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In this article we analyze a specific aspect of the funerary inscriptions of Tarraco: the qualifying adjectives or epithets applied to the wife, especially frequent between the 2nd and 3rd centuries. The information contained in these qualifiers, extracted through the analysis of their use and meanings, can help us to establish the feminine virtues and characteristics that shaped the ideal wife among the people of Tarraco, especially from the lower-middle socioeconomic class. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A selection of the most outstanding white marble sculptures from Tarraco has been archaeometrically studied to know more about the marble sources and their respective artistic workshops. All are imperial portraits of the 2nd century AD (Trajan, Hadrian, Lucius Verus and Marcus Aurelius) and a thoracata bust assigned to Hadrian, found on display at the National Archaeological Museum of Tarragona (MNAT). The well-established multimethod approach, combining petrography, cathodoluminescence, C and O isotopes and Sr and Mn trace element composition, has revealed the use of different very fine- to fine-grained marbles of the highest quality exploited in classical times. In contrast to what was thought until now, in which all the pieces had been assigned to Luni-Carrara, this present study identifies the use of two varieties of the recently discovered site of Göktepe near Aphrodisias and Paros-lychnites marbles, being Carrara, in minority. This study confirms the importance of strontium concentration and the contribution of cathodoluminescence to distinguish Göktepe from Carrara marble, while carbon and oxygen isotopes were crucial for the identification of Cycladic marble. Finally, in line with recent published interdisciplinary studies, the marble provenance forces us to rethink the discourse on the use of marble, its sculptural workshops and its distribution in this temporal context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

En este artículo analizaremos un aspecto concreto de las inscripciones funerarias de Tarraco: los adjetivos calificativos o epítetos aplicados a la esposa, especialmente frecuentes entre los siglos II y III. La información contenida en dichos calificativos, extraída a través del análisis de su empleo y significados, puede ayudarnos a establecer las virtudes y características femeninas que configuraban el ideal de esposa entre los tarraconenses, sobre todo procedentes de estratos socio-económicos medio-bajos.

Na skutek prześladowań cesarza Waleriana w 259 roku na arenie amfiteatru w malowniczo położonej rzymskiej Tarraco (Tarragonie) zginęli biskup Fruktuoz i jego dwaj diakoni Auguriusz i Eulogiusz. O tym pierwszym poświadczonym źródłowo męczeństwie poniesionym na terenie Hispanii wspomina autor Passio Fructuosi, Augurii et Eulogii, relacji spisanej prawdopodobnie przez jednego ze świadków wydarzeń. Prochy męczenników złożono extra muros, na rozległej nekropoli. W IV wieku wokół ich grobu powstał ogromny kompleks pielgrzymkowy, do którego przybywali pielgrzymi z różnych stron Orbis Christianus. W VI wieku w amfiteatrze, miejscu męczeńskiej śmierci biskupa i diakonów, wzniesiono ku ich czci bazylikę. Ich relikwie były czczone w Tarragonie z pewnością do początku VIII wieku, a sam kult, po wywiezieniu relikwii z miasta w wyniku inwazji arabskiej, przetrwał prawdopodobnie dłużej. I chociaż pozostałości miejsc kultu męczenników tarragońskich uchodzą wśród badaczy za najobszerniej przebadane i opracowane, wiele pytań pozostaje wciąż bez odpowiedzi. Warto zatem po raz kolejny zebrać dotychczasowe wyniki badań, zweryfikować je i skonfrontować ze źródłami pisanymi, tym samym ustalić, jaki jest obecny stan wiedzy o tych najstarszych miejscach kultu męczenników na Półwyspie Iberyjskim.

In this article we analyze a specific aspect of the funerary inscriptions of Tarraco: the qualifying adjectives or epithets applied to the wife, especially frequent between the 2nd and 3rd centuries. The information contained in these qualifiers, extracted through the analysis of their use and meanings, can help us to establish the feminine virtues and characteristics that shaped the ideal wife among the people of Tarraco, especially from the lower-middle socioeconomic class. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A selection of the most outstanding white marble sculptures from Tarraco has been archaeometrically studied to know more about the marble sources and their respective artistic workshops. All are imperial portraits of the 2nd century AD (Trajan, Hadrian, Lucius Verus and Marcus Aurelius) and a thoracata bust assigned to Hadrian, found on display at the National Archaeological Museum of Tarragona (MNAT). The well-established multimethod approach, combining petrography, cathodoluminescence, C and O isotopes and Sr and Mn trace element composition, has revealed the use of different very fine- to fine-grained marbles of the highest quality exploited in classical times. In contrast to what was thought until now, in which all the pieces had been assigned to Luni-Carrara, this present study identifies the use of two varieties of the recently discovered site of Göktepe near Aphrodisias and Paros-lychnites marbles, being Carrara, in minority. This study confirms the importance of strontium concentration and the contribution of cathodoluminescence to distinguish Göktepe from Carrara marble, while carbon and oxygen isotopes were crucial for the identification of Cycladic marble. Finally, in line with recent published interdisciplinary studies, the marble provenance forces us to rethink the discourse on the use of marble, its sculptural workshops and its distribution in this temporal context.

Established in the 3rd century BCE, Tarraco reached its heyday in the 2nd century (AD). In the second half of the 2nd and at the beginning of the following century, despite the noticeable progressive recession of the city (abandonment of the theater and the nymphaeum, decrease of artistic activities), selected buildings and districts in the city were still flourishing (including the port area, the temple of Augustus and the amphitheater). The process of transformation of the city proceeded slowly, even in the 4th century, when the forum of the colonies was abandoned, some buildings, including the Concilium Provinciae Hispaniae Citerioris, continued to perform their functions. In the 5th century, as evidenced by epigraphy, a part of the square was still used for representative purposes, with the rest of it being replaced by residential buildings. The circus was still in use until the middle of the 5th century. The demolition, in the second half of the 5th century, of the temple of Augustus, which dominated the city, and the gradual erection of Christian basilicas, first outside the city and from the 6th century onwards, also within it, marked the end of an era in the history of the city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Estudio de una letra de bronce hallada en las proximidades de Tarraco. Formó parte de la decoración de un cinturón militar con una inscripción que mostraría probablemente el nombre de su poseedor acompañado de la expresión utere felix, propio de la indumentaria militar característica del limes danubiano en los siglos II y III d. C. Se incluyen referencias a soldados orientales testimoniados epigráficamente en la ciudad.

Copyright of Spal: Revista de Prehistoria y Arqueologia de la Universidad de Sevilla is the property of Spal. Revista de Prehistoria y Arqueologia de la Universidad de Sevilla and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Se presenta un análisis de el cursus honorum de L. Fabius L. f. Quir(ina tribus) Silo, inscrito sobre un pedestal honorífico de Tarraco (CIL II2/14, 1135). Tras desempeñar la más alta magistratura en Brigaecium fue elegido sacerdote del culto imperial del conventus Asturum y culminó su carrera como flamen provinciae Hispaniae citerioris. Su condición de juez de las decuriae iudicum de Roma no es suficiente para sostener que pertenecía al ordo equester.

El estudio sobre los oficios que se desarrollaban en las ciudades portuarias es un tema de gran interés que ha generado gran variedad de publicaciones, sobre todo concernientes a Roma, Ostia y Portus. Nuestro objetivo es identificar los elementos arqueológicos, epigráficos y textuales referentes al puerto de Tarraco para analizar cómo se desarrollaba el trabajo portuario en la capital provincial.

En el presente artículo se dan a conocer una serie de marcas y trazados de proyecto/marcas de trabajo documentados en materiales procedentes del denominado Foro Provincial de Tarraco. El objetivo es proponer la reconstrucción de las prácticas edilicias y la manera de organizar los diferentes talleres que trabajaban para la realización del monumento tarraconense de época imperial, delineando las fases operativas que caracterizan el proceso de construcción tanto desde el proyecto hasta la elaboración de artefactos, como desde la cantera hasta la edificación de la fábrica. Después de una larga época de estudios centrada en la catalogación de artefactos arquitectónicos, es ahora posible realizar un paso además: probar a interpretar, aunque de forma parcial, la manera de organizar y transmitir los conocimientos dentro de los talleres implicados en la construcción romana. El caso del Foro Provincial resulta emblemático, tanto por la calidad y cantidad de material conservado, como por la complejidad de un cantiere activo a lo largo de más de un siglo. [it] In questo articolo si presenta una serie di sigle e di tracciati di cantiere rinvenuti su materiali provenienti dal cosiddetto Foro Provinciale di Tarraco. L’obiettivo è quello di tentare la ricostruzione degli usi cantieristici antichi e della maniera di organizzare le diverse officine che lavoravano alla realizzazione del monumento tarragonese di epoca imperiale, delineando le fasi operative che caratterizzano il processo di costruzione sia dalla progettazione all’elaborazione dei manufatti, che dalla cava alla fabbrica. Dopo una lunga stagione di studi rivolta alla catalogazione di manufatti architettonici è ora possibile effettuare un passo in più: cercare di interpretare, seppur in maniera parziale, il modo di organizzare e trasmettere le conoscenze all’interno delle officine implicate nella costruzione dei grandi monumenti romani. Il caso del Foro Provinciale diviene emblematico sia per la qualità e quantità del materiale che ci è pervenuto, sia per la complessità di un cantiere la cui attività si protrae per un arco temporale lungo più di un secolo.

Copyright of Spal: Revista de Prehistoria y Arqueologia de la Universidad de Sevilla is the property of Spal. Revista de Prehistoria y Arqueologia de la Universidad de Sevilla and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Estudiamos un aequipondium o contrapeso de balanza realizado en bronce con representación figurada de una divinidad femenina. Apareció en la fachada portuaria de Tarragona y está conservado en la colección del Museu Nacional Arqueològic de Tarragona (MNAT). Destacamos su peso excepcional de 38 kg, el mayor, con diferencia, de todos los aequipondia hasta ahora conocidos en el mundo romano. Pertenecería a una gigantesca statera o balanza de brazo, que hoy denominamos romana. Esta balanza estaría necesariamente montada en un gran bastidor o machina, capaz de pesar cargas enormes de hasta 1500 kg o más. Por el lugar de hallazgo y sus altas cualidades artísticas y técnicas proponemos relacionarlo con la balanza pública (ponderarium o sacomarium) del puerto de Tarraco. La divinidad femenina representada debe ser una imagen de Aequitas, la Equidad, numen protector de las justas transacciones en las pesas y medidas de los mercados.

The aim of the article is to present some carving lines, which have been observed on several marble mortars, conserved in the warehouse and in the permanent exhibition of the National Archaeological Museum of Tarragona (Tarragona, Spain). The majority of these pieces come from the so-called “upper part” of the city, which was occupied in Roman times by the Provincial Forum.Within a study directed to the understanding of the manufacture of marble artefacts in Roman times from the area of Tarragona, it was possible to circumscribe a group of marble pieces, conserved at different stages of the work process, which appear extremely interesting. In fact, these artefacts preserve characteristics that can be connected with some detail to the steps of their production.The mortaria are artefacts that have been rarely the subject of interest by scholars, mainly because of the simplicity of the object itself, but also for the ease of execution. These factors have determined a limited morphological evolution of their characteristics over the centuries such that their dating is difficult.Despite of this, the mortars from Tarraco represent a fundamental significant for understanding these artefacts. The carving lines visible on the objects allow to reconstruct the execution process, as well as the number found in a restricted and certain chronological context make possible to hypothesize the existence of a production within workshops that worked in the sphere of the site of construction of the Provincial Forum of Tarraco during the imperial period.

El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar una panorámica del empleo del mármol Lunense en la epigrafía monumental pública de Tarraco y su estrecha relación con el paisaje monumental urbano. Para ello se ofrece un catálogo actualizado de las inscripciones, contextualizadas arqueológicamente en los diversos enclaves de ámbito público implicados. Los resultados han permitido, por un lado, una definición más precisa del paisaje epigráfico urbano de la ciudad durante el Alto Imperio y, por otro, un mayor conocimiento sobre el empleo de este material tan significativo en la monumentalización de los espacios públicos, especialmente en el ámbito de una capital provincial.

This paper aims to present three new unpublished copies of possible variants of provincial coinage of Hispania deposited in the Museum of Cuenca. The careful observation of these pieces has revealed the presence of particular aspects of its iconography, until now undocumented in the catalogs of consultation. Thus, with the news in monetary specimens that we present we intend to expand the large and extensive information available about the provincial coinage of Hispania, indicating, in some cases, very specific data relating to the iconographic trends related to these productions.

Without the shadow of a doubt, Tarraco was Rome’s gateway to the Iberian Peninsula and a crucial city for understanding the historical and ideological evolution of our classical past. Even today, the modern city of Tarragona is a fount of knowledge that constantly provides new information and raises new scholarly questions. This document offers an overview of the current state of research, stressing the new discoveries and reflecting the opportunities afforded by the new technologies to shape a new body of archaeological research that spans humanistic knowledge and analytical experimentation.

Faced with the worship of the ruler in the Greek east, Augustus could do little more that regulate a practice that had already existed over three centuries. His problem in Rome, in contrast, was to adapt the cult of the ruler required by contemporary practice to the usage of the Republic in such as way as to distance himself from Caesar, whose indiscretion had produced his untimely death. The system he hit upon was to emphasize Republican forms, key abstractions, and the worship of state gods closely connected with his rule: in other words to establish the cult of the emperor by other then direct means. In the Latin west in contrast he was free to shape the ruler cult as he chose. His principal contribution here was to establish regional centres at Lugdunum and elsewhere for the worship of Roma and Augustus, a prescription originally laid down for nonRomans in the Greek east. Sharply to be distinguished from this is the altar of Augustus at Tarraco reported by Quintilian. This can only be municipal, not the foundation monument of the provincial cult of Hispania citerior, which began only after the emperor’s death and dei?cation.

The study of the provincial priesthood of the imperial cult in the Roman West is based on an epigraphic record which is heavily determined by the representation habits of the provincial concilia that elected the flamines. These habits, diverse according to the provinces and times, are particularly intense in Hispania Citerior between 70 and 180 CE, and to a lesser degree in the Baetica from the end of 2nd cent CE. The representation of the provincial flaminicae in Hispania Citerior is closely linked and subordinated to that of the provincial flamines, who were usually their husbands, and shows an intensification throughout the 2nd century CE that lead to official homages of the concilium in the great square of representation of Tarraco. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research about the trades performed in harbour cities is a subject of great interest that has produced a wide range of publications, especially about Rome, Ostia and Portus. Our aim is to identify the archaeological, epigraphic and written sources referring to the Portus Tarraconis in order to analyse the harbour work that took place in the capital city of the province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with L. Fabius L. f. Quir. Silo, whose cursus honorum is displayed on a pedestal from Tarraco (CIL II2/14, 1135): he was magistrate in Brigaecium, in the conventus Asturum, conventual sacerdos and flamen provinciae. Between both priesthoods, he was selected as a Roman judge, which does not imply he was a member of the equestrian order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Las técnicas de captura masiva de datos, como el escáner láser terrestre y la fotogrametría, permiten analizar con precisión objetos próximos y otros no accesibles, mediante métodos estadísticos. Su aplicación ha permitido analizar desde el punto de vista geométrico las esculturas de la figura Clypeus de Tarragona, Jupiter-Ammon (s. I) y la del rosetón de la catedral de Orvieto con la faz de Cristo (s. XIV). El Clypeus de Tarragona y el rosetón de la catedral de Orvieto está divido en 22 partes, formando un icosakaidígono, polígono que no aparece en los Elementa de Euclides, ni en el Almagesto de Tolomeo, ni en las escasas Practica Geometriae de la época. Estos polígonos pueden ser construidos mediante la división angular heredada de los constructores de astrolabios y cuadrantes; así como también mediante una escuadra de dos brazos, con el apoyo reiterado de los catetos sobre la hipotenusa, creando así una rotación del instrumento u otros métodos directos. La conclusión del análisis de estas figuras es que, estadísticamente, ambas esculturas tienen una construcción geométrica igual al del Reliquiario del Corporale del Miracolo di Bolsena (1337-1338) de la catedral de Orvieto.

El presente artículo resume los objetivos y principales resultados de la investigación que desarrollamos en nuestra tesis doctoral, Estudio de la mujer a través de los epitafios. Rituales y honores funerarios en la Colonia Tárraco. En ella nos propusimos hacer una revisión de las inscripciones funerarias que recibieron las mujeres de la Tarragona romana y el ager tarraconensis, ofreciendo un detallado análisis del patrón de conmemoración fúnebre en el ámbito femenino.

En este trabajo se presentan los resultados de la aplicación de determinados métodos estadísticos y funciones SIG sobre los datos conocidos del poblamiento del ager Tarraconensis, es decir, del territorio de la colonia de Tarraco. El estudio está centrado en un periodo cronológico que se extiende desde época ibérica al siglo III d.C., dos momentos en los que se producen sendos cambios en la estructura de la población que ocupa el llamado Camp de Tarragona. Los métodos aplicados nos han permitido modelizar y explicar la estructuración y dinámica del poblamiento. También aportamos nuevos datos e ideas sobre el momento en el cual se produce la llegada de colonos itálicos, cómo se distribuyen en el territorio y cual habría podido ser el estatuto jurídico de la ciudad de Tarraco en el final del siglo II a.C. Por otro lado presentamos modelos explicativos de los periodos de estabilidad en el medio rural durante las dinastías julio-claudia y flavia. Finalmente se analizan y explican aquellos datos que nos muestran cómo dicha estabilidad se quiebra en el siglo II d.C., alterándose por completo la articulación del poblamiento en el territorio en el III d.C.

Almonds can be classified based on their shell characteristics from soft to hard shell varieties. The majority of Australian and Californian varieties have soft shell properties. Most Spanish almond varieties have hard shells. Although having a hard sealed shell protects the kernel from insect damage it affects their processability. Common commercial almond processing equipment simultaneously compresses and shears the almonds and this creates a high percentage of damaged kernels from the broken shell being forced into the kernel, particularly for hard shell varieties. This paper shows that for the soft shell variety 'Nonpareil' and the three hard shell varieties of 'Marcona', 'Tarraco' and 'Vyro' that conditioning by soaking in water and resting before processing improves the recovery of undamaged kernel when shelling using impact. The impacts were applied by feeding the almonds into a rotating impellor and throwing them onto a stationary outer wall. An effective conditioning process resulted in the kernel moisture content increasing from 6% to 14% for hard shell and to 11% for 'Nonpareil' varieties. The conditioning process was measured to reduce the amount of scratched, chipped and broken kernel, and hence increased the recovery of undamaged kernel. After shelling, the conditioned kernel needed to be dried back to a 6% moisture content to be suitable for storage. Hence, the industry would be able to increase its recovery of undamaged kernel by changing to an impact shelling process using suitably conditioned almonds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, the progress in archaeology applied to knowledge of the Roman cities in the Catalan-speaking lands has begun to furnish a new perspective on the question of the origins of these cities. In this article, which focuses on Catalonia, and in the one planned for the next issue focusing on Valencia, we shall examine this topic, which also provides valuable information on the Romans’ earliest presence here. With just a handful of exceptions, the majority of Roman cities documented in Catalonia were newly founded by the Romans. With them, a network of new cities was built that had a profound influence on the process of Romanisation that had gotten underway during the Second Punic War and culminated at the end of the Republican period with the founding of Barcino, the predecessor of today’s Barcelona. The archaeological information provided by the cities of Tarraco, Baetulo, Iluro, Iesso, Aeso, Gerunda and Roman Emporiae, among others, furnishes fragmentary yet highly significant information that enables us to fine-tune the chronologies of their starting dates and the characteristics of their earliest development with regard to the historical context of the time, which unquestionably marked the first steps in their formation as cities. The early years of the 1st century AD were particularly dynamic in terms of this urbanising activity, which was most likely not just inspired but also planned by the Roman authorities. The new cities, with their regular layouts in rigorously orthogonal grids and their fortified premises, brought to Catalonia the urban models that the Romans had developed during their years of expansion around the Italian peninsula. Along with the construction of the roadway network, they would lay the foundations for the structure of the country, which would mark the entire Roman period and largely remain in place in the subsequent centuries and even until today.

En el debate sobre los ritos de fundación de nuevas colonias romanas, sólo un reducido número de ciudades han aportado evidencias arqueológicas que permiten esbozar cómo se materializaban los procedimientos sacros que conocemos por las fuentes escritas. Gracias a la revisión de la planimetría de las excavaciones en los aledaños del foro de la colonia Tárraco, excavado en la década de los años veinte del siglo pasado, podemos aportar nuevos datos a esta discusión. A partir de la identificación del auguraculum o templum augural de Tárraco, también se pone de manifiesto la relación que podía existir entre estos espacios sacros y la morfología urbana.

Copyright of Zephyrus is the property of Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

An overview is presented on the use of Carrara marble in monumental public inscriptions of Tarraco and its closed relations with the monumental urban landscape. Therefore, it is offered an updated catalog of inscriptions, related to some public areas in this Roman city. The results allow a more precise definition of the epigraphic urban landscape of the city during the first and second centuries AD. On the other hand, a better understanding on the diffusion of this stone material in the monumentalization of public spaces -especially in the context of a provincial capital- is drawn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Uno de los asuntos más controvertidos de la historia de Hispania es aquel que gira en torno a la capitalidad de la Citerior y, más concretamente, al momento a partir del cual podemos considerar Tarraco como capital de la susodicha provincia que en época imperial adquiriría, significativamente, el apelativo de Tarraconensis. A lo largo del presente artículo intentaremos aproximarnos a la problemática y dar respuesta a algunas de las incógnitas planteadas.

En el artículo se relacionan los textos ciceronianos y las inscripciones latinas en los que Minerva es denominada custos urbis de Roma, con el bajorrelieve de la diosa situado en una de las torres de las murallas de Tarraco. En la misma torre fue hallada una inscripción dedicada asimismo a Minerva. Gomo símbolo de romanidad, la Minerva armífera actuaría como divinidad protectora de Tarraco, la primera fundación romana fuera de Italia, creada en el contexto de la guerra anibálica.

Despite being a well-known monument, the Roman amphitheatre of Tarragona, which is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List, was only fully studied in the late 1980s. The study was therefore subject to the archaeological research limitations and specific characteristics of that time, as can be seen in the quality of the site's planimetry. The general planimetry was basically available for relevant sections at a scale of 1:100 with sufficient accuracy. However, according to current scientific parameters, this planimetry is clearly inadequate, and cannot be used rigorously to obtain comprehensive architectural knowledge. The technical limitations of the time, and the innate difficulties presented by the monument, meant that only a few sections were obtained, specifically two, with a low level of detail. This has led to misinterpretations, and consequently to dubious or erroneous conclusions. Therefore, the need for complete metric documentation is evident, as this will enable us to correctly analyse the monument. We have obtained metric documentation by carrying out a topographic survey using digital photogrammetry, which provides us with more information than merely measurements. We can use the three-dimensional model that was generated to analyse the sections of the stands and draw conclusions about their geometry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]