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Technologies related to the internet of things (IoT) have been extensively employed in business operations, military research, networking technologies, etc. With the proliferation of the IoT, data theft and leakage have gradually increased because the data communication system is public. Various novel steganography algorithms have been proposed for data hiding. But in this process, the quality of the hidden image decreases badly. We want to give an accurate color to the image instead of severe color changes. To change it, we have to perform a colorization process by mapping the original image to the stego image. It gains more characteristics according to the actual embodiment. Here, the objective is to improve the appearance by calculating the loss function. The stego image can withstand steganalysis by using the authors' proposed scheme by maintaining its integrity while to some extent improving the quality of the image. The experimental results confirmed the proposed method outperforms the existing methods (SGAN and CycleGAN) for information hiding with enhanced image transmission quality.

Grid computing has emerged as an intelligent distributed computing paradigm due to the huge improvements in performance of wide-area network and powerful yet low-cost computers. Computational grids accumulate and share the power of heterogeneous, geographically dispersed, and multi-domain-administered computational resources to offer high performance or high-throughput computing. To realize the promising potential of computational grids, an effective and efficient task scheduling system is primarily important. Task scheduling in computational grid is one of the most challenging and complex tasks. In other words, the task scheduling in computational Grid is considered as NP-hard problem due to the problem complexity and intractable nature of the problem. Such a problem could be solved using meta-heuristic algorithms. In this chapter, several nature-inspired meta-heuristics are compared with respect to the parameters (i.e., minimization of makespan and flowtime) for scheduling tasks in computational grids. The nature-inspired meta-heuristics involved in this chapter are genetic algorithm (GA), particle swarm optimization (PSO), ant colony optimization (ACO), and cuckoo search (CS) algorithms. Experimental results show that the GA outperforms the other methods in terms of average makespan and the PSO algorithm performs best among all 4 algorithms in terms of average flowtime.

The cloud computing has emerged as a novel distributed computing system in past few years. It provides computation and resources over the Internet via dynamic provisioning of services. There are quite a few challenges and issues connected with implementation of cloud computing. This paper considers one of its major problems, i.e. task scheduling. The function of an efficient task scheduling algorithm is that it concentrates not only on attaining the requirements of the user but also in enhancing the efficiency of the cloud computing system. Cloud task scheduling is an NP-hard optimization problem, and many meta-heuristic algorithms have been proposed to solve it. This paper proposes a modified Penguins Search Optimization Algorithm (MPeSOA) for efficient cloud task scheduling. The main contribution of our work is to schedule all tasks to available virtual machines so that the makespan is minimized, resource utilization is increased and the degree of imbalance is reduced. The proposed scheduling algorithm was simulated using the CloudSim 4.0 simulator. Experimental results showed that the proposed MPeSOA outperformed three existing meta-heuristics, namely Penguins Search Optimization Algorithm (PeSOA), Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO).

Grid computing has been considered as an efficient high performance computing platform to solve large scale and complex computing problems. In computational Grids, the Grid scheduler schedules the submitted jobs and finds the appropriate available resource for each job. Job scheduling which is one of the NP-complete problems has been a focus of many researchers in Grid computing area. This paper presents a modified binary particle swarm optimization (MBPSO) algorithm for efficiently allocating jobs to resources in a Grid system so that makespan and flowtime are minimized. The extensive experimental study shows that our modified binary PSO based scheduler outperforms classical PSO based scheduler and also reveals its efficiency when makespan and flowtime are minimized in varied circumstances.

Grid computing has been treated as a new paradigm for solving large and complex scientific problems using resource sharing technique through many distributed administrative domains. The dynamic nature of Grid resources and the demands of users create challenge in the Grid scheduling problem that cannot be addressed by deterministic algorithms with polynomial time complexity. Thus, the use of meta-heuristic is more appropriate option in obtaining optimal results. The Genetic Algorithm (GA) has been proven as one of the best methods for Grid scheduling. The GA explores the problem space globally, but is sometimes unable to search locally. Thus, a hybrid algorithm is proposed which combines intelligently the GA with Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) for the Grid job scheduling. The hybrid GA-PSO aims to reduce the schedule makespan and flowtime. The proposed hybrid algorithm is compared with the standard GA and PSO on both parameters. The comparison results exhibit that the proposed algorithm outperforms other two algorithms.

Grid computing has been used as a new paradigm for solving large and complex scientific problems using resource sharing mechanism through many distributed administrative domains. One of the most challenging issues in computational Grid is efficient scheduling of jobs, because of distributed heterogeneous nature of resources. In other words, the job scheduling in computational Grid is an NP-hard problem. Thus, the use of meta-heuristic is more appropriate option in obtaining optimal results. In this article, the authors propose a novel hybrid scheduling algorithm which combines intelligently the exploration ability of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) with the exploitation ability of Extremal Optimization (EO) which is a recently developed local-search heuristic method. The hybrid PSO-EO reduces the schedule makespan, processing cost, and job failure rate and improves resource utilization. The proposed hybrid algorithm is compared with the standard PSO, population-based EO (PEO) and standard Genetic Algorithm (GA) methods on all these parameters. The comparison results exhibit that the proposed algorithm outperforms other three algorithms.

Scheduling jobs in computational Grids is considered as NP-complete problem owing to the heterogeneity of shared resources. The resources belong to many distributed administrative domains that enforce various management policies. Therefore, the use of meta-heuristics are more appropriate option in obtaining optimal results. In this article, a novel hybrid population-based global optimization algorithm, called the Hybrid Firefly Algorithm and the Differential Evolution (HFA-DE), is proposed by combining the merits of both the Firefly Algorithm and Differential Evolution. The Firefly Algorithm and the Differential Evolution are executed in parallel to support information sharing amongst the population and thus enhance searching efficiency. The proposed HFA-DE algorithm reduces the schedule makespan, processing cost, and improves resource utilization. The HFA-DE is compared with the standard Firefly Algorithm, the Differential Evolution and the Particle Swarm Optimization algorithms on all these parameters. The comparison results exhibit that the proposed algorithm outperforms the other three algorithms.

Computational Grid has been employed for solving complex and large computation-intensive problems with the help of geographically distributed, heterogeneous and dynamic resources. Job scheduling is a vital and challenging function of a computational Grid system. Job scheduler has to deal with many heterogeneous computational resources and to take decisions concerning the dynamic, efficient and effective execution of jobs. Optimization of the Grid performance is directly related with the efficiency of scheduling algorithm. To evaluate the efficiency of a scheduling algorithm, different parameters can be used, the most important of which are makespan and flowtime. In this paper, a very recent evolutionary heuristic algorithm known as Wind Driven Optimization (WDO) is used for efficiently allocating jobs to resources in a computational Grid system so that makespan and flowtime are minimized. In order to measure the efficacy of WDO, Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) are considered for comparison. This study proves that WDO produces best results.

Job scheduling is one of the major challenges in Grid computing systems to efficiently exploit the capabilities of dynamic, autonomous, heterogeneous and distributed resources for execution of different types of jobs. Thus optimal job scheduling is an NP-complete problem which can easily be solved by using heuristic techniques. This paper presents a hybrid algorithm for job scheduling using Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Cuckoo Search Algorithm (CSA) for efficiently allocating jobs to resources in a Grid system so that makespan and flowtime are minimized. This proposed algorithm combines the advantages of both GA and CSA. The authors' results have been compared with standard GA, CSA and Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) to show the importance of the proposed algorithm.

To assess the preoperative serum levels of CA 125 with its diagnostic role and to evaluate the p53 expression in patients of primary ovarian neoplasms. We also wished to judge their relationship with other parameters like clinical staging and histopathologic tumor type.The present study was conducted on 86 patients during the study period of 2.5 years. Preoperative CA 125 levels were evaluated by an automated immunoassay analyzer. p53 expression was judged immunohistochemically with pre-diluted monoclonal antibody. An objective scoring was done depending on distinct nuclear immunopositivity.Median value of preoperative CA 125 levels was 32 U/mL in benign surface epithelial-stromal tumors (BSEST), 53 U/mL in borderline surface epithelial-stromal tumors (BOT), 346 U/mL in malignant surface epithelial-stromal tumors (MSEST) and 560 U/mL in serous adenocarcinomas (SAC). Most of ovarian tumors were in the FIGO stage I (64 cases, 74.4%), but higher stages (II, III, IV) were observed mostly in MSESTs. SACs displayed the maximum p53 expression. Considering the cut-off value of more than 35 U/mL in CA 125 levels, the sensitivity to diagnose MSESTs was 94.7%. Preoperative CA 125 levels strongly and positively correlated with FIGO staging and p53 expression. Similarly p53 expression strongly and positively correlated with FIGO staging and histopathological categories.Higher values of preoperative CA 125 levels and higher expression p53 are associated with MSESTs and BOTs especially of serous type. They strongly correlate with each other and with tumor stage. But there is no serum CA 125 concentration that can clearly differentiate benign and malignant ovarian masses.

Objective The aim of this study was to compare the predictability of the Vintzileos’ formula with the Hadlock's formula in estimating the fetal weight nearest to the actual birth weight. Methods It was a prospective observational study conducted with 138 antenatal mothers with single viable fetus and no major congenital abnormalities. A two-dimensional ultrasound scan was performed between 38 and 40 weeks gestation, which measured the biparietal diameter (BPD), head circumference (HC), abdominal circumference (AC), femur length (FL) and thigh circumference (TC) at the level of midthigh, and incorporated them to estimate fetal weight using the Hadlock's and the Vintzileos’ formulae. Results For the majority of the study population (63.04%), the mean fetal weight estimated by the Vintzileos’ formula was nearer to the mean actual birth weight compared to the Hadlock's formula. There was strong correlation (Karl Pearson's correlation coefficient r = 0.98, p-value Conclusion The results of this study show that the fetal thigh circumference, if incorporated with other standard biometric parameters in estimating fetal weight by ultrasound, improves the predictability of birth weight estimation, and can predict intrauterine growth restriction. How to cite this article Sanyal P, Ghosh TK, Dasgupta S, Karim R, Mukherjee A, Das A. Predictability of Fetal Birth Weight from Measurement of Fetal Thigh Circumference by Twodimensional Ultrasound: A Prospective Study. J South Asian Feder Obst Gynae 2012;4(1):35-38.

Aim: To investigate the effect of oral progesterone on the accuracy of imaging studies performed to detect endometrial pathology in comparison to hysteroscopy-guided biopsy in perimenopausal women on progesterone treatment for abnormal uterine bleeding. Methods: The study population comprised of women aged 40–55 years with complaints of abnormal uterine bleeding who were also undergoing oral progesterone therapy. Women with a uterus ≥ 12 weeks' gestation size, previous abnormal endometrial biopsy, cervical lesion on speculum examination, abnormal Pap smear, active pelvic infection, adnexal mass on clinical examination or during ultrasound scan and a positive pregnancy test were excluded. A transvaginal ultrasound followed by saline infusion sonography were done. On the following day, a hysteroscopy followed by a guided biopsy of the endometrium or any endometrial lesion was performed. Comparison between the results of the imaging study with the hysteroscopy and guided biopsy was done. Results: The final analysis included 83 patients. For detection of overall pathology, polyp and fibroid transvaginal ultrasound had a positive likelihood ratio of 1.65, 5.45 and 5.4, respectively, and a negative likelihood ratio of 0.47, 0.6 and 0.43, respectively. For detection of overall pathology, polyp and fibroid saline infusion sonography had a positive likelihood ratio of 4.4, 5.35 and 11.8, respectively, and a negative likelihood ratio of 0.3, 0.2 and 0.15, respectively. Conclusion: In perimenopausal women on oral progesterone therapy for abnormal uterine bleeding, imaging studies cannot be considered as an accurate method for diagnosing endometrial pathology when compared to hysteroscopy and guided biopsy.

Study of respiratory functions of four groups of women Nonpregnant, early pregnancy, singleton pregnancy at 36 weeks and twin/ polyhydramnios at 36 weeks reveal that inspiratory capacity (IC), tidal volume (TV) and expiratory reserve volume (ERV) in different group pairing have statistically significant difference. This is very important during the assessment of pregnant mother suffering from respiratory or cardiopulmonary disorder. Objectives This study aims to observe the additional demands placed on the maternal respiratory system in cases of advanced normal pregnancy or over distended uterus, like multifetal gestation and polyhydramnios, and whether the average Indian woman is able to cope with these respiratory changes. Methods Around 80 women were divided into four equal groups which included non-pregnant controls, normal early pregnancy (< 20 weeks), normal singleton pregnancy at 36 weeks and multifetal gestation/polyhydramnios, underwent spirometry for static lung volume measurement. The overall comparison was done by using the Kruskal-Wallis test whereas the individual comparison by Mann-Whitney test. Final statistical computing was performed with SPSS statistical package. Results The groups were comparable on the basis of age, height and hemoglobin levels. Comparisons of various groups show statistically significant difference in tidal volume, inspiratory capacity and expiratory reserve volume specially in advance pregnancy with control nonpregnant mothers without significant adverse effect on respiratory system. Conclusions Results of the study indicate that though there are significant respiratory functional changes, healthy women, even having twin/polyhydramnios, can tolerate this well. But this knowledge is very important to assess and to formulate management of pregnant women with respiratory or cardiopulmonary compromise.

Grid computing is a high performance distributed computing platform to solve complex and large-scale scientific problems. It consists of heterogeneous computing resources connected by a network across dynamic and geographically distributed organisations to create a distributed high performance computing infrastructure. Job scheduling in computational Grid is known as NP-complete problem owing to the problem complexity and intractable nature of the problem. Such a problem could be solved using heuristic algorithms. These types of algorithms have the ability to find a near optimal solution in reasonable time rather than the optimal solution in a very long processing time. The primary objective of the scheduling is to minimise the makespan of the system. In this paper, an Improved Cuckoo Search (ICS) optimisation method has been proposed for scheduling user-jobs to available resources so that various performance metrics are optimised. Here, our attention has been focused on the improvement of computational Grid performance in terms of makespan and completion time. The study reveals that the proposed ICS algorithm provides better results in comparison with Cuckoo Search (CS) and Simulated Annealing (SA).

Pre-eclampsia is a major cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Unfortunately, in spite of extensive research worldwide, still we lack an effective screening test for pre-eclampsia. The aim of the current study is to assess the importance of micro-albuminuria and uterine artery Doppler resistance index as a screening test for pre-eclampsia during antenatal period. The study is a prospective audit. The study population consisted of 160 antenatal mothers attending the outpatient department. Test for micro-albuminuria was done at 14 weeks, 18 weeks, 28 weeks and 34 weeks of gestation. Uterine artery Doppler resistance index (0.58 taken as cut-off) was recorded at 18 weeks of gestation. The subjects were followed up till delivery for development of pre-eclampsia. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value (along with confidence interval and diagnostic odd's ratio) of the tests were calculated. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value of micro-albuminuria was recorded as 66.67%, 93.24%, 44.44% and 97.18% respectively. Those of uterine artery Doppler resistance index were 33.33%, 95.96%, 40% and 94.67% respectively. Diagnostic odd's ratio of micro-albuminuria and uterine artery Doppler resistance index were 27.600 and 11.833 respectively. Confidence interval and diagnostic odd's ratios show that uterine artery Doppler study is a better screening test amongst the two. Both the tests being non-invasive in nature and having high specificity and high negative predictive value can be utilised in community-based antenatal care for identifying women who need intensive vigilance.

Grid computing, inspired by electrical power Grid, is an emerging trend for making easy access to computing resources. Its main objective is to solve computationally hard problems which otherwise cannot be solved by single CPU. This extremely high computing power is achieved by optimal utilization of geographically distributed heterogeneous resources which are lying idle. Load balanced task scheduling is very important problem in complex Grid environment. So task scheduling which is one of the NP-Complete problems becomes a focus of research scholars in Grid computing area. The traditional Min-Min and Max-Min algorithms are simple algorithms that produces a schedule that minimizes the makespan than the other traditional algorithms in the literature. In real scenario of Min-Min and Max-Min failed to produce a load balanced schedule. The proposed method has two-phases. In the first phase the traditional Max-Min algorithm is executed and in the second phase the tasks are rescheduled to use the unutilized resources effectively.

Grid computing is a High Performance Computing environment. Load balancing is an important aspect of Grids, which provide the necessary resource management features. This decision is made by a resource management component of the Grid, namely, the Grid scheduler. While Grid users are often interested in satisfaction of their Quality of Service (QoS) requirements, these cannot be satisfactorily handled by commonly used queue-based approaches. In this paper, a local search based approach based on Simulated Annealing (SA) is proposed as a periodical optimizer to other dynamic, space shared and schedule-based scheduling policies. SA is found to be most reliable method to apply in practice. Using SA it has been proved that it is possible to converge to the best solution.

To investigate the effect of oral progesterone on the accuracy of imaging studies performed to detect endometrial pathology in comparison to hysteroscopy-guided biopsy in perimenopausal women on progesterone treatment for abnormal uterine bleeding.The study population comprised of women aged 40-55 years with complaints of abnormal uterine bleeding who were also undergoing oral progesterone therapy. Women with a uterus ≥ 12 weeks' gestation size, previous abnormal endometrial biopsy, cervical lesion on speculum examination, abnormal Pap smear, active pelvic infection, adnexal mass on clinical examination or during ultrasound scan and a positive pregnancy test were excluded. A transvaginal ultrasound followed by saline infusion sonography were done. On the following day, a hysteroscopy followed by a guided biopsy of the endometrium or any endometrial lesion was performed. Comparison between the results of the imaging study with the hysteroscopy and guided biopsy was done.The final analysis included 83 patients. For detection of overall pathology, polyp and fibroid transvaginal ultrasound had a positive likelihood ratio of 1.65, 5.45 and 5.4, respectively, and a negative likelihood ratio of 0.47, 0.6 and 0.43, respectively. For detection of overall pathology, polyp and fibroid saline infusion sonography had a positive likelihood ratio of 4.4, 5.35 and 11.8, respectively, and a negative likelihood ratio of 0.3, 0.2 and 0.15, respectively.In perimenopausal women on oral progesterone therapy for abnormal uterine bleeding, imaging studies cannot be considered as an accurate method for diagnosing endometrial pathology when compared to hysteroscopy and guided biopsy.

Ultrasonography of 56 women with adenexal masses who were admitted for laparotomy were done mainly by transvaginal route. Though Gray scale morphologic evaluations of masses were done routinely, only colour Doppler imaging criteria were taken into consideration in this study. These are pulsatility index (PI), resistance index (RI), peak systolic velocity (PSV), timed average maximal velocity (TAMXV), vessels localisation and dicrotic notch. Histopathological examination was done and considered as gold standard. In 83.78% cases of benign tumour PI is equal or greater than 1, whereas it was less than 1 in 84.21% in malignant ovarian tumour. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV were respectively 84.21%, 83.78%, 72.72% and 91.11%. RI in benign tumours were equal to or more than 0.4 in 81.08% and less than 0.4 in 68.42% in case of malignant tumours. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV were respectively 68.42%, 81.08%, 65% and 83.33%. Considering the TAMXV12 cm/second as a criterion for malignancy the sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV were respectively 89.45%, 89.19%, 80.95% and 94.28%, and also considering septal/central localisation of vessels as a criterion for malignancy, it was found the sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV were 89.47%, 62.16%, 54.84% and 92% respectively. Considering absence of dicrotic notch for malignant tumours we found sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV were 89.47%, 81.08%, 70.83% and 93.75% respectively. The above findings of the PI, TAMXV and dicrotic notch evaluation show most useful was colour Doppler parameters for pre-operative screening for ovarian malignancy in this study.

Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, University College of Science, Calcutta Manuscript Received 21 September 1974; accepted 17 March 1975 Volumetric Estimation of Fluorine. &nbsp

Pure Chemistry Department, University College of Science, Calcutta-9 Received 30 December 1970; revised MSS received 12 June 1972 Starting with fluoroberyllic acid a number of hitherto unknown fluoroberyllates have been prepared. These include sodium and potassium acid fluoroberyllates. A nitrosyl derivative of fluoroberyllic acid has also been prepared. Besides a number of additive compounds have been prepared from the acid and organic amines.

Pure Chemistry Department, University of Calcutta, Calcutta (Manuscript received 4 July 1972; revised 4 September1972; accepted 10 November 1972) Differential Thermal Analysis of Some Fluoroberyllates &nbsp