McQueen, Matthew B., additional, Leinwand, Leslie, additional, Parker, Roy, additional, and Sawyer, Sara L., additional

Published
2020
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12. Higher viral load drives infrequent SARS-CoV-2 transmission between asymptomatic residence hall roommates.

Author

Bjorkman, Kristen K, Saldi, Tassa K, Lasda, Erika, Bauer, Leisha Conners, Kovarik, Jennifer, Gonzales, Patrick K, Fink, Morgan R, Tat, Kimngan L, Hager, Cole R, Davis, Jack C, Ozeroff, Christopher D, Brisson, Gloria R, Larremore, Daniel B, Leinwand, Leslie A, McQueen, Matthew B, and Parker, Roy

Abstract

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic spread to over 200 countries in less than six months. To understand COVID spread, determining transmission rate and defining factors that increase transmission risk are essential. Most cases are asymptomatic, but they have viral loads indistinguishable from symptomatic people and do transmit SARS-CoV-2 virus. However, they are often undetected.Methods: Given high residence hall student density, the University of Colorado Boulder established a mandatory weekly screening test program. We analyzed longitudinal data of 6408 students and identified 116 likely transmission events in which a second roommate tested positive within 14 days of the index roommate.Results: Although the infection rate was lower in single rooms (10%) than in multiple-occupancy rooms (19%), inter-roommate transmission only occurred ~20% of the time. Cases were usually asymptomatic at the time of detection. Notably, individuals who likely transmitted had an average viral load ~6.5-fold higher than individuals who did not (mean Cq 26.2 vs 28.9). Although diagnosed students moved to isolation rooms, there was no difference in time-to-isolation between cases with or without inter-roommate transmission.Conclusions: This analysis argues that inter-roommate transmission occurs infrequently in residence halls and provides strong correlative evidence that viral load is proportional to transmission probability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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13. Just 2% of SARS-CoV-2-positive individuals carry 90% of the virus circulating in communities.

Author

Qing Yang, Saldi, Tassa K., Gonzales, Patrick K., Lasda, Erika, Decker, Carolyn J., Tat, Kimngan L., Fink, Morgan R., Hager, Cole R., Davis, Jack C., Ozeroff, Christopher D., Muhlrad, Denise, Clark, Stephen K., Fattor, Will T., Meyerson, Nicholas R., Paige, Camille L., Gilchrist, Alison R., Barbachano-Guerrero, Arturo, Worden-Sapper, Emma R., Wu, Sharon S., and Brisson, Gloria R.

Subjects
COVID-19, VIRAL load, SARS-CoV-2, COMMUNITIES
Abstract

We analyze data from the fall 2020 pandemic response efforts at the University of Colorado Boulder, where more than 72,500 saliva samples were tested for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) using qRT-PCR. All samples were collected from individuals who reported no symptoms associated with COVID-19 on the day of collection. From these, 1,405 positive cases were identified. The distribution of viral loads within these asymptomatic individuals was indistinguishable from what has been previously observed in symptomatic individuals. Regardless of symptomatic status, ~50% of individuals who test positive for SARS-CoV-2 seem to be in noninfectious phases of the disease, based on having low viral loads in a range from which live virus has rarely been isolated. We find that, at any given time, just 2% of individuals carry 90% of the virions circulating within communities, serving as viral "supercarriers" and possibly also superspreaders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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14. Saliva TwoStep for rapid detection of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 carriers.

Author

Qing Yang, Meyerson, Nicholas R., Clark, Stephen K., Paige, Camille L., Fattor, Will T., Gilchrist, Alison R., Barbachano-Guerrero, Arturo, Healy, Benjamin G., Worden-Sapper, Emma R., Wu, Sharon S., Muhlrad, Denise, Decker, Carolyn J., Saldi, Tassa K., Lasda, Erika, Gonzales, Patrick, Fink, Morgan R., Tat, Kimngan L., Hager, Cole R., Davis, Jack C., and Ozeroff, Christopher D.

Published
2021
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15. Just 2% of SARS-CoV-2-positive individuals carry 90% of the virus circulating in communities.

Author

Yang Q, Saldi TK, Lasda E, Decker CJ, Paige CL, Muhlrad D, Gonzales PK, Fink MR, Tat KL, Hager CR, Davis JC, Ozeroff CD, Meyerson NR, Clark SK, Fattor WT, Gilchrist AR, Barbachano-Guerrero A, Worden-Sapper ER, Wu SS, Brisson GR, McQueen MB, Dowell RD, Leinwand L, Parker R, and Sawyer SL

Abstract

We analyze data from the Fall 2020 pandemic response efforts at the University of Colorado Boulder (USA), where more than 72,500 saliva samples were tested for SARS-CoV-2 using quantitative RT-PCR. All samples were collected from individuals who reported no symptoms associated with COVID-19 on the day of collection. From these, 1,405 positive cases were identified. The distribution of viral loads within these asymptomatic individuals was indistinguishable from what has been previously reported in symptomatic individuals. Regardless of symptomatic status, approximately 50% of individuals who test positive for SARS-CoV-2 seem to be in non-infectious phases of the disease, based on having low viral loads in a range from which live virus has rarely been isolated. We find that, at any given time, just 2% of individuals carry 90% of the virions circulating within communities, serving as viral "super-carriers" and possibly also super-spreaders.

Published
2021
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16. Saliva TwoStep for rapid detection of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 carriers.

Author

Yang Q, Meyerson NR, Clark SK, Paige CL, Fattor WT, Gilchrist AR, Barbachano-Guerrero A, Healy BG, Worden-Sapper ER, Wu SS, Muhlrad D, Decker CJ, Saldi TK, Lasda E, Gonzales PK, Fink MR, Tat KL, Hager CR, Davis JC, Ozeroff CD, Brisson GR, McQueen MB, Leinwand L, Parker R, and Sawyer SL

Abstract

Here, we develop a simple molecular test for SARS-CoV-2 in saliva based on reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP). The test has two steps: 1) heat saliva with a stabilization solution, and 2) detect virus by incubating with a primer/enzyme mix. After incubation, saliva samples containing the SARS-CoV-2 genome turn bright yellow. Because this test is pH dependent, it can react falsely to some naturally acidic saliva samples. We report unique saliva stabilization protocols that rendered 295 healthy saliva samples compatible with the test, producing zero false positives. We also evaluated the test on 278 saliva samples from individuals who were infected with SARS-CoV-2 but had no symptoms at the time of saliva collection, and from 54 matched pairs of saliva and anterior nasal samples from infected individuals. The Saliva TwoStep test described herein identified infections with 94% sensitivity and >99% specificity in individuals with sub-clinical (asymptomatic or pre-symptomatic) infections.

Published
2021
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