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Background: Anatomical structures of the nose (including muscles) are elevated, sutured, or reshaped during rhinoplasty. Electromyography and electroneurography are the objective electrophysiologic tests performed for the direct measurement of nasal muscle function. Objectives: The authors investigate the predictive values and functional status of nasal muscles during voluntary facial and nasal movements following open and closed rhinoplasty. Methods: In 48 patients who underwent rhinoplasty, surface electrodes were placed to preoperatively and postoperatively measure nasal muscle function with electromyography and electroneurography. Results were analyzed according to whether the patient had undergone open or closed rhinoplasty. Results: Electroneurography amplitudes were decreased postoperatively on both sides, in both groups. This increase was statistically significant (p < .001). Electromyography-recorded amplitude of nasal muscle contraction tension significantly decreased postoperatively in response to all voluntary movements in two cases in the closed rhinoplasty group (6.6%) and in two cases in the open rhinoplasty group (11.1%). In essence, the activity strength of the nasal muscles decreased postoperatively for some patients. The mean differences between the two groups were not statistically significant (p = .280). Conclusions: The data showed no meaningful difference in injury to the nasal muscular layer between open and closed rhinoplasty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dedifferentiation is defined as high-grade malignant tumor development out of a low-grade malignant tumor. We present an adenocarcinoma tumor of the parotid gland that was dedifferentiated from a low-grade epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma and was followed up for 3 years. Our patient, a 46-year-old female, presented with a left parotid mass of 20-year duration. Histopathologic results showed that there was only one area of typical epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma, with foci of poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma (not otherwise specified; NOS) and clear cytoplasm in the parotid gland. Immunohistochemical staining results showed SMA (+), P63 (+), CK8 (+), and S100 (+) on epithelial cells. A review of the literature revealed 22 previously reported cases of dedifferentiated epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma. In these cases, the malignant tumors that dedifferentiated from epithelial- myoepithelial carcinoma were adenoid cystic carcinoma, actinic cell carcinoma, polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma, mucoepidermoid carcinoma, and intraductal carcinoma. In our case, the malignant tumor that dedifferentiated from the epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma was a poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. Histopathological results showed that metastases were not seen in the neck-dissection material. As a result, our case will make a contribution to the literature in terms of prognosis, because there are very few reported cases of dedifferentiated adenocarcinoma development arising from epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To analyze the grade of reflux and the behavior of the cricopharyngeal muscle (CPM) in patients with gastroesophageal reflux (GER) by means of electromyographic (EMG) analysis of CPM., Study Design: Prospective clinical study., Setting: Istanbul Training and Research Hospital., Subject and Methods: Motor unit potential (MUP) recordings and kinesiological recordings of CPM were performed using a concentric needle electrode during dry material swallowing and 3-, 5-, and 10-mL water swallowing. Twenty-four patients with GER were compared with 21 healthy volunteers., Results: GER was mild in 15 patients and moderate-to-severe in 9 patients. MUP recordings were normal in both groups during the preswallowing/postswallowing periods. Kinesiological investigations revealed that the number of patients who did not show a preswallow EMG burst had a positive correlation with the severity of reflux and the amount of liquid swallowed. Rebound bursts were observed in the patient and the control groups. Duration of preswallow and rebound bursts was similar in all groups. Duration of swallowing was shorter in mild GER patients compared with healthy volunteers and moderate-to-severe GER patients. Piecemeal deglutition during 10-mL liquid swallowing was higher in moderate-to-severe GER patients. We also found a positive correlation between the number of swallows and the severity of reflux., Conclusion: Needle EMG of the upper esophageal sphincter was normal in GER patients. Kinesiological evaluations showed increased piecemeal deglutition and number of swallows that correlated positively with the severity of GER.

Objectives: To examine the closure of nasal septal perforations with bilateral nasal floor flaps combined with auricular cartilage grafts and a normally functioning nose in revision patients., Study Design: Case series with chart review., Setting: A tertiary referral hospital in Turkey., Subjects and Methods: Seventeen patients (11 men, 6 women) with nasal septal reperforation were treated surgically using combined bilateral nasal floor mucosal flaps with bilateral auricular cartilage interpositional grafts., Results: The mean follow-up was 15.2 (range, 9-28) months. The average anteroposterior diameter of perforation was 28 ± 3 (range, 20-38) mm, and the average vertical diameter was 23 ± 8 (range, 20-27) mm at the widest site. The nasal septal perforations were closed completely in 16 cases; in 1 case, the perforation was not repaired completely., Conclusions: A successful multilayer closure technique with good exposure was applied in patients with reperforation.

Objective: The basic aim of this study was to minimize intraoperative bleeding, postoperative eyelid edema, and periorbital ecchymosis and to reduce morbidity with a combination of cold saline-soaked gauze compression and intraoperative single-dose corticosteroids., Study Design: The study was designed as a prospective, double-blind, randomized controlled study. Three hundred patients who underwent septorhinoplasty were included., Setting: A tertiary referral hospital in Turkey., Subjects and Methods: Three hundred patients undergoing septorhinoplasty were divided into 2 groups. A single dose of 10 mg dexamethasone was intravenously administered in all cases at the beginning of the operation. In the study group, the nasal dorsum was continuously compressed with cold saline-soaked gauze during the operation. In the control group, the nasal dorsum was compressed with dry gauze continuously during surgery. The operation time and amount of bleeding were recorded during surgery. Degree of eyelid edema and periorbital soft tissue ecchymosis was recorded at 24 hours and on postoperative days 2, 3, 5, and 7 by 2 investigators., Results: The operation time was significantly shorter in the study group than in the control group. Eyelid edema and periorbital ecchymosis were significantly decreased in the study group at the following postoperative days 1, 3, 5, and 7 (P < .05)., Conclusion: Bleeding, edema, and ecchymosis are the main morbidities of rhinoplasty. It is highly probable that cold compression and intraoperative corticosteroids have synergistic effects on these morbidities, especially by the intraoperative control of bleeding.

Vascular malformations can be categorized into low-flow lesions and high-flow lesions according to blood flow volume. Arterial lesions such as arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are generally high-flow lesions. Arteriovenous malformations are high-flow vascular anomalies consisting of a nidus or a network of abnormal vascular channels between feeding arteries and draining veins. Arteriovenous malformations become destructive progressively by compression or erosion of surrounding tissue by itself. Angiography is the most important diagnostic technique for determination of location and flow characteristics of vascular lesions. Embolization is used preoperatively to decrease the size of AVM and reduce the extent of surgical excision. The modern treatment of AVM requires multidisciplinary study between the surgeon and vascular radiologist. We reported an early diagnosed AVM at the lower lip, and it was resected totally intraorally without any complication and morbidity.