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Grazing way of breeding allows small ruminant's constant contact with transient hosts, eggs and larval forms of parasites. Permanent pastures pose the greatest danger from the health point of view, especially if used unplanned and for many years. Uncultivated pastures with poor floristic composition cause nutritive imbalances, but cultivated pastures also represent a place of constant parasitic infections. The solution can be sought in the form of mixed and persecuted breed, and a limitation on the number of animals on the pasture. Are same time, the cultivation of pastures and biosecurity measures contribute to the successful prevention of parasitic diseases.

The grazing method of feeding allows small ruminants - goats and sheep, constant contact with transitional hosts and eggs and larval forms of parasites, so that there is no sheep that is not infected with at least one parasite species. Permanent pastures represent the greatest health risk for sheep and goats, especially if they have been used unplanned for many years. Uncultivated pastures with poor floristic composition cause nutritional imbalances, but cultivated pastures that are used improperly are also a place for constant infections, especially parasitic agents. The cultivation of pasture directly depends on the geological and pedological composition of the soil, hydrological conditions (standing, running water) and microclimatic conditions. The main goal of cultivation is to obtain a pasture that contains a minimum of infectious agents in the soil, which is maximally free from vectors and transitional hosts of certain diseases (molluscs, arthropods) and infectious forms of parasites. At the same time, the grass must be of optimal quality, density and nutritional value. Successful cultivation must be based on real data. This means that in addition to the floristic and pedological composition of the soil, parasitological control of the soil and grass must be done. Interventions on pastures can be a good prerequisite for controlling and preventing parasitic diseases. The solution can be sought in the form of grazing - it can be mixed and grazing, and also the limitation of the number of individuals in the pasture can be applied. Mixed grazing implies the grazing of different herbivores on one pasture, which certainly has a positive effect on the reduction of parasitic infections. Cross-country grazing is a method of using pastures to move animals from one part of the pasture to another at certain time intervals and return to them only after a certain period of rest.

Askaridoza svinja je parazitsko oboljenje koje izaziva nematoda Ascaris suum Za askaridozu slobodno možemo reći da predstavlja najčešće, najznačajnije i najraširenije parazitsko oboljenje domaćih i divljih svinja. Ova parazitoza ima globalnu rasprostranjenost i ustanovljena je i u organskoj i ekstenzivnoj proizvodnji i na industrijskim farmama svinja. Gubici koji proističu od askaridoze su ravni, čak i veći od mnoštva zaraznih bolesti. Osim velikih zdravstvenih problema koje nanosi svinjarskoj proizvodnji askaridoza je zoonotsko obolenje., Pig ascariasis is a parasitic disease caused by the nematode Ascaris suum We can say that ascariasis is the most common, most significant and widespread parasitic disease of domestic and wild pigs. This parasitosis has a global distribution and has been established both in organic and extensive production and in industrial pig farms. Losses from ascariasis are flat, even higher than many infectious diseases. Apart from the major health problems it causes to pig production, ascariasis is a zoonotic disease.key wors: askaridoza, Ascaris suum, svinje.

Stajski način držanja ovaca sa velikim brojem životinja na realtivno malom prostoru, sa ujednačenim mikroklimatom i dubokom prostirkom pogoduju nastanku protozoarnih infekcija, posebno kokcidijama, naročito kod mlađih kategorija životinja. Na osnovu istraživanja u svetu i kod nas utvrđeno je da ova obolenja dominiraju kod jagnjadi i po prevalenci i po incidenci i praćena su značajnim morbiditetom i malim do umerenim mortalitetom. Fecesom inficiranih jedinki izlučuju se oociste ovih protozoa koje nisu sporulisane (i zbog toga su neinfektivne) a postaju infektivne nakon sporulisanja u spoljnoj sredini. Kada se kaže kokcidioza uobičajeno se misli na oboljenje uzrokovano protozoa iz familije Eimeridae – rod Eimeria. Osim familije Eimeridae, u rod kokcidija spadaju daleko opasnije zoonotske vrste - Cryptosporidium sp, Toxoplasma gondii i Sarcocysta sp., ali zadnje dve su u malom procentu prisutne kod nas. Kako su kokcidije iz roda Eimeria a zatim i Cryptospora primarni i najznačajniji uzročnici obolenja jagnjadi u radu je dat prikaz biosigurnosnih mera koje se koriste u njihovoj kontroli., The stable way of sheep breding with a large number of animals in a relatively small space, with a uniform microclimate and a deep mat favors the occurrence of protozoan infections, especially coccidia, especially in younger categories of animals. Based on research in the world and in our country, it was determined that these diseases dominate in lambs both in terms of prevalence and incidence and are accompanied by significant morbidity and low to moderate mortality. In the feces of infected individuals, oocysts of these protozoa are excreted, which are not sporulated (and therefore non-infectious), and become infectious after sporulation in the external environment. When we say coccidiosis, we usually mean the disease caused by protozoa from the family Eimeridae - genus Eimeria. Apart from the Eimeridae family, the coccidia genus includes far more dangerous zoonotic species - Cryptosporidium sp., Toxoplasma gondii and Sarcocysta sp. but the last two are present in a small percentage here. Since coccidia from the genus Eimeria and then Cryptospora are the primary and most important causes of illness in lambs, the paper presents the biosecurity measures used in their control.

Ispitivanje krpelja u Srbiji ima dugu tradiciju i rađeno je sistematski. U ovom radu su prikazani rezultati istraživanja krpelja kod ovaca na širem područja Beograda u periodu od 2011. do 2018. godine. Ukupno je pregledano 97 stada (2 297 ovaca) poreklom iz 43 sela u okolini Beograda. Tokom ovih istraživanja, kod ovaca na području Beograda su ustanovljeni I. ricinus (41,91%), Dermacentor marginatus (32,91%), Rhipicephalus bursa (17,22%), R. sanguineus (6,72%), Haemaphysalis punctata (2,21%) i D. pictus (1,09%). Odnos polova kod dominantnih vrsta krpelja je bio sledeći: od ukupnog broja prikupljenih krpelja, 52,35% su bile ženke, a 47,65% mužjaci. Odnos polova nađenih vrsta krpelja ukazao je na veći broj ženki u četiri vrste: I. ricinus, Ha. punctata, R. sanguineus i D. marginatus, dok je veći broj mužjaka otkriven kod jedne vrste – R. bursa i jednak broj kod krpelja D. pictus. U martu su nađeni I. ricinus, R. sanguineus, D. marginatus i Ha. punctata. U aprilu su pronađeni D. pictus i R. bursa. Maksimum brojnosti u aprilu dostižu D. marginatus i Ha. punctata, a u maju I. ricinus i D. pictus. U junu, populacijski pik imaju R. sanguineus i R. bursa, koje su najčešće nalažene vrste i u julu i u avgustu. U septembru je zapažen porast populacije I. ricinus i D. marginatus, dok je u oktobru uočen porast R. sanguineus., The examination of ticks in Serbia has a long tradition and is carried out systematically. In our work, we present results of research on ticks in sheep from the wider area of Belgrade in the period from 2011. to 2018. A total of 97 flocks (2 297 sheep) originating from 43 villages in the vicinity of Belgrade were examined. During these investigations, Ixodes ricinus (41.91%), Dermacentor marginatus (32.91%), Rhipicephalus bursa (17.22%), R. sanguineus (6.72%), Haemaphysalis punctata (2.21%) and D. pictus (1.09%) were found in sheep in the Belgrade area. The gender ratio of the dominant species of ticks was as follows: of the total number of ticks collected, 52.35% were females and 47.65% males. The sex ratio of the tick species found, showed a higher number of females in four species I. ricinus, Ha. punctata, R. sanguineus and D. marginatus, while a higher number of males was detected in one species - R. bursa and an equal number in D. pictus ticks. In March, I. ricinus, R. sanguineus, D. marginatus and Ha. punctata were found. D. pictus and R. bursa were found in April. D. marginatus and Ha. punctata reach their maximum abundance in April and I. ricinus and D. pictus in May. In June, the population peak were recorded for R. sanguineus and R. bursa, which were the most frequently found species in both July and August. In September, we observed an increase in the population of I. ricinus and D. marginatus, while in October we observed an increase in R. sanguineus presence.

Metastrongylidosis or pulmonary strongylidosis of pigs is a disease caused by several species of nematodes from the genus Metastrongylus. Metastrongylides belong to biohelminths whose causative agents use transitional hosts for their development and maintenance of the biological cycle, in this case numerous species of lumbricides (earthworms). The larvae acquire infectivity only when they eat by earthworms - intermedial host. The seasonal variation of microclimate conditions in the soil has a large part in the life of earthworms, and the inhibitory factors in their seasonal dynamics are directly related to the spread of metastrongylidosis. Overview of research conducted in the five-year period in the area of Belgrade it was established that the dominant species of earthworms which are intermediate hosts to lungworm: Eisenia foetida, Eisenia rosea, Dandreobena rubida, Allopbophora caliginosa, Allopbophora jassyensis, Lubricus terrestris and Lubricus rubbelus. Also, species occur as transitional hosts of metastrongylidosis was Eisenia veneta, Eisenella tetraedra, Allopbophora longa, Octolasium complanatuum, Octolasium lacteum, Octolasium rebeli, Dendrobaena octaedra, Dendrobaena subrubicunda, Dendrobaena mariupoliensis, Bimastus tenius and less often species from the genus Heledrillus spp.

Unapređenje ovčarske proizvodnje vezano je za rešavanje niza različitih problema, koji imaju za cilj prvenstveno povećanje ekonomičnosti uz očuvanje zdravlja i dobrobiti životinja. Načinom gajenja koji je u već vekovima ustaljen kod ovaca stiče se niz uslova koji pogoduju razvoju i održavanju velikog broja oboljenja različite etiologije. Među njima, jedno od vodećih mesta zauzimaju parazitske infekcije. U okviru ovog tehničkog rešenja cilj je bio uvođene mera za adekvatnu i sveobuhvatnu kontrolu parazitskih infekcija ovaca na pašnjacima u cilju pobolšanja proizvodnih rezultata ovaca.

Kovin is a town and a municipality located in the South Banat District of the autonomous province of Vojvodina, Serbia. In the industrial zone of this city there are factories that produce alcohol and animal yeast, pet food, cutting and finishing of steel, production of syringes and packaging for vaccines and medicines, as well as the largest mushroom farm in the Balkans. In addition, 11 km from Kovin there is a mine that extracts coal from the bottom of a lake that is connected to the Danube, and represents a unique underwater coal mining in the world. Despite the mentioned numerous activities that can have an impact on the quality of surface waters, a systematic laboratory monitoring of the surface waters in this area has not been conducted so far. The present study represents the extension of our earlier work aimed at the preliminary characterization of the degree of loading of surface waters with the total and specific, most prevalent hydrocarbon polluting substances [1]. In the current research, the aim was investigation of the presence and concentration level of pesticides in these surface waters.

Med, prirodna hrana sa nutritivnim i terapeutskim značajem, takođe zahteva toplotnu obradu tokom proizvodnje serije. Med je neophodno preraditi pre nego što se stavi u promet, jer se sirovi med lako kristališe posle izvesnog vremena i može sadržati neke mikroorganizme i nečistoće kao što su pčelinji vosak, koje mogu negativno uticati na senzorna svojstva. Hidroskimetilfurfural (HMF) se obično koristio kao indikator svežine i smatra se jednim od najvažnijih faktora u predviđanju kvaliteta uzoraka meda. Iz tog razloga je količina i stvaranje HMF pod uticajem tretmana grejanja i skladištenja na uzorcima meda iz Srbije ispitivano u ovom istraživanju., Honey, a natural food with nutritional and therapeutic significance, also requires heat treatment during batch manufacture. It is necessary to process honey before it is put on the market, because raw honey crystallizes easily after a certain time and contains some microorganisms and impurities such as beeswax, which can negatively affect the sensory properties. Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) was typically utilized as a freshness indicator and is regarded as one of the most crucial factors in predicting the quality of honey samples. For this reason, the amount and formation of HMF under the influence of heating and storage treatment on honey samples from Serbia was investigated in this study.

Feline coccidiosis is a disease of mostly young animals and regardless of the large number of infected animals, the disease rarely appears. The causative agents are coccidia from the genus Cystoisospora (Isospora) (C. felis, C. bigemina and C. rvolta) and Eimeridae (Eimeria felina and E. cati). Infection is produced orally by coccidia oocysts. Parasites are located in the mucosa of the small intestine. Infections pass in most cases asymptomatic. In severe infections, in kittens long-term bloody diarrhea occurs, there is a general weakness and loss of appetite, and the animals lose weight quickly. Depending on the severity of the infection, death is possible, especially with infections with Cystoisospora felis. In animals that have recovered, the symptoms subside 5 to 7 days. During 2021 we examined feces of 81 pets cats that had symptoms of dysentery, diarrhea, weight loss, fainting and abdominal pain. It usually occurs in young animals. A fecal sample is examined for oocysts using fecal flotation (saturated salt or sucrose solutions). Speciation should be undertaken, and in puppies this may require artificial sporulation of the oocysts with potassium dichromate. Infection with Cystoisospora felis we established in 22.13%, with C. rvolta in 3.27% and with Eimeria cati in 11.18% of examined cats.

Trace elements include microelements and heavy metals. Some of them are essential for plant nourishment, but when used in greater amounts, they are harmful to the environment. There are also trace amounts of other elements (Cd, Hg, and Pb) in the soil, although these are not essential to plants and are major soil pollutants. Microelements are crucial to plant nutrition and are necessary for healthy plant growth and development. They have a role as cofactors and take part in a number of metabolic activities, including respiration and photosynthesis. Rocks (minerals), the fundamental substrate on which the soils were formed, are where microelements and heavy metals in the soil originate. The majority of the time, the naturally occurring concentration of heavy metals in soil is modest and has no effect on the agro-ecosystem's pollution. Trace elements can reach the soil in a variety of ways, and how they behave there depends on the kind and source of the substance. Most frequently, they enter the soil through a variety of anthropogenic methods, including transportation, burning fossil fuels, extraction and smelting, the production of non-ferrous metals, collection of urban and industrial waste, use of waste sludge and other waste as fertilizer, irrigation, atmospheric deposition from industrialand urban emissions, as well as the use of mineral fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture. This research was conducted in order to determine trace elements in soil intended for growing grass in the territory of Vojvodina, Sremski district, geographical coordinates 44.96003149334459, 20.27415379860020. Trace elements were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy using PinAAcle 900T (PerkinElmer, US). The results of the test gave the average level of the content of trace elements, which is: Cd (0.15 ± 0.03), Cu (12.08 ± 3.04), Pb (26.46 ± 5.45), Zn (24.74 ± 1.24), Hg (0.03 ± 0.01), As (4.68 ± 0.87), and Fe (89.30 ± 17.51) mg/kg. On the basis of this research, it can be co

U poređenju sa ostalom živinom, gajenje morki (biserki) ima određene prednosti kao što su niska proizvodna cena, dobra sposobnost adaptacije na različite uslove sredine i veća otpornost na bolesti. Postoji nekoliko varijeteta morki u zavisnosti od boje perja: plavičasta, siva, bela, crna, tamno siva. Kod nas je najzastupljenija tamnosiva morka sa belim tačkama koje podsećaju na bisere, pa otuda i naziv biserke. Uglavnom se gaje kao ukrasna živina.Odrasla jedinka ima telesnu masu od oko 1450g. Godišnje nose od 50 do 80 jaja, a u intenzivnom sistemu gajenja mogu da snesu i do 200 jaja. Prosečna masa jajeta je 38g. Genotip, pol i uslovi držanja imaju veliki uticaj na klanične osobine. Sivamorka ima najveću masu trupa 914g. Masagrudi bele morke je 276 g, bataka 55g, a karabataka oko 69g. Meso morke ima neznatno više proteina od pilećeg i ćurećeg mesa i upola manje masti, pa otuda i manju energetsku vrednost. Meso morke sadrži čak osam esencijalnih aminokiselina i zbog toga je nutritivno veoma vredno. Bogato je mineralima (Ca, Mg, Mn, P, K, Na, Cu, Fe, Zn) i vitaminima (B grupa). Sadržaj gvožđa u crvenom mesu morki (batak 1,46mg/100g, karabatak 1,33mg/100g) može zadovoljiti dnevne potrebe konzumenata. Sadržaj masnih kiselina varira u zavisnosti od ishrane morki, klime i uslova držanja. Od zasićenih masnih kiselina, palmitinske najviše ima u grudima 24,37% i miristinske koje ima najviše u bataku 0,42%. Od mononezasićenih masnih kiselina oleinske najviše ima u karabataku 25,81%. Od polinezasićenih masnih kiselina najviše je zastupljena linolna (grudi 28,62%, batak 32,58% i karabatak 42,57%), dok alfa-linoleinske najviše ima u grudima 0,51%, zatim u karabataku 0,39% i najmanje u bataku 0,11%. Meso morki je karakterističnog prijatnog ukusa, a potražnja je veća u odnosu na ponudu, što može biti podstrek budućim proizvođačima.

Pesticidi su važan faktor u proizvodnji prehrambenih biljaka, kao i smanjenju populacije štetnih insekata i uništavanju glodara. Lipofilni karakter većine pesticida može dovesti do njihovog bioakomulacije u masti, što može imati štetne posledice po zdravlje ljudi i životinja. Cilj ovoga pregled je da predstave saznanja o prisustvu i određivanju pesticida u mleka, sa akcentom na određivanju sadržaja DDT. Razmatraju se rezultati dobijeni pri prvim kontrolama prisustva DDT, kao i oni najnoviji koji su dobijeni poslednjih godina upotrebom novih metoda ekstrakcije i kontrole savremenim tehnikama. I dalje postoje izazovi u samom načinu određivanja i razvoju jednostavnih tehnika i procedura za kontrolu. Ali su rezultati dobijeni poslednjih godina u svim zemljama ujednačeni i slažu se da je prisustvo DDT u mleku sve manje od prvih kontaminacija sedamdesetih godina prošloga veka., Pesticides are an important factor in the production of food plants, as well as reducing the population of harmful insects and destroying rodents. The lipophilic character of most pesticides can lead to their biaccumulation in fats, which can have harmful consequences for human and animal health. The aim of this review is to present knowledge about the presence and determination of pesticides in milk, with emphasis on the determination of DDT content. The results obtained during the first controls for the presence of DDT are discussed, as well as the most recentdeveloping simple techniques and procedures for control. But the results obtained in recent years in all countries are uniform and they agree that the presence of DDT in milk is decreasing since the first contaminations in the seventies of the last century. ones obtained in recent years using new methods of extraction and control using modern techniques. There are still challenges in the very way of determining and

The Kovin Dunavac is a1800 m long arm of the Danube river in the vicinity of Kovin, a small city in eastern Serbia. The Kovin Dunavac marina is used by the local population as a natural shelter for smaller river crafts. In our previous research, the sediments from this locality were investigated for a possible contamination by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)[1]. The results revealed multiple sources of these contaminants in the sediments of this marina. Accordingly, it was concluded that the dominant pollution sources of the sediment in the KovinDunavac were petrogenic (diesel vehicular source) and pyrogenic (grass, wood, and coal combustion). The aim of our present research is investigation of the occurrence, distribution pattern and origin of saturated hydrocarbons in the river marina sediments of the Kovin Dunavac near Kovin, Serbia.

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) represent important environmental pollutants from the group of persistent organic pollutants. Although the use of PCBs is banned in many countries, but they still figure in the environment. Due to its lipophilic character and accumulation in fats, food of animal origin is the one that is most exposed to accumulation and the possibility of the presence of PCB residues [2, 3]. It can be said that fish can be considered environmental indicators. Consumption of fish and fish products is growing globally, because consumers see fish as a natural and safe product. Fish safety control and testing for the presence of PCBs is important because it is an indicator of the state of the environment. The aim of this research is to present the current determination of PCBs in fatty tissue of tuna fish. Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used for the detection of selected polychlorinated biphenyls. The work was performed for validation of the most important congeners (PCB 28, 52, 101, 153, 138 and 180) which are defined by national and international legislation.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of hydrophobic organic compounds, which are ubiquitous in the environment. Some of them exhibit toxicity, mutagenicity, and carcinogenicity [1]. There is a high PAH content in creosote impregnated wood [2]. Creosote impregnated wood which was used and discarded becomes hazardous waste. Concentration of PAHs in used impregnated wood can be reduced by leaching with suitable solvent systems. Thus, the aim of this study was to compare different organic acids solvent systems for leaching PAHs out of impregnated wood to obtain non-hazardous waste. Leaching tests on impregnated wood were performed with 15 % water solution of urea, concentrated formic acid, 15 % solution of urea in formic acid and glacial acetic acid [3]. Concentration of PAHs in extracts was measured by GC-FID technique. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons that were determined are naphthalene, 1-methylnaphthalene, acenaphthene, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo[a] anthracene and chrysene.

Mala buba košnice ili Aethina tumida se relativno skoro pojavila u patologiji pčelarske proizvodnje. Aethina tumida je insekt iz reda Coleoptera, familije Nitidulidae i roda Aethina. A. tumida potiče iz Afrike gde parazitira kod afričkih pčela (Apis mellifera scutellata), koje su razvile efikasan zaštitini mehanizam prema njima. Tokom devedesetih ona se proširila po svetu i do sada je ustanovljena subsaharskoj, centralnoj i Južnoj Africi, severnoj Americi (SAD, Kanada),centralnoj Americi, Aziji (na Filipinima i u Koreji), Australiji, a od 2015. i u Evropi, na jugu Italije u Kalabriji i na Siciliji. Odrasli insekti su tamno smeđe do crne boje i dugi oko 5–6 mm. Odlični su letači i mogu da prevale ogromne udaljenosti, do 20km godišnje., The small hive beatle or Aethina tumida appeared relatively recently in the pathology of beekeeping. Aethina tumida is an insect of the order Coleoptera, family Nitidulidae and genus Aethina. A. tumida comes from Africa, where it parasitizes African bees (Apis mellifera scutellata), which have developed an effective protection mechanism against them. During the nineties, it spread around the world and until now it has been established in sub-Saharan, central and South Africa, North America (USA, Canada), Central America, Asia (in the Philippines and Korea), Australia, and since 2015 in Europe, in the south of Italy in Calabria and Sicily. Adult insects are dark brown to black in color and about 5–6 mm long. They are excellent flyers and can cover huge distances, up to 20km per year.

Kokcidioza ovaca se javlja u akutnom i hroničnom toku, sa velikim morbiditetom, ređa klinička manifestacija koje se javlja kod jagnjadi. Osnovni cilj programa kontrole kokcidioze ovaca jeste podizanje zdravstvenog statusa ovaca u Republici Srbiji. Sprečavanjem pojave i širenja kocidioze preduzimanjem određenih biotehničkih i zdravstvenih mera koje imaju ulogu da smanje prevalenciju parazita, postiže se veći prirast i bolji proizvodni rezultati ovaca. Primena ovog integrisanog koncepta kontrole infekcije parazitima zahteva sistematsko praćenje infekcije na farmama, pre i posle primenjenih mera i zahteva uključivanje svih relevantnih subjekata, prvenstveno veterinarske službe, počev od farmi, pa do radnika sa životinjama.

Nosemosis is one of the most dangerous diseases of adult bees, widespread in beekeeping all over the world. This is a disease whose clinical symptoms are observed at a late stage, therefore beekeepers do not notice it in time, and its consequences are drastic for the survival of the bee colony, which is why many call it the "silent killer of bee colonies". As with other diseases, prevention plays a significant role in the suppression and eradication of this dangerous disease of the adult bee population. It is recommended to choose a suitable place for the apiary (dry, sunny terrain) and that there is plenty of pollen and nectar in the area during spring and summer. Renewing the comb and removing the old, dark comb from the hive, as well as permanent disinfection, are extremely important. Weakened and infected societies must never merge with healthy societies because this will only lead to the spread of disease., Nozemoza je jedno od najopasnijih oboljenja odraslih pčela raširena u pčelarstvu širom sveta. Ovo je bolest čiji se klinički simptomi uočavaju u kasnoj fazi, stoga je pčelari ne uoče na vreme,a njene posledice su drastične po opstanak pčelinje zajednice, zbog čega je mnogi nazivaju "tihi ubica pčelinjih zajednica". Kao i kod drugih oboljenja preventiva ima značajnu ulogu u suzbijanju i eradikacije ove opasne bolesti odrasle populacije pčela. Preporučuje se izbor pogodnog mesta za pčelinjak (suv, osunčan teren) i da u okolini u toku proleća i leta ima dosta polena i nektara. Obnova saća i uklanjanje starog, tamnog saća iz košnice, kao i permanentna dezinfekcija su od izuzetne važnosti. Oslabljena i zaražena društva se nikada ne smeju spajati sa zdravim društvima jer će to samo dovesti do širenja bolesti.

European foulbrood of honeybee (EFB) is a bacterial disease that infects young brood up to 48 hours of age. The primary causative agent is Melissococcus plutonius, a Gram-positive lanceolate or round bacterium that requires cultivation under artificial conditions. Identification of this disease in the field during its presence is unreliable if not accompanied by laboratory confirmation. The most common and obvious sign is larval death shortly before brood closure, however this is not pathognomonic of EFB, and most infected colonies show few visible signs of disease. The infection remains enzootic within the individual colony/hive and therefore relapses of the disease can be expected in the coming years. The disease is widespread throughout the world and is a growing problem in some areas., Evropska kuga pčelinjeg legla (EK) je bakterijska bolest koja zaražava mlado leglo do 48h starosti. Primarni uzročnik je Melissococcus plutonius, gram pozitivna lancetasta ili okrugla bakterija koja je zahtvna za uzgoj u veštačkim uslovima. Identifikacija ove bolesti na terenu tokom njenog prisustva je nepouzdana ako nije praćena laboratorijskim potvrdom. Najčešći i najočigledniji znak je smrt larvi neposredno pre zatvaranja legla, međutim to nije patognomonično za EK, a uz to većina zaraženih kolonija pokazuje malo vidljivih znakova bolesti. Infekcija ostaje enzootska iznutra pojedinačne kolonije/košnice i zato se mogu očekivati recidivi bolesti u narednim godinama. Bolest je široko rasprostranjena širom sveta i predstavlja sve veći problem u nekim oblastima.

Small hive beetles, Aethina tumida, are parasites and scavengers of honey bee.Females lay eggs in the spaces between the frames and the hive wall. Adult and larvae small hive beetles feed on honey bee brood, honey and pollen, thus causing brood death, fermentation of honey and comb destruction. The beetles can promote structural collapse of the nest and cause the adult honey bees to abscond., Male bube košnice, Aethina tumida, su paraziti pčela koji štete celoj zajednici u košnici. Ženke polažu jaja u prostore između okvira i zida košnice. Odrasle i larve se hrane pčelinjim leglom, medom i polenom, uzrokujući uginuće legla, fermentaciju meda i uništavanje saća. Male bube košnice mogu da promovišu strukturalni kolaps gnezda i da izazovu bekstvo odraslih pčela.

Honey is an aromatic compound, a natural food that contains a large amount of nutritional value, which is used in nutrition, but also in medicine due to its medicinal properties. Bioactive compounds (phenols, carotenoids, unsaturated fatty acids, etc.) are considered beneficial to human health due to their potential positive effects. In a healthy diet, it is important to ensure a regular intake of foods that are rich in bioactive compounds, and one such natural food is honey. The degree of quality of honey is influenced by ecological, botanical and geographical factors, the method of storage and preservation of honey, but also the chemical and biochemical properties of honey, which are tested in laboratory conditions using appropriate methods.The results of numerous analyzes indicate the bioactive and pharmacological potential of honey (antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal potential, etc.), hence the reason for the widespread use of honey for nutritional, medical, therapeutic and other purposes., Kako u svakodnevnom životu ljudi još od davnina konzumiraju različite vrste meda istovremeno kao prirodnog zaslađivača i kao lek, cilj ovog istraživanja je utvrđivanje prisustva antioksidativnih supastanci, odnosno antioksidativne aktivnosti različitih vrsta meda. Postoji zavisnost između boje meda i antioksidativnog efekta, to jest svetlija boja meda ukazuje na manji antioksidativni efekat, a tamnija boja ukazuje na veći antioksidativni efekat. Antioksidativna svojstva hrane su jedna od redovnih analiza koje se rade na različitim izvorima hrane kako bi se otkrile njihove moguće sposobnosti za unapređenje zdravlja. Tako i ovaj naučni rad daje na značaju antioksidativnosti meda i njegove koristi za ljudsko zdravlje.

Riba je izuzetno vredna namirnica u ishrani ljudi zbog veoma dobro izbalansiranog sadržaja makronutrijenata kao što su to proteini, masti i mikronutrijenata odnosno minerala i vitamina. Ishrana ribom štiti ljude od kardiovaskularnih i koronarnih bolesti, prevenira rahitis i mentalne bolesti kod dece. Stanovništvo se u svetu ribom snabdeva iz dva izvora: ulov riba iz otvorenih voda (okeani, mora, reke, jezera) i ribom iz akvakulture (morske vode, bočate vode, prirodna i veštačka jezera). Sa porastom broja stanovnika u svetu rastu i potrebe za hranom kako biljnog tako i animalnog porekla. Od namirnica animalnog porekla riba godinama ima najveći porast zahvaljujući, pre svega, proizvodnji ribe u akvakulturi. Akvakultura je bila poznata pre 2000 godina ali njen značaj u proizvodnji ribe postaje prepoznat tek ranih devedesetih godinaprošlog veka. Tih godina ulov ribe iz otvorenih voda (najvećim delom poreklom iz okeana i mora) dostigao je rekordnih blizu 100 miliona tona, što je pretilo poremećaju ravnoteže živog sveta u vodi. Opstanak najčešće lovljenih riba (sitna i krupna plava riba, oslići) doveden je u pitanje, pa je međunarodnim ugovorima ograničen ulov ribe u svim morskim zonama. Od tada ulov ribe se održava na oko 90 miliona tona godišnje. Da bi se zadovoljile sve veće potrebe za ribom rešenje je nađeno u akvakulturi, pa je dvadesetih godina ovog veka izjednačena proizvodnja ribe u akvakulturi sa ulovom ribe u otvorenim vodama. Ulov i proizvodnja ribe u akvakulturi bili su 2020. godine 178 miliona tona. Od ukupne proizvodnje ribe u akvakulturi 1/3 se proizvede u kini. Od 1960. godine kada je prosečna potrošnja ribe u svetu bila po stanovniku 9,9 kg ona je 2020. godine porasla na 20.2 kg. Od 1961. godine količina ribe na tržištu rasla je po godišnjoj stopi od 3% a u isto vreme broj stanovnika rastao je godišnje prosečno za 1.65%. Smatra se da će do 2030. godine potrošnja ribe po stanovniku u svetu godišnje porasti na 21.4 kg. Trenutno najveću potrošnju ribe po sta

Različita fosfatna jedinjenja koja se koriste u industriji mesa nisu neophodna, ali se zbog zadržavanja i vezivanja vode široko koriste. Upotreba fosfatnih aditiva dovodi do uspostavljanja jonskog kapaciteta u mesnom proizvodu. A jedna od najvećih prednosti korišćenja fosfata je smanjenje korišćenja natrijum nitrita, postizanje konzistencije i senzornih svojstva koja su prilagođena potrošaču. Cilj ovog rada bio je ispitivanje količine prisutnih polifosfata i uticaja na količinu odnosa vode i proteina. Obrađeni su podaci dobijenih analizom 30 uzoraka ispitanih dimljenih svinjskih pečenica nakon industrijske proizvodnje. Na ispitanim uzorcima su sprovedene sledeće analize: sadržaj fosfata (izražen kao P2O5), vlage, proteina, masti i pepela. Cilj je bio da se uspostavi idealna količina odnosa fosfatnih soli i vode u toku procesa salamurenja. Ovi podaci su iskorišćeni za obradu odnosa vode i proteina kao i procenu, odnosno proračuna uticaja na nutritivnu vrednost. Najveći benefit korišćenja fosfata je smanjene korišćenja natrijum nitrita, koji prisutan u znatnim količinama može imati štetan uticaj na ljusko zdravlje. Ovo je upravo postignuto adekvatnim odnosom soli i vode. Cilj ispitivanja bio je praćenje prisustva fosfata i usklađivanje vrednosti sa zakonskom regulativom, kao i dobijanje proizvoda sa produženim rokom trajanja, ali i boje i ukusa. Sa porastom količine dodatih fosfata rastao je i sadržaj vode (odnosa vode i proteina) u gotovim proizvodima dobijenih dimljenih pečenica. Dobijene vrednosti količine fosfata u krajnjem proizvodu su bile ispod maksimalno dozvoljene vrednosti fosfata propisane nacionalnom regulativom. Nutritivna vrednost dobijene dimljene svinjske pečenice je 378 kJ, odnosno 90 kcal, sa vrednošći odnosa vode i proteina od 4.3.

Infekcije parazitima predstavljaju značajan zdravstveni problem kod životinja, posebno držanih na zajedničkim pašnjacima, gde se mešaju različite vrste životinja. Uzrokuju ih protozoe, helminti i artropode. Kolika je prevalenca i kojih sve vrsta parazita trenutno ima u Srbiji teško je reći, s obzirom na to da se ovakva istraživanja vrše sporadično. To se pre svega odnosi na autohtone vrste i rase domaćih životinja, koje nisu obuhvaćane uobičajenim merama kontrole parazita. Na osnovu povremenih ispitivanja može se, ipak, steći slika o najčešćim parazitskim infekcijama koje ugrožavaju ove vrste životinja i one će detaljnije biti opisane u daljem tekstu.

Na osnovu istraživanja u svetu i kod nas oboljenja parazitske etiologije dominiraju kod ovaca i koza i po prevalenci i po incidenci, praćena su značajnim morbiditetom i umerenim mortalitetom. Osnovni cilj programa kontrole parazitskih infekcija jeste podizanje zdravstvenog statusa ovaca i koza u Republici Srbiji. Spre- čavanjem pojave i širenja parazitskih infekcija preduzimanjem određenih preventivnih mera ima osnovni zadatak smanjenje prevalencije parazita, čime se postiže da na klanice dospe što manji broj inficiranih životinja. Primena ovog integrisanog koncepta kontrole infekcije parazitima zahteva sistematsko praćenje infekcije na pašnjacima, farmama i klanicama pre i posle primenjenih mera. Biosigurnost, dobrobit, dobra proizvođačka praksa i analiza rizika na kriti«nim kontrolnim tač- kama na farmama i na pašnjacima su veoma značajani elementi za intenzivnu proizvodnju ovaca i koza. Planska primena biosigurnosnih mera presudna je u zaštiti zdravlja malih preživara i uspeha proizvodnje.

Coenurosis is a zoonotic disease caused by the larval forms of Taenia multiceps which are great host's animals from the family of canids. The disease is global distribution but is most present in the Mediterranean, Middle East, Central Africa and Australia. Larvae exhibit tropism toward brain tissue, and cysts are usually located in the left hemisphere of the brain of small ruminants. Involvement of the brain can cause increased intracranial pressure, seizures, loss of consciousness, and focal neurologic deficits. During 2022 we examinee one flocks of 78 milking sheep reared on hilly pastures located below the Zmajevac hill (397 m), between the branches of the Osimćki mountains and the river Zapadna Morava, at an altitude of 178 m. Symptoms of ataxia, such as unsteady gait and stumbling, and depression were observed in 12 animals. In 5 sheep, continuous aimless or circular movement, wandering, was also manifested. In addition to these symptoms, in one sheep that died, visual disturbances were observed depression and unilateral blindness. All affected sheep were slaughtered and a pathoanatomical examination was performed. In the brain of all animals we revealed the presence of infestation with one to four coenuri 4.1-5.5 cm in size. The sites of predilection were the left hemisphere (48%), followed by the right hemisphere (40%) and the cerebellum (12%). The coenurus has a thin wall surrounding a single cavity that contains a clear fluid. When the cysts were opened, numerous scoleces were found inside, from 2 to 3 mm in diameter attached to the cyst wall. Each scolex has four circular suckers and two rows of hooks on a rostellum. The hook lengths are 147 to 165 µm and 87 to 125 µm.The results show that C. cerebralis was a major cause of the nervous manifestations of coenurosis in clinically affected sheep.

Food additives are substances of known chemical composition, which are not consumed as food, nor are they a typical ingredient of food, regardless of nutritional value, but are added to food with the purpose of improving technological performance and retaining certain sensory properties. Additives widely used in the food industry include sulfur dioxide (SO2) and sulfites (E 220 – E 228). Sulfur dioxide and its derivatives are added to food with the purpose of inhibiting and controlling the growth of microorganisms, preventing non‑enzymatic browning, inhibiting reactions catalyzed by enzymes, and as antioxidants and reducing agents. The harmful effects of sulfur dioxide and sulfites are most often associated with allergic reactions from food, so it is necessary to provide consumers with information about their presence in food, even when they are found in very small amounts, because even then the possibility of an allergic reaction is not excluded. This research was conducted with the aim of determining the amount of sulfites in meat products in the period from 2019 to 2022. Altogether, 128 meat product samples were analyzed of which 53 were kebabs and 75 were meat for grilling. After testing, the mean levels of sulfur dioxide and sulfites in positive samples expressed in mg/kg were 210.0 mg/kg in kebabs and 110.6 mg/ kg in meat for grilling. In conclusion, in most of the tested meat products, the sulfite concentration was below the established maximum permissible values according to national and European regulations.

The aim of this work was to determine the fatty acid profile and health lipid indices of fresh turkey meat, as well as products obtained from turkey meat, i.e. turkey sausage and pate. Turkey breast muscles were cut from the side of the carcass, separately vacuum packed and stored in a refrigerator before analysis. Sausages and pate were produced from turkey meat using a technological process. The fatty acid profile of the samples was determined by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector (GC/FID), and lipid indices were calculated based on the composition. Turkey muscle had a higher percentage of C16:0 and C18:0 than turkey sausage and pate. A significantly higher proportion of saturated fatty acids (47.9%) than in sausage and pate, 27.2 and 8.9%, respectively, characterized turkey muscle. The lowest determined proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids for turkey muscle was 12.0%. The atherogenicity index was satisfactory for all three tested products, while the thrombogenicity index was satisfactory only for the tested raw turkey muscle meat (1.656).

Prisustvo pesticida u sirovim proizvodima je samo jedan od aspekata kontrole bezbednosti hrane. Većina hrane podleže termičkoj obradi i industrijkoj preradi koja utiče na svojstva proizvoda i dovodi do potrebe za razmatranjem proračuna faktora obrade. Fizičko-hemijske promene kao što su stabilnost, isparljivosti i afinitet prema lipidnoj frakciji utiču na raspodelu i ponašanje pesticida tokom procesa prerade. Zbog izostavljenih definisanih vrednosti za prerađene prehrambene proizvode u primeni mogu biti faktori obrade, koji najčešće uključuju procese sušenja. Poteškoće i složenosti u tumačenju prisustva ostataka pesticida u prerađenoj hrani dovode do situacije da se kontrola često zanemaruje. Uredbom Evropske komisije (EC) br. 396/2005 za kodni broj 1300000, odnosno za prerađenu hranu, nisu definisane maksimalno dozvoljene vrednosti, tako da su u ovom radu dati primeri proračuna faktora obrade kod prerađene hrane kao što je mleko u prahu i fermentisani proizvodi od mleka sa dodatkom voća. Prerada proizvoda može imati uticaja na promenu koncentracije prisutnih rezidua u finalnom proizvodu, odnosno može imati uticaja na povećanje ili smanjenje količine prisutnih pesticida. Procesi obrade uključuju tretmane pranja, kao i termičku obradu (kuvanje, pasterizaciju, sterilizaciju), sušenje itd.

Spiroplasma is a genus of Mollicutes, a group of small bacteria without cell walls. Spiroplasma shares the simple metabolism, parasitic lifestyle, fried-egg colony morphology and small genome of other Mollicutes, but has a distinctive helical morphology. It has a spiral shape and moves in a corkscrew motion. Insects are the main reservoir for spiroplasmas, where they primarily invade the gut lumen, but some species expanded their habitat range to include hemolymph, ovaries, fat bodies, hypodermis, and salivary glands. Many Spiroplasma strains are vertically-transmitted endosymbionts of are found in many insects and arthropods, including bees, ants, beetles, and butterflies species. They were tentatively identified as the causative agents of neurological disease in bees specifically during the spring using the terms “spiroplasmosis” and “May disease.” Spiroplasma infections in honey bees have been reported in Europe, both America and Asia. While directly harmful consequences to honey bees from S. apis are supported the effects of S. melliferum infections are less clear, but purportedly lead to early mortality when orally administered to adult bees. S. apis was abundantly detected in honey bees from colonies showing symptoms of the lethal “May disease” S. melliferum caused similar disease symptoms in bees when fed, but was less pathogenic at the colony level. Our data showed high variation of infection with S. apis in honey bees with a peak prevalence in May during the course of one-year study period. The colony prevalence increased from 2% in March to 61% in May and then decreased to 22% in June and 20% in July. Synchronized occurrence of Spiroplasma with peak plant flowering periods led to the hypothesis that flowers were reservoirs for these bacteria. This hypothesis was supported by the isolation of both S. melliferum and S. apis from flowers prominently used by honey bees during spring and/or summer.

In this study, the main goal was to examine traditionally prepared home-made dry fermented sausages known as peglana sausages. The nutritional composition, moisture and profile of fatty acids were analyzed. The analysis dry fermented sausages were traditionally produced in eastern Serbia since the 19th century, and some believe much earlier. These sausages are produced in this way only in the town of Pirot, for which this town is famous, because peglana sausages are a well-known specialty when talking about the uniqueness and quality of food. The reason is the characteristic way of preparation, the special way of drying and their specific taste. The method of preparation involves the use of high-quality raw meat from autochthonous animals from the mountain of the Stara Planina estate, which is in the vicinity of Pirot. During the preparation, the microwave extraction method of fatty acids was used in parallel, and the results obtained were compared with the results obtained by conventional preparation. Sausages are characterized as products with low moisture content and high protein content. The amount of saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated acids as the ration of the total fatty acids was 53.6%, 34.35% and 12.03% respectively. Fatty acids were determined in the form of methyl esters of fatty acids after extraction and esterification of fats based on calibration curves of 37 different acids and by measuring the ratio of peak area, standard peak area and internal standard area. The main essential fatty acids present in dry peglana sausage are palmitic acid, stearic acid and oleic acid. Using the mean values obtained for the composition of fatty acids, health indices were calculated and a low value of atherogenic index (AI) was obtained. Gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC/FID) was used to quantify the fatty acid profile.

The present study was conducted in 52 sheep flocks from the territory of east Serbia in the period of March to November 2017, using into consideration the sesonal occurance and prevalence of ticks. Ticks were from sheep by means lightly sprung forceps. The tick species and sex/gender were identified by morphometric characteristics. In total, we examined 216 sheep and tick infestation was detected in 39.24% of examined animals. The most abundant species was Ixodes ricinus found in 41.91%, followed by Dermacentor marginatus (27.91%), Rhipicephalus bursa (10.92%), R.sanguineus (9.92%), D.recticulatus (5.51%) and Haemaphysalis punctata (3.97%). Of the total number of collected ticks, 57.15% were females and 42.85% were males. The population maximum for Dermacentor marginatus, D.recticulatus and Haemaphysalis punctata occurred in April. In May was population peak for I.ricinus and it was noted that this species started to decrease in abundance in June. Rhipicephalus sanguineus and R.bursa reached maxima decreasing until August, and disappearing completely in September and October. The autumn population peak in September occurred for the I.ricinus and Rhipicephalus sanguineus and in October for the I.ricinus and R.bursa.

Parasitic infections cause significant losses to swine production in the farm system. Aim of our work is to presented measures to control parasitic infections at farms breeding swine. The basic measures that were developed and applied were: 1. Use the principles of good production and hygiene practices, 2. Management of the production process, 3. Parasitological diagnostics 4. Application of antiparasitic drugs 5. Strict compliance with biosecurity measures 6. General animal hygiene measures 7. Pest control and disinfection 8. Control of stray dogs and cats on the farm and control of birds 9. Removal of corpses 10. Removal of waste 11. Educational program. The application of this integrated control concept of parasite infection required systematic monitoring of infection on farms and slaughterhouses before and after the applied measures. During the control before the application of the measures, then six months later, the results obtained showed a reduction in the prevalence of parasitic infections by over 80%. Certainly, the complexity of the problem required the involvement of all relevant entities, primarily veterinary services, from farms to slaughterhouses.

U poslednjoj deceniji trend potrošnje meda je drastično porastao u svetu. Razlog je sve veći akcenat na konzumaciji meda zbog njegovih pozitivnih efekata na zdravlje zbog antibakterijskih i antioksidativnih svojstava meda. S druge strane, pesticidi, posebno insekticidi i akaricidi, su glavni uzročnici koji mogu da kontaminiraju med i ugroze njegov kvalitet. Iz tog razloga je određivanje ovih polutanata neophodno i važno, budući da je upotreba pesticida svake godine sve veća zbog potrebe proizvodnje hrane, a mnogi od njih se nakon upotrebe dugo nalaze u životnoj sredini. Na ovaj način pčele i med se mogu svrstati u ekološke indikatore. Savremene tehnike, kao što je gasna hromatografija sa masenom detekcijom, imaju mogućnost da detektuju veliki broj pesticida istovremeno na nivou tragova. Ekstrakcija pesticida iz meda je veliki analitički izazov zbog složenosti matriksa koji sadrži oko 300 hemijskih jedinjenja iz različitih grupa kao što su šećeri (monosaharidi i oligosaharidi), organske kiseline, aminokiseline, enzimi, hormoni, flavonoidi, vitamini, eterična ulja i steroli. Različiti pristupi zasnovani na novim sorbentima u fazi prečišćavanja tokom postupka pripreme nedavno su evaluirani kako bi se dobili zadovoljavajući parametri validacije metode. Brza metoda prečišćavanja korišćenjem disperzivne ekstrakcije čvrste faze obezbeđuje način da se dobiju čisti ekstrakti sa odličnim rezultatima za spajk. Poslednjih godina je veliki broj naučnih publikacija koje su razvile osetljivu i tačnu metodu za određivanje rezidua pesticida u uzorcima meda. Fokus istraživanja bio je na validaciji metode za određivanje organohlornih pesticida, amitraza i 2,4 dimetilanilina u medu proizvedenom u Srbiji. Cilj je bio da se validira metoda kako bi se pronašao najpouzdaniji odgovor na pitanje o bezbednosti meda na teritoriji Republike Srbije i odgovor na pitanje o prisustvu rezidua pesticida u medu. Rezultati istraživanja su rezultati dobijenih analiza o prisustvu pesticida u različitim v, In the last decade, the consumption trend of honey has increased dramatically in the world. The reason is the growing emphasis on the consumption of honey due to its positive effects on health due to the antibacterial and antioxidant properties of honey. On the other hand, pesticides, especially insecticides and acaricides, are the main causes that can contaminate honey and compromise its quality. For that reason, the determination of these pollutants is necessary and important, since the use of pesticides is increasing every year due to the need to produce food, and many of them are in the environment for a long time after use. In this way, bees and honey can be classified as environmental indicators. Modern techniques, such as gas chromatography with mass detection, have the ability to detect a large number of pesticides simultaneously at the trace level. Extraction of pesticides from honey is a great analytical challenge due to the complexity of the matrix containing about 300 chemical compounds from different groups such as sugars (monosaccharides and oligosaccharides), organic acids, amino acids, enzymes, hormones, flavonoids, vitamins, essential oils and sterols. Different approaches based on novel sorbents for clean-up step in preparation procedure have been recently evaluated in order to obtain satisfactory method validation parameters. A quick purification method using dispersive solid phase extraction provides a way to obtain pure extracts with excellent recovery results. In recent years, a large number of scientific publications have developed a sensitive and accurate method for pesticide residue determination in honey samples. The focus of the research was on the validation of the method for the determination of organochlorine pesticides, amitraz and 2, 4 dimethylaniline in honey produced in Serbia. The aim was to validate the method in order to find the most reliable answer to the question about the safety of honey in the territory of the Republic of Se

Pirotski kaĉkavalj je tradicionalni prozvod koji se na specifiĉan naĉin proizvodi u Pirotu i okolini grada Pirota. Pravi se od mleka sa Stare planine, predela bogatog travnim pašnjacima i stoĉnom hranom. Upravo takva ţivotna sredina pogoduje dobijanju kvalitetnog mleka koje je potrebno za prozvodnju kaĉkavalja. Jedan od najznaĉajnih faktora u odgajanju krava, koza i ovaca je ishrana, a staroplaninski kraj je od uvek bio veliki potencijal za izraţavanje genetiĉkog potencijala ţivotinja. Upravo takva sredina omogućava razvoj bioloških i ekonomskih gardinstava, ĉija se proizvodnja uklapa u organsku proizvodnju mleka, mesa i njihovih prozvoda, gde je stoĉarstvo ekstezivnog karaktera. Agrostietum vulgaris je najrasporostranjenija livadska zajednica Stare planine, a uz prisustvo mnogih lekovitih vrsta utiĉe na ekološki sastav i proizvodnju kvalitetnog mleka. Svakako je za proizvodnju kaĉkavalja vrlo znaĉajan kvalitet mleka, pri ĉemu se najpoznatija vrsta proizvodi od mešavine mleka (kravljeg, oĉijeg i kozijeg) poznatog po nazivu “mešanac”. Pirotski kaĉkavalj spada u grupu masnih tvrdih sireva parenog testa sa zrenjem i minimalnim udelom mleĉne masti u suvoj materiji od 45 procenata. Kao hrana sa većim udelom mleĉne masti zahteva kontrolu na prisustvo pesticida zbog potencijalne mogućnosti bioakomulacije pesticida u mastima. Ispitivanje bezbednosti, odnosno prisustva rezidua perzistenih organskih zagaĊivaĉa pravi je pokazatelj ekološkog stanja proizvoda sa Stare planine. Analiza je uraĊena ispitivanjem uzoraka pirotskog kaĉkavlja uzimanjem uzoraka u periodu od pet godina (od 2018. do 2022. godine) i praćenjem prisustva organohlornih pesticida. Ispitano je 20 uzoraka pirotskog kaĉkavalja vrste pod nazivom “mešanac” u petogodišnjem sluĉajnom uzorkovanju. Ispitani su organohlorni pesticidi koji pripadaju grupi poluisparljivih jedinjenja, relativno lipofilnih i stabilanih u ţivotnoj sredini, a koji se mogu identifikovati u razliĉitim matriksima ţivotne sredine. Razlog ispitiva

Infection with coccidia is one of the most common and damaging sheep diseases, particularly young lambs and economically important diseases of sheep. Coccidiosis is caused by parasitic protozoa in the genus Eimeria. Coccidial infection is virtually universal in sheep and large numbers of oocysts may be found in the faeces of clinically normal animals. Usually it is presented at animals at 4-10 weeks.Lamb and kids infection had moderate morbidity and low mortality rate. Environmental contamination and resulting clinical disease is generally influenced by local weather conditions and the grazing management practices of the flock. In our paper, we present measures to control coccidiosis in sheep kept in frame breeding conditions.

Based on research in the world and in our country, diseases of parasitic etiology dominate in sheep in terms of prevalence and incidence, accompanied by significant morbidity and moderate mortality. The main goal of the parasitic infection control program is to improve the health status of sheep and goats. Planned application of biosecurity measures is crucial in protecting the health of small ruminants and the success of production.

Klasa Trematoda, u narodu poznatija kao metlji, obuhvata parazite čije telo nije segmentisano na člančiće i poseduju organe za pričršćivanja u vidu jakih muskuloznih pijavki. Kod svinja parazitira mali broj trematoda od kojih je većina u adultnom obliku a neke se nalaze incistirane u larvarnom stadijumu najčešće u mišićima svinja. U Evropi je prisutan mali broj trematoda ali su one zato u Aziji u velikom broju prisutne u patologiji svinja i ljudi. Ovde će mo dati prikaz najznačajnih zoonotske trematoda svinja: Alaria alata, Fasciola hepatica, Dicrocelium dendriticum, Fasciolopsis buski, Clonorchis sinensis i Opisthorchis felineus.