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Appropriate and timely consideration of ethical, legal, organizational, and social issues in universal preventive programs for eating disorders (UPPED) are relevant for the approval, funding and implementation of health-policy decision making.To identify and analyse the ethical, legal, organizational, and social aspects involved in interventions aimed at the universal prevention of eating disorders (ED) in children, pre-adolescents and adolescents in the school settings.A scoping review of the literature was carried out. MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, PsycINFO, and Social Science Citation Index were searched for studies published in English or Spanish. The quality of the studies was assessed using specific scales for each study design.Fourteen studies were included: one scoping review; four narrative reviews, six observational studies, two qualitative studies, and one mixed methods study. Results were narratively synthesised according to: (1) equity; (2) gender perspective; (3) potential harm; (4) participants and facilitators profile; (5) feasibility; and (6) acceptability.Interactive programs with relevant contents for participants have greater acceptability. Programs focussed on developing competencies can reduce the risk of potential harm. Incorporating a gender perspective contributes to improving equity. Teachers with prior training in ED are well suited as facilitators of these programs.

This study examines the experiences and expectations of patients with depressive disorders regarding the disease and different antidepressants, as well as examining the barriers and facilitating factors that could affect their adherence to medications. An exploratory qualitative study was carried out. The study involved two focus groups made up of patients and caregivers and six semi-structured interviews with psychiatrists. In both cases, the participants were selected by intentional theoretical sampling, seeking maximum significance variation of social types. Prejudice about the side effects of medication was relevant. The importance of patients being well informed about the disease/treatments was noteworthy. The stigmatization of antidepressants by patients was identified as a barrier to medication adherence. The involvement of family members and the motivation of patients to be actively involved in the process to recover from the disease were identified as facilitating factors. The work carried out suggests the need for patients to have rigorous information about the disease/treatment to reduce the possible prejudices generated by beliefs. Maintaining greater contact and monitoring of patients/caregivers to help therapeutic adherence in patients with depressive disorders was also identified as being of great importance.

AIMS To evaluate the relationship between glycemic control and plasma glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) and the risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). METHODS We conducted a population-based, retrospective, nested, case-control study involving 124,876 patients with DM2 from the Canary Islands, Spain. From the cohort, we selected all COPD cases and, for each case, five control subjects who were COPD free. We analyzed the association between glycemic control, HbA1c level and incident COPD. RESULTS A total of 1320 incidence cases of COPD (1.06%) were identified and matched individually with 6600 controls according to age and sex. After multivariate adjustment, the COPD risk increased among patients with poor glycemic control compared to patients with good glycemic control [HbA1c levels

Medication non-adherence in mental health problems has social and economic costs. The objective of the study was to review the cost-effectiveness of interventions to enhance medication adherence in patients with mental health problems.The update of a previous systematic review was performed. Databases were searched in June 2019: MEDLINE, PSYCINFO, EMBASE, CINAHL, CRD, WOS. Cost-effectiveness studies comparing an intervention to improve the medication adherence with other interventions/usual care in adults with mental health problems were included. Data were extracted, methodological quality of the studies was assessed and a narrative synthesis was performed.Nine studies were included in the review. The interventions that showed medication adherence increase were: a financial incentive when depot injection was taken by patients with psychotic disorders, a value-based benefit design policy including copayment and counselling in a company setting, and a medication treatment decision supported by a pharmacogenetic test. The other studies (coaching by pharmacists; a psychological and educational intervention at health care centres) did not find differences between groups. No study found cost differences between alternatives.Interventions to improve medication adherence in adults with mental health problems could be cost-effective, especially those based on financial incentives, although more research is needed. KEYPOINTS There are several types of interventions designed to enhance medication adherence in patients with mental health problems. Few of them have demonstrated cost-effectiveness. Two studies found that a financial incentive per depot injection in patients with psychotic disorders improved the medication adherence. Two other studies found improvement in adherence due to two specific interventions: a value-based benefit design policy in a company setting and a pharmacogenetic test supporting the medication treatment decision. No study found differences in costs between the intervention and the comparator. More research is needed to implement cost-effective interventions.

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common cancer in men and the fifth leading cause of death from cancer. The possibility of sarcopenia being a prognostic factor in advanced PCa patients has recently become a subject of interest. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prognostic value of sarcopenia in advanced prostate carcinoma. A systematic review was conducted in Medline, EMBASE, and Web of Science (March, 2021). The quality of studies was assessed using the Quality in Prognosis Studies tool. Meta-analyses for overall, cancer-specific, and progression-free survival were performed. Nine studies (n = 1659) were included. Sarcopenia was borderline associated with a shorter overall survival (HR = 1.20, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.44, P = 0.04, I2 = 43%) but was significantly associated with progression-free survival (HR = 1.61, 95% CI: 1.26, 2.06, P < 0.01; k = 3; n = 588). Available evidence supports sarcopenia as an important prognostic factor of progression-free survival in patients with advanced PCa. However, sarcopenia has a weak association with a shorter overall survival. The evidence on the role of sarcopenia in prostate-cancer-specific survival is insufficient and supports the need for further research. Patient summary: The literature was reviewed to determine whether the loss of muscle mass (sarcopenia) affects the survival in patients with advanced PCa. Patients with advanced PCa and sarcopenia were found to have a shorter progression-free survival (the length of time during and after treatment of a cancer that the patient lives with the disease but it does not get worse), but sarcopenia did not have much influence on the overall survival and cancer-specific survival (the length of time from either the date of diagnosis or the start of treatment to the date of death due to the cancer).

IntroductionIt is estimated that approximately 1.1 million cases of prostate cancer (PCa) are diagnosed in the world every year. In general, PCa is a slow-onset cancer and less than 10 percent of cases are detected in the metastatic phase. In order to identify patients at risk of suffering from clinically significant prostate cancer (csPCa), as well as to avoid unnecessary biopsies, overdiagnosis and overtreatment, a variety of molecular biomarker detection tests have been developed.MethodsWe undertook a systematic review with meta-analyses on the effectiveness of diagnostic tests based on biomarkers in blood or urine samples for the identification of men at risk of csPCa. A cost-effectiveness analysis was conducted using a decision tree model for the short term and a Markov model for the long term, both from the social and the National Health System perspectives. The effectiveness measure was quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). We ran extensive sensitivity analyses, including a probabilistic sensitivity analysis.ResultsSixty-five studies were included with a total of 34,287 participants. The diagnostic tests analyzed were: PHI, Progensa® PCA3, SelectMDx, MyProstateScore, 4Kscore®, TMPRSS2: ERG, Stockholm3, ExoDx Prostate IntelliScore and Proclarix®. All studies included biopsy as comparator. The sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic tests depended on the test itself and the threshold chosen, and ranged from 42 percent to 99 percent and from 13 percent to 87 percent, respectively. In the cost-effectiveness analysis, the alternative that includes the biomarker, specifically the SelectMDx, led to higher QALYs and healthcare costs with an estimated incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of 6,640.21 EUR per QALY. The sensitivity analyses confirmed that the results were robust.ConclusionsBiomarker testing to select men at risk of csPCa who should undergo prostate biopsy can be a cost-effective strategy depending on its cost per determination and its sensitivity/specificity. The analyses carried out indicate that the SelectMDx biomarker is cost-effective at a cost of EUR 375 per determination.

BackgroundNon-adherence to medication is a major obstacle in the treatment of depressive disorders. We systematically reviewed the literature to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions aimed at improving adherence to medication among adults with depressive disorders with emphasis on initiation and implementation phase.MethodsWe searched Medline, EMBASE, The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), PsycINFO, Social Science Citation Index and Science Citation Index for randomized or non-randomized controlled trials up to January 2022. Risk of bias was assessed using the criteria of the Cochrane Collaboration. Meta-analyses, cumulative and meta-regression analyses for adherence were conducted.ResultsForty-six trials (n = 24,324) were included. Pooled estimate indicates an increase in the probability of adherence to antidepressants at 6 months with the different types of interventions (OR 1.33; 95% CI: 1.09 to 1.62). The improvement in adherence is obtained from 3 months (OR 1.62, 95% CI: 1.25 to 2.10) but it is attenuated at 12 months (OR 1.25, 95% CI: 1.02 to 1.53). Selected articles show methodological differences, mainly the diversity of both the severity of the depressive disorder and intervention procedures. In the samples of these studies, patients with depression and anxiety seem to benefit most from intervention (OR 2.77, 95% CI: 1.74 to 4.42) and collaborative care is the most effective intervention to improve adherence (OR 1.88, 95% CI: 1.40 to 2.54).ConclusionsOur findings indicate that interventions aimed at improving adherence to medication among adults with depressive disorders are effective up to six months. However, the evidence on the effectiveness of long-term adherence is insufficient and supports the need for further research efforts.Trial registrationInternational Prospective Register for Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) number:CRD42017065723.

Tasmania del Pino-Sedeño,1,2 Wenceslao Peñate,1 Carlos de las Cuevas,3 Cristina Valcarcel-Nazco,2,4 Ascensión Fumero,1 Pedro Guillermo Serrano-Pérez,5,6 Francisco Javier Acosta Artiles,7 Vanesa Ramos García,4 Beatriz León Salas,4 Daniel Bejarano-Quisoboni,8 María M Trujillo-Martín2,4 1Department of Clinical Psychology, Psychobiology and Methodology, University of La Laguna, Canary Islands, Spain; 2Health Services Research on Chronic Patients Network (REDISSEC), Madrid, Spain; 3Department of Internal Medicine, Dermatology and Psychiatry, University of La Laguna, Canary Islands, Spain; 4Canary Islands Foundation of Health Research (FUNCANIS), Canary Islands, Spain; 5Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d’ Hebron, Catalonia, Spain; 6Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; 7Service of Mental Health, General Health Care Programs Direction, Canary Health Service, Canary Islands, Spain; 8Center for Public Health Research (CSISP-FISABIO), Valencia, Spain Purpose: Depression is a widespread mental disorder which can be treated effectively. However, low adherence to antidepressants is very common. The study of medication adherence in depression (MAPDep study) assesses the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a multicomponent strategy to enhance adherence toward medications in patients with depression.Intervention: The intervention is a multicomponent one consisting of an educational program for psychiatrists and/or a collaborative care program for patients and relatives, plus a reminder system that works through the use of an already available high-quality medication reminder application.Study design: MAPDep study is an open, multicenter, four-arm cluster randomized controlled trial. The clusters are mental health units where psychiatrists are invited to participate. The clusters are randomly allocated to one of the three interventions or to usual care (control arm). Patients (18–65 years of age) diagnosed with depressive disorder, those taking antidepressant medication for an existing diagnosis of depression, and mobile phone users are selected. In group 1, only patients and relatives receive intervention; in group 2, only psychiatrists receive intervention; and in group 3, patients/relatives and psychiatrists receive intervention. The primary outcome is adherence to the antidepressant drug. The calculated sample size is 400 patients. To examine changes across time, generalized linear mixed model with repeated measures will be used. A cost-effectiveness analysis will be conducted. The effectiveness measure is quality-adjusted life years. Deterministic sensitivity analyses are planned.Conclusion: MAPDep study aims to assess a multicomponent strategy to improve adherence toward medications in patients with depression, based not only on clinical effectiveness but also on cost-effectiveness. This methodology will enhance the transferability of the expected results beyond mental health services (patients and psychiatrists) to health care policy decision making.Clinical trial identifier: NCT03668457. Keywords: depression, medication adherence, education, behavior modification, mobile phone technology, cost-effectiveness

Background Failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS) has a profound impact on patients' quality of life and represents a major clinical challenge and a significant economic burden for society. Adhesiolysis is used as a treatment to eliminate perineural/epidural adhesions in patients with chronic pain attributed to FBSS. Objective To evaluate the efficacy, effectiveness, safety, and cost-effectiveness of epidural adhesiolysis compared with other procedures for treating FBSS. Method A systematic review was conducted. The electronic databases Medline/PreMedline, EMBASE, Cochrane Library Plus, Centre for Reviews and Dissemination databases, SCOPUS, Science Citation Index, and PEDRO were consulted through April 2017. Predefined criteria were used to determine inclusion of the studies and to assess their methodological quality. Results Ten reports were included. No randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on efficacy or cost-effectiveness were found. Three reports (corresponding to two RCTs, N = 212) suggested that adhesiolysis was effective, especially for pain and disability. However, both studies presented serious methodological flaws. In addition to RCTs, seven observational studies with high risk of bias reported data on effectiveness and safety. Fifty-eight adverse events were reported among 130 patients undergoing endoscopic adhesiolysis, and 19 among the 110 undergoing percutaneous adhesiolysis. Conclusions The evidence on the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of adhesiolysis for treating FBSS is nonexistent, whereas evidence on its effectiveness and safety is insufficient. Incorporating data from observational studies did not improve the quality of the evidence on effectiveness.

Foot ulcer is a major complication of diabetes mellitus and often precedes leg amputation. Among the different methods to achieve ulcer healing, the use of platelet-rich plasma, which is rich in multiple growth factors and cytokines and may have similarities to the natural wound healing process, is gaining in popularity. A systematic review with meta-analyses was performed to evaluate the safety and clinical effectiveness of platelet-rich plasma for the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers compared to standard treatment or any other alternative therapy. The electronic databases Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were consulted in March 2017 with no restrictions placed on the publication date. Predefined criteria were used to determine inclusion of studies and to assess their methodologic quality. Eight randomized clinical trials and two prospective longitudinal-observational studies with control group were included. Platelet-rich plasma treatment increased the likelihood of chronic wound healing (RR = 1.32; 95% CI: 1.11, 1.57, I2 = 15%) while the volume of the ulcer (MD = 0.12 cm2 ; 95% CI: 0.08, 0.16; p < 0.01; I2 = 0%) and time to complete wound healing (MD = -11.18 days; 95% CI: -20.69, -1.68; I2 = 53%) decreased. Regarding safety profile, platelet-rich plasma did not differ from standard treatment in terms of probability of occurrence of wound complications (RR = 0.57; 95% CI: 0.25, 1.28; I2 = 0%) or recurrences (RR = 2.76; 95% CI: 0.23, 33.36; p = 0.43; I2 = 82%) but it decreased the rate of adverse events (RR = 0.80; 95% CI: 0.66, 0.96; p = 0.02; I2 = 0%). Cumulative meta-analysis revealed that there is enough evidence to demonstrate a statistically significant benefit. However, studies included presented serious methodologic flaws. According to the results, platelet-rich plasma could be considered a candidate treatment for nonhealing of diabetic foot ulcers.

IntroductionPatients with generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) have concerns and needs about their health and the healthcare they receive. Patient decision aids (PtDAs) are tools that assist patients in making health decisions, when there is uncertainty about treatment choice, incorporating their personal preferences and values about the available treatment options. PtDAs can improve shared decision-making and lead to better treatment outcomes. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of a web-based PtDA for patients with GAD in primary care (PC).Methods and analysisThe general study design is comprised of two stages: (1) development of a web-based PtDA for patients with GAD, derived from an evidence-based Clinical Practice Guideline and (2) assessment of the effectiveness of the PtDA in a randomised controlled trial (RCT) design, in PC centres in Tenerife (Spain). This RCT will be carried out with 124 patients with GAD, comparing the PtDA to a fact sheet with general information on mental health. Patients will review the PtDA in one session accompanied by a researcher. Post-intervention measures will be administered immediately after the intervention and at 3-month follow-up. The primary outcome will be decisional conflict. Secondary outcomes will include knowledge about GAD and its treatment, treatment preference, concordance between treatment preference and choice, and decision quality (knowledge ≥60% and concordant decision).Ethics and disseminationThe project received ethics approval from the local committee at Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria (HUNSC) University Hospital in Santa Cruz de Tenerife (code: CHUNSC_2019_58). Informed consent will be obtained from each participant before randomisation. Results from the trial will be submitted for publication in international peer-reviewed scientific journals and will be disseminated through workshops and local and international conferences.Trial registration numberNCT04364958.

Objetivo Revisar las aplicaciones móviles en español para mejorar la adherencia farmacológica y evaluar sus características y calidad con el fin de identificar aplicaciones de alta calidad. Médoto Se ha hecho una revisión siguiendo un procedimiento por pasos similar a una revisión sistemática de la literatura. La fuente de los datos han sido plataformas de distribución digital de aplicaciones móviles Apple Apps Store y Google Play Store. Se han seleccionado aquellas aplicaciones dirigidas a apoyar la autogestión de los medicamentos, capaces de generar recordatorios, en español, actualizadas en los últimos 2 años y gratuitas. Los análisis de las aplicaciones se han hecho según un conjunto de características consideradas deseables y evaluación de la calidad con la herramienta Mobile App Rating Scale. Resultados De 708 aplicaciones, se seleccionaron 3. Las aplicaciones Medisafe y Mytherapy presentaron el 89% y el 78% de las características deseables, respectivamente. La aplicación de Sergio Licea presentó el 56%. La mayor puntuación global de calidad la obtuvo MyTherapy (3,79/5; RIQ: 3-4), seguida de Medisafe (3,72/5; RIQ: 3-4) y, por último, Sergio Licea (2,87/5; RIQ: 2-4). La valoración de la calidad es coincidente con la hecha por los usuarios. Hay muchas aplicaciones disponibles, sin embargo, la mayoría no cumplieron los criterios de selección establecidos. Conclusiones Através de un proceso sistemático por pasos, identificamos la aplicación de mayor calidad en español para que sea probada en un estudio futuro, que proporcionará evidencia sobre el uso de una intervención multicomponente para mejorar la adherencia a la medicación.

This study evaluated the cost-effectiveness of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) added to usual care versus usual care alone in elderly patients with chronic diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) from the Spanish health care system perpective. A 6-state Markov model with 3-month cycles was used to estimate costs and outcomes of wound healing and risk of recurrences, infections, and amputations over 5 years. Three treatment strategies were compared: ( a) usual care plus PRP obtained with a commercial kit, ( b) usual care plus PRP obtained manually, and ( c) usual care. Data on effectiveness were taken from a recent meta-analysis. Outcomes and costs were discounted at 3% and resources were valued in 2018 euro. Compared with usual care, the PRP treatment with the manual method was more effective and less costly (dominant option), whereas the PRP treatment with the commercial kit was more effective but also more costly, with the incremental ratio being above the cost-effectiveness threshold (€57 916 per quality-adjusted life year). These results are sensitive to the price of PRP kits (a 20% discount would make the PRP treatment a cost-effective option) and effectiveness data, due to the heterogeneity of primary studies. In conclusion, PRP treatment for DFUs could be considered a cost-effective or even cost-saving alternative in Spain, depending on the method of obtaining the PRP. Despite the dominance of the manual method, its general use is limited to hospitals and specialized centers, whereas PRP kits could be used in primary care settings, but their prices should be negotiated by health authorities.

Resumen: Objetivo: Revisar las aplicaciones móviles en español para mejorar la adherencia farmacológica y evaluar sus características y calidad con el fin de identificar aplicaciones de alta calidad. Médoto: Se ha hecho una revisión siguiendo un procedimiento por pasos similar a una revisión sistemática de la literatura. La fuente de los datos han sido plataformas de distribución digital de aplicaciones móviles Apple Apps Store y Google Play Store. Se han seleccionado aquellas aplicaciones dirigidas a apoyar la autogestión de los medicamentos, capaces de generar recordatorios, en español, actualizadas en los últimos 2 años y gratuitas. Los análisis de las aplicaciones se han hecho según un conjunto de características consideradas deseables y evaluación de la calidad con la herramienta Mobile App Rating Scale. Resultados: De 708 aplicaciones, se seleccionaron 3. Las aplicaciones Medisafe y Mytherapy presentaron el 89% y el 78% de las características deseables, respectivamente. La aplicación de Sergio Licea presentó el 56%. La mayor puntuación global de calidad la obtuvo MyTherapy (3,79/5; RIQ: 3-4), seguida de Medisafe (3,72/5; RIQ: 3-4) y, por último, Sergio Licea (2,87/5; RIQ: 2-4). La valoración de la calidad es coincidente con la hecha por los usuarios. Hay muchas aplicaciones disponibles, sin embargo, la mayoría no cumplieron los criterios de selección establecidos. Conclusiones: Através de un proceso sistemático por pasos, identificamos la aplicación de mayor calidad en español para que sea probada en un estudio futuro, que proporcionará evidencia sobre el uso de una intervención multicomponente para mejorar la adherencia a la medicación. Abstract: Objective: To review the mobile apps in the Spanish market to improve adherence to medications and evaluate their characteristics and quality to identify high-quality applications. Method: A review was carried out following a stepwise procedure similar to a systematic review of the scientific literature. Apple Apps Store and Google Play Store mobile application digital distribution platforms. Applications aimed at supporting self-management of treatment, which generate reminders, in Spanish, updated in the last 2 years and free. We evaluate the applications according to a set of characteristics considered desirable and the quality with the Mobile App Rating Scale tool. Results: Out of 708 applications, 3 applications were selected. The Medisafe and Mytherapy applications had 89% and 78% of the desirable characteristics, respectively. Sergio Licea's application only had 56%. The highest global quality score was obtained by the MyTherapy application (3.79/5, IQR: 3-4), followed by Medisafe (3.72/5, (IQR: 3-4) and, finally, Sergio Licea (2.87/5, IQR: 2-4). The quality assessment coincides with the user assessment. There are many available applications, however, most did not meet the selection criteria. Conclusions: A systematic stepwise process was able to identify the quality application to be tested in a future study that will provide evidence on the use of a multicomponent intervention to improve medication adherence.

Background Stereoelectroencephalography (SEEG) has been shown to be a valuable tool for the anatomoelectroclinical definition of the epileptogenic zone (EZ) in patients with medically refractory epilepsy considered for surgery (RES patients). In Spain, many of those patients are not offered this diagnostic procedure. Objective To evaluate the effectiveness, safety, and cost-effectiveness of SEEG to define the EZ in RES patients compared to no SEEG intervention, ie, remaining with further antiepileptic drugs. Methods We undertook a systematic review with meta-analyses on the effectiveness and safety of SEEG. A cost-effectiveness analysis was conducted using a Markov model, which simulates the costs and health outcomes of individuals for a lifetime horizon from the perspective of the Spanish National Health Service. The effectiveness measure was quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). We ran extensive sensitivity analyses, including a probabilistic sensitivity analysis. Results The EZ was found in 92% of patients who underwent SEEG (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.87-0.96); 72% were eligible for epilepsy surgery (95% CI: 0.66-0.78) and 33% were free of seizures after surgery (95% CI: 0.27-0.42). Of the patients who underwent surgery, 47% were free of seizures after surgery (95% CI: 0.37-0.58). Complications related to implantation and monitoring of SEEG and the subsequent intervention occurred in 1.3% of patients (95% CI: 0.01-0.02). In the base case analysis, SEEG led to higher QALYs and healthcare costs with an estimated incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of 10 368 EUR per QALY (95% CI: dominant-113 911), making the probability of cost-effectiveness between 75% and 88%. Further sensitivity analyses showed that the results of the study were robust. Conclusion SEEG is a cost-effective technology in RES patients when compared to no SEEG intervention.

The beneficial effects on the health of the re-experimentation of traumatic experiences are well-established. The effectiveness of using reexperimentation seems to be affected by certain conditions. Among personal variables that have been shown to influence the recovery of such experiences it has highlighted the optimism and alexithymia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects on mental health of an intervention based on re-experimentation. The sample consisted in a total of 60 participants, of which 40 carried out a process of emotional re-experimentation through three sessions of expressive writing. The rest formed the control group. All participants were evaluated before and after the emotional disclosure in positive and negative affect, anxiety, depression, intrusive thoughts and cognitive avoidance. Furthermore, the level of optimism and alexithymia were controlled. The results showed the effectiveness of expressive writing on the positive and negative affect and on depression. Among the covariables, only optimism affected significantly to effect emotional variables. The contextual and personal conditions that can be ameliorated the clinical use of emotional disclosure were discussed.

Objective Survival of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has significantly improved over the past decades. As SLE patients live longer they inevitably experience a range of clinical manifestations and somatic symptoms. Quality of life may also be impacted through a range of subjective indicators. Among these parameters, fatigue is the most prevalent complaint. Nonpharmacologic strategies seem regularly utilized for fatigue management in SLE; however, their real effects are not known. Methods A systematic review was conducted to analyze the effectiveness of nonpharmacologic interventions to reduce fatigue in SLE patients. Medline/PreMedline, Embase, PsycINFO, SCI-EXPANDED, Social Sciences Citation Index, and the Cochrane Library were searched (June 2014). Studies were included and assessed for quality if they fulfilled prespecified criteria. Results A total of 12 studies were finally included (n = 549): 7 randomized trials, 1 nonrandomized trial, and 4 prospective observational studies. They assessed 5 main intervention categories: exercise, behavioral and psychological approaches, diets, acupuncture, and phototherapy. All interventions produced reductions in fatigue, as measured using at least 1 instrument. Aerobic exercise was found to be effective and suitable for reducing fatigue, but results were not always consistent across instruments used. The diversity of psychological interventions limits the significance of the results; however, data point to a positive impact on fatigue. There are still few data on the effect of acupuncture, diets, and ultraviolet A radiation. Conclusion Studies are few and heterogeneous; however, nonpharmacologic interventions applied to SLE patients can be effective in reducing fatigue.

Foot ulcer is a major complication of diabetes mellitus and often precedes leg amputation. Among the different methods to achieve ulcer healing, the use of platelet-rich plasma, which is rich in multiple growth factors and cytokines and may have similarities to the natural wound healing process, is gaining in popularity. A systematic review with meta-analyses was performed to evaluate the safety and clinical effectiveness of platelet-rich plasma for the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers compared to standard treatment or any other alternative therapy. The electronic databases Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were consulted in March 2017 with no restrictions placed on the publication date. Predefined criteria were used to determine inclusion of studies and to assess their methodologic quality. Eight randomized clinical trials and two prospective longitudinal-observational studies with control group were included. Platelet-rich plasma treatment increased the likelihood of chronic wound healing (RR = 1.32; 95% CI: 1.11, 1.57, I

A considerable proportion of the geriatric population experiences unfavorable outcomes of hospital emergency department care. An assessment of risk for adverse outcomes would facilitate making changes in clinical management by adjusting available resources to needs according to an individual patient's risk. Risk assessment tools are available, but their prognostic precision varies. This systematic review sought to quantify the prognostic precision of 2 geriatric screening and risk assessment tools commonly used in emergency settings for patients at high risk of adverse outcomes (revisits, functional deterioration, readmissions, or death): the Identification of Seniors at Risk (ISAR) scale and the Triage Risk Screening Tool (TRST). We searched PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and SCOPUS, with no date limits, to find relevant studies. Quality was assessed with the QUADAS-2 checklist (for quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies). We pooled data for prognostic yield reported for the ISAR and TRST scores for each short- and medium-term outcome using bivariate random-effects modeling. The sensitivity of the ISAR scoring system as a whole ranged between 67% and 99%; specificity fell between 21% and 41%. TRST sensitivity ranged between 52% and 75% and specificity between 39% and 51%.We conclude that the tools currently used to assess risk of adverse outcomes in patients of advanced age attended in hospital emergency departments do not have adequate prognostic precision to be clinically useful.Una importante proporción de la población geriátrica presenta resultados de salud desfavorables tras ser asistida en servicios de urgencia hospitalaria (SUH). La valoración del riesgo de resultados adversos permitiría modificar el manejo clí- nico, ajustando los recursos disponibles a las necesidades y riesgos de cada paciente. Existen instrumentos de valoración del riesgo, pero su precisión pronóstica varía. Esta revisión sistemática pretende cuantificar la precisión pronóstica de los dos instrumentos de cribado/estratificación de riesgo más empleados, el Identification of Seniors at Risk (ISAR) y Triage Risk Screening Tool (TRST), para identificar la población geriátrica, asistida en los SUH, con alto riesgo de resultados adversos (nuevas visitas a los SUH, deterioro funcional, reingresos hospitalarios y/o muerte). Para ello se realizaron búsquedas en PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) y SCOPUS, sin límite de fechas. La calidad de los estudios se evaluó mediante el instrumento QUADAS-2. Se llevaron a cabo metanálisis sobre el rendimiento pronóstico de los instumentos ISAR y TRST para cada variable de resultado a corto o medio plazo, siguiendo un modelo de efectos aleatorios bivariante. La sensibilidad y la especificidad globales del instrumento ISAR estuvieron comprendidas entre 67-99% y 21-41%, respectivamente; mientras que las estimaciones globales para la sensibilidad y especificidad del TSRT estuvieron comprendidas entre 52-75% y 39-51%, respectivamente. Se concluye que las herramientas evaluadas para determinar el riesgo de eventos adversos en adultos geriátricos atendidos en los SUH no cuentan en la actualidad con la suficiente precisión diagnóstica para ser de utilidad clínica.

Given the economic burden of seasonal influenza for the healthcare system, we performed a systematic review aiming to update available evidence on the cost-effectiveness of vaccination of seasonal influenza in different age groups, including children.A systematic review of the literature on economic evaluations of seasonal influenza vaccination programs in children and adults was carried out. The following databases were searched (January 2013 - April 2018): Medline and PREMEDLINE, EMBASE, EconLit and databases of the Centre for Reviews and Dissemination (DARE, HTA, NHS EED).A total of 11 economic evaluations were included. Methodological quality of included studies was acceptable. Scientific evidence shows that seasonal influenza vaccination programs in school-age children can be a cost-effective alternative from national health system perspective and can be cost-saving from societal perspective in European countries. However, available evidence does not allow us to conclude that influenza vaccination programs in healthy adults under 65 years of age were a cost-effective alternative in our context, due to the high uncertainty and the lack of studies carried out in Spanish context.Vaccination programs for the prevention of seasonal influenza in school-age children (3-16 years) can be a cost-effective strategy.Dada la carga económica que supone para el sistema sanitario la gripe estacional, se plantea esta revisión sistemática cuyo objetivo fue actualizar la evidencia disponible sobre el coste-efectividad de vacunación contra la gripe estacional en diferentes grupos de edad, incluyendo población infantil.Se llevó a cabo una revisión sistemática de la literatura de evaluaciones económicas de los programas de vacunación contra la gripe estacional en niños y adultos. Se realizaron búsquedas en las bases de datos (enero 2013 – abril 2018): Medline y PREMEDLINE, EMBASE, EconLit y en las bases de datos del Centre for Reviews and Dissemination (DARE, HTA, NHS EED).Se incluyeron 11 evaluaciones económicas. La calidad metodológica de los estudios incluidos fue buena. La evidencia científica muestra que los programas de vacunación contra la gripe estacional en niños en edad escolar pueden ser una estrategia coste-efectiva desde la perspectiva sanitaria en países europeos. La evidencia científica disponible hasta el momento no nos permite concluir que los programas de vacunación antigripal en adultos sanos de menos de 65 años de edad sean una alternativa costeefectiva en nuestro contexto, debido a la elevada incertidumbre existente y a la escasez de estudios realizados en el contexto español.Los programas de vacunación contra la gripe estacional en niños en edad escolar (3-16 años) pueden ser una estrategia coste-efectiva desde la perspectiva del SNS.

Background Communities of practice are based on the idea that learning involves a group of people exchanging experiences and knowledge. The e-MPODERA project aims to assess the effectiveness of a virtual community of practice aimed at improving primary healthcare professional attitudes to the empowerment of patients with chronic diseases. Methods This paper describes the protocol for a cluster randomized controlled trial. We will randomly assign 18 primary-care practices per participating region of Spain (Catalonia, Madrid and Canary Islands) to a virtual community of practice or to usual training. The primary-care practice will be the randomization unit and the primary healthcare professional will be the unit of analysis. We will need a sample of 270 primary healthcare professionals (general practitioners and nurses) and 1382 patients. We will perform randomization after professionals and patients are selected. We will ask the intervention group to participate for 12 months in a virtual community of practice based on a web 2.0 platform. We will measure the primary outcome using the Patient-Provider Orientation Scale questionnaire administered at baseline and after 12 months. Secondary outcomes will be the sociodemographic characteristics of health professionals, sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of patients, the Patient Activation Measure questionnaire for patient activation and outcomes regarding use of the virtual community of practice. We will calculate a linear mixed-effects regression to estimate the effect of participating in the virtual community of practice. Discussion This cluster randomized controlled trial will show whether a virtual intervention for primary healthcare professionals improves attitudes to the empowerment of patients with chronic diseases. Trial registration ClicalTrials.gov, NCT02757781. Registered on 25 April 2016. Protocol Version. PI15.01 22 January 2016. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13063-017-2232-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Informed consent for patients. (DOC 90 kb)

Patient-Practitioner Orientation Scale (PPOS) questionnaire. (DOCX 16 kb)

Patient Activation Measure (PAM) questionnaire. (DOCX 16 kb)

SPIRIT (Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials) checklist. (DOC 121 kb)

Informed consent for primary healthcare professionals. (DOC 90 kb)

Introduction:New therapeutic strategies have been established in chronic wound healing procedures, such as the use of platelet-rich plasma (PRP). There is currently still uncertainty about the effectiveness, cost-effectiveness and real safety of PRP in promoting chronic wound healing and what specific types of chronic wounds can benefit most from its use.Methods:We conducted a systematic review of available scientific literature on the effectiveness, safety and cost-effectiveness of PRP compared to placebo, standard care or alternative topical therapies for the treatment of chronic wounds in adults. Overall effect size was estimated through a meta-analysis. A cost-effectiveness analysis was conducted using a Markov model which simulates the costs and health outcomes of individuals for a 5-year horizon, from the perspective of the Spanish National Health Service (NHS) for the PRP versus standard treatment in patients with diabetic foot ulcers. The effectiveness measure was quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). We ran extensive sensitivity analyses, including a probabilistic sensitivity analysis.Results:Sixteen RCTs and four observational studies were included for the effectiveness and safety meta-analysis. The primary outcome was the proportion of chronic wounds completely healed: 143 patients out of 334 (42.8 percent) were cured in the standard treatment arm and 251 patients out of 375 (66.9 percent) in the PRP arm, relative risk (RR) 1.68 (95% CI: 1.22–2.31). It was unclear whether there was a difference in the risk of infection (RR 0.53, 95% CI: 0.10–2.71) or adverse events (RR 1.05, 95% CI: 0.29–3.88) between PRP and standard care. Three studies were considered for the cost-effectiveness analysis. In the base case analysis, PRP led to higher QALYs and healthcare costs with an estimated incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of EUR 41,767 (USD 48,323)/QALY.Conclusions:PRP treatment is more expensive and more effective than standard treatment. The estimated ICER is above the acceptability threshold in Spain.

Introduction:Stereo-electroencephalography (SEEG) has been shown to be a valuable tool for the anatomo-electroclinic definition of the epileptogenic zone (EZ) in some patients with medically refractory epilepsy considered for surgery. In Spain, many of those patients are not offered this diagnostic procedure. The objective of our health technology assessment (HTA) report was to evaluate the effectiveness, safety and cost-effectiveness of SEEG to define the EZ in patients with refractory epilepsy considered for surgery compared to no SEEG intervention (i.e. remaining with further antiepileptic drugs).Methods:We undertook a systematic review with meta-analyses on the effectiveness and safety of SEEG. A cost-effectiveness analysis was conducted using a Markov model which simulates the costs and health outcomes of individuals for a lifetime horizon from the perspective of the Spanish National Health Service (NHS). The effectiveness measure was quality-adjusted life years (QALYs). We ran extensive sensitivity analyses, including a probabilistic sensitivity analysis.Results:The EZ was found in 92 percent of patients who underwent SEEG, 72 percent were eligible for epilepsy surgery and 33 percent were free of seizures after surgery (47 percent of those who received surgery). Any complications related to insertion and monitoring of SEEG and the subsequent intervention occurred in 1.3 percent of patients. In the base case analysis, SEEG led to higher QALYs and healthcare costs with an estimated incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of EUR 10,368 (USD 12,217) per QALY. The sensitivity analyses showed that the results of the study were robust.Conclusions:SEEG is a cost-effective technology in patients with refractory epilepsy considered for surgery when compared to no SEEG intervention.

Survival of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has significantly improved over the past decades. As SLE patients live longer they inevitably experience a range of clinical manifestations and somatic symptoms. Quality of life may also be impacted through a range of subjective indicators. Among these parameters, fatigue is the most prevalent complaint. Nonpharmacologic strategies seem regularly utilized for fatigue management in SLE; however, their real effects are not known.A systematic review was conducted to analyze the effectiveness of nonpharmacologic interventions to reduce fatigue in SLE patients. Medline/PreMedline, Embase, PsycINFO, SCI-EXPANDED, Social Sciences Citation Index, and the Cochrane Library were searched (June 2014). Studies were included and assessed for quality if they fulfilled prespecified criteria.A total of 12 studies were finally included (n = 549): 7 randomized trials, 1 nonrandomized trial, and 4 prospective observational studies. They assessed 5 main intervention categories: exercise, behavioral and psychological approaches, diets, acupuncture, and phototherapy. All interventions produced reductions in fatigue, as measured using at least 1 instrument. Aerobic exercise was found to be effective and suitable for reducing fatigue, but results were not always consistent across instruments used. The diversity of psychological interventions limits the significance of the results; however, data point to a positive impact on fatigue. There are still few data on the effect of acupuncture, diets, and ultraviolet A radiation.Studies are few and heterogeneous; however, nonpharmacologic interventions applied to SLE patients can be effective in reducing fatigue.

El desarrollo de nuevas tecnologías ha alcanzado prácticamente a todo el desarrollo humano. En el caso de la psicología clínica, ha significado nuevos avances en el conocimiento, evaluación y tratamientos psicológicos de diferentes problemas y trastornos. En este trabajo se revisan cuatro desarrollos que han tenido una expansión importante: el uso de internet para el tratamiento psicológico, el uso de la realidad virtual, el neurofeedback y la estimulación magnética transcraneal. Se presenta brevemente cada técnica o procedimiento, su aplicación a problemas concretos, sus ventajas y sus inconvenientes. Finalmente se discute el desarrollo de estos recursos y la necesidad de seguir aportando conocimientos que vayan mejorando su eficacia y su eficiencia, de acuerdo con tipos de pacientes, patologías, procedimiento específico, así como evitar efectos indeseables. The impact of new technologies has reached almost all human development. In the case of clinical psychology, has meant new advances in the understanding, assessment and treatment of various psychological problems and disorders. In this paper, four developments that have had a major expansion are reviewed: Internet-based psychological treatment, the use of virtual reality, neurofeedback, and transcranial magnetic stimulation. First, each technique or procedure is briefly presented. Then, its application to specific problems, its advantages and disadvantages are described. Finally, the development of these resources and the need to continue providing knowledge is discussed. These advances will improve their effectiveness and efficiency, according to types of patients, specific disorders, and to avoid side-effects. O desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias alcançou praticamente a todo o desenvolvimento humano. No caso da psicologia clínica, significou novos avanços no conhecimento, avaliação e tratamentos psicológicos de diferentes problemas e transtornos. Neste trabalho são revisados quatro desenvolvimentos que tiveram uma expansão importante: o uso da internet para o tratamento psicológico, o uso da realidade virtual, ou neurofeedback e a estimulação magnética transcraniana. Cada técnica ou procedimento é brevemente apresentado, sua aplicação a problemas concretos, suas vantagens e seus inconvenientes. Finalmente discute-se o desenvolvimento destes recursos e a necessidade de seguir contribuindo com conhecimentos que possam melhorar sua eficácia e sua eficiência, de acordo com tipos de pacientes, patologias, procedimento específico, assim como evitar efeitos indesejáveis.

Title: Psychometric properties of the Basic Questionnaire for Depression with an adolescent sample. Abstract: Data about the validation of the Basic Questionnaire for De- pression (CBD, Cuestionario Basico de Depresion) with an adolescent sample, are presented. The CBD is a 21-items inventory to assess the most representative areas of depression, and that has shown adequate psycho- metric properties with adult samples. The CBD was administered to 392 adolescents, (retest, n = 60), jointly with the CDI and the STAIC. The re- sults favoured an one-factor solution, with an elevated internal consistency and a high temporary stability. The convergent validity with depression was elevated, but also it was it with anxiety. The CBD shows a greater capacity to detectpossible-cases' of depression thanpossible-not-cases'. These re- sults are discussed in relation to the necessity to corroborate them with clinical samples.

La vivencia de situaciones estresantes, molestas o traumáticas es relativamente frecuente en la vida de los seres humanos. La expresión de las emociones, especialmente las relacionadas con este tipo de situaciones, se considera normal y saludable. De esta idea, surge el paradigma de reexperimentación emocional (RE) a principio de los años ochenta del siglo pasado. El paradigma tradicional de RE implica que los participantes escriban sobre sus experiencias más altamente molestas, estresantes o traumáticas acompañadas de las emociones y pensamientos más profundos. Las sesiones se realizan individualmente, por escrito, durante tres o cuatro días consecutivos y con una duración por sesión en torno a 20 minutos. Desde sus inicios, el paradigma de RE se asoció a la obtención de beneficios físicos y psicológicos, en aquellas personas que habían sufrido un evento traumático. Sin embargo, su aplicación, tanto en poblaciones sanas como clínicas, ha dado como resultado datos, en algunos casos, poco concluyentes. Algunos elementos que han podido influir en la heterogeneidad de los datos sobre la eficacia de la RE son, entre otros, las instrucciones utilizadas, el tiempo de las sesiones, el tipo de trauma narrado, así como variables personales. Como propósito de la presente investigación se plantea conocer cómo la narración de un mismo o distintos traumas a lo largo de las sesiones, en sesiones de 15 ó 30 minutos influye sobre el bienestar psicológico y físico de los participantes. Asimismo, se trata de conocer cómo influyen variables personales como la alexitimia, el optimismo y el estrés postraumático, así como el tipo de trauma, real o imaginario, interviene en el bienestar a partir de un estudio experimental. El desarrollo de los contenidos teóricos se ordena de la siguiente manera: en primer lugar una breve exploración de los antecedentes de la RE a lo largo de la historia. Posteriormente, se expone una revisión de los estudios en población sana y, posteriormente, en población clínica. Tras esto, se comentan las teorías más influyentes dentro del campo de la RE y, finalmente, los potenciales moduladores de la eficacia de la RE. Los principales resultados mostraron como el procedimiento de RE se asoció a mejoras en los niveles de salud física y bienestar psicológico, medido a través de los niveles de ansiedad y depresión. Se observó que las mejoras se asociaron especialmente, a los procedimiento largos (30 minutos de narración) y solo en el caso de los niveles de ansiedad fue necesaria la narración del mismo trauma a lo largo de las sesiones. El grupo de trauma imaginación no mostró los beneficios a largo plazo esperados. Y, finalmente, en relación al papel mediacional de las variables personales, se observó, por un lado, como las personas alexitímicas se beneficiaron de los procedimientos largos de reexperimentación y, por otro, que los procedimientos de narración del mismo trauma a lo largo de sesiones largas, permiten a los participantes pesimistas obtener resultados similares a los optimistas. A pesar de que el procedimiento ha demostrado cierta eficacia, su uso debe limitarse a servir como un complemento a tratamientos apoyados empíricamente o formar parte de paquetes de intervención eficaces.

Los efectos beneficiosos sobre la salud de la reexperimentación emocional mediante la utilización de la escritura expresiva de vivencias traumáticas están bien establecidos. La efectividad de la utilización de la reexperimentación parece verse afectada por ciertas condiciones. Entre las variables personales que han mostrado tener influencia sobre la recuperación de tales vivencias se ha destacado el optimismo y la alexitimia. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar los efectos de una intervención basada en la reexperimentación emocional sobre la salud mental. Se aplicó un diseño experimental intergrupo pre y posttratamiento. La muestra estuvo compuesta por un total de 60 participantes, de los que 40 llevaron a cabo un procedimiento de reexperimentación emocional mediante tres sesiones de escritura expresiva. El resto formaron el grupo control y escribieron sobre situaciones triviales. Todos fueron evaluados antes y después de la reexperimentación emocional en afecto positivo y negativo, ansiedad, depresión, pensamientos intrusivos y evitación cognitiva. Además, se controló el nivel de optimismo y la alexitimia. Los resultados mostraron la eficacia de la escritura expresiva sobre el afecto positivo y negativo y el nivel de depresión. Entre las covariables, únicamente el optimismo produjo un efecto significativo sobre las variables más emocionales. Se discuten las condiciones contextuales y personales que pueden favorecer el uso clínico de la reexperimentación emocional.

La Escala de Valoración del Estado de Ánimo [EVEA, Sanz, J. (2001). Análisis y Modificación de Conducta, 27, 71-110] es un instrumento diseñado para evaluar cuatro estados emocionales de carácter situacional con entidad clínica (depresión, ansiedad, hostilidad y alegría). Para el análisis de la fortaleza estructural de la escala, ésta fue administrada a una muestra de 140 participantes. Para conocer la capacidad de la EVEA para monitorizar cambios en el estado de ánimo, 40 de participantes fueron asignados a una tarea de reexperimentación emocional de vivencias traumáticas o a una tarea de escribir sobre hechos triviales. Además de la EVEA, se administró la escala PANAS para evaluar la afectividad positiva y negativa. Los resultados mostraron la consistencia de la escala, su ajuste estructural y su capacidad para detectar los cambios en el estado de ánimo, especialmente en depresión, de manera similar a los detectados por la afectividad negativa del PANAS., The Scale for Mood States Assessment [EVEA, Sanz, J. (2001). Análisis y Modificación de Conducta, 27, 71-110] is an instrument designed for measuring transitory moods with a clinical entity (depression, anxiety, hostility and happiness). This scale was administered to a sample of 140 participants. 40 of these participants were assigned to task of disclosure of traumatic emotional experiences or task to write about trivial events, to know the ability to monitor changes in mood. In addition to EVEA, PANAS scale were administered to assess positive and negative affect. The results showed the consistency of the scale, structural adjustment and its ability to detect changes in mood, especially in depression mood state, similar to PANAS negative affectivity.

El presente trabajo se inscribe dentro de los estudios sobre la eficacia de la reexperimentación emocional de traumas y sucesos altamente estresantes. Específicamente se estudia el papel de escribir sobre un mismo trauma o sobre traumas diferentes sobre la salud mental y física. 37 mujeres estudiantes de psicología fueron asignadas a tres condiciones experimentales: escribir tres días sobre un mismo trauma, escribir sobre un trauma diferente cada día y escribir sobre cuestiones triviales. Como variables dependientes se tomaron la afectividad positiva y negativa, el nivel de síntomas de estrés postraumático, el nivel de depresión y el nivel de salud (autoinformado). Se llevaron a cabo mediciones sesión a sesión y a los dos meses. Los resultados indicaron que la afectividad negativa disminuyó y aumentó la afectividad positiva, sesión a sesión. A los dos meses se observó una disminución significativa de la sintomatología de estrés postraumático y de la salud física para el grupo que escribió sobre el mismo trauma, en comparación con los otros dos grupos. El nivel de depresión también disminuyó, tanto para el grupo que escribió sobre el mismo trauma como para el que escribió sobre traumas distintos. A pesar de que el modelo de la exposición cognitiva es el que consigue un mayor apoyo, los resultados se discuten de acuerdo a nuevos modelos explicativos más comprehensivos.