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There is convincing evidence for the known and unambiguously accepted beneficial effects of glucocorticoids at low dosages. However, the implementation of existing recommendations and guidelines on the management of glucocorticoid therapy in rheumatic diseases is lagging behind. As a first step to improve implementation, we aimed at defining conditions under which long-term glucocorticoid therapy may have an acceptably low level of harm. A multidisciplinary European League Against Rheumatism task force group of experts including patients with rheumatic diseases was assembled. After a systematic literature search, breakout groups critically reviewed the evidence on the four most worrisome adverse effects of glucocorticoid therapy (osteoporosis, hyperglycaemia/diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases and infections) and presented their results to the other group members following a structured questionnaire for final discussion and consensus finding. Robust evidence on the risk of harm of long-term glucocorticoid therapy was often lacking since relevant study results were often either missing, contradictory or carried a high risk of bias. The group agreed that the risk of harm is low for the majority of patients at long-term dosages of ≤5 mg prednisone equivalent per day, whereas at dosages of >10 mg/day the risk of harm is elevated. At dosages between >5 and ≤10 mg/day, patient-specific characteristics (protective and risk factors) determine the risk of harm. The level of harm of glucocorticoids depends on both dose and patient-specific parameters. General and glucocorticoid-associated risk factors and protective factors such as a healthy lifestyle should be taken into account when evaluating the actual and future risk.

There is little doubt that lexicography has experienced important progress during the years, especially when one compare the lexicographical works from the various centuries. However, history should not be viewed as an ever-growing progress but as a process with its ups and downs. In this respect, some old lexicographical works, especially from the Age of Enlightenment, are in some aspects extremely advanced even compared with present-day dictionaries. Malachy Postlethwayt's Universal Dictionary of Trade and Commerce from 1774 is one such example. The article provides a general presentation of this rare and interesting dictionary which was published in various editions in the 18th century. The presentation includes a detailed description of the objective, functions, structure, and content of this impressive work. The article then focuses on its cognitive and operative functions, and the way they are integrated into one and the same reference work. Upon this basis, the article shows how modern lexicography can use past experiences in order to meet the real and practical needs of present-day users.Keywords: lexicography, historical lexicography, function theory, Operative functions, cognitive functions, dictionaries of economics, Interdisciplinary vocation of lexicography, information tools

Objectives: To develop evidence-based recommendations on the use of imaging in the clinical management of both axial and peripheral spondyloarthritis. Methods: The task force comprised an expert group of 21 rheumatologists, radiologists and methodologists from 11 countries. Twelve key questions on the role of imaging in SpA were generated using a process of discussion and consensus. Imaging modalities included conventional radiography (CR), ultrasound (US), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed-, positron emission- and single photon emission computed tomography, dual-emission x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and scintigraphy. Experts used research evidence obtained from a systematic literature review using MEDLINE and EMBASE to develop a set of 10 recommendations. The strength of recommendation (SOR) was assessed by the group members using a visual analogue scale. Quality assessment of the included studies was performed using the QUADAS-2 tool. Results: A total of 7550 references were identified in the search process, from which 157 studies were included in the systematic review. Ten recommendations were produced encompassing the role of imaging in making a diagnosis of axial SpA or peripheral SpA, monitoring inflammation and damage, predicting outcome, response to treatment, and detecting spinal fractures and osteoporosis (OP). The SOR for each proposition varied, but was generally very high (mean 8.9-9.5). Selected aspects of the recommendations are given below (NOT all recommendations and NOT the exact wording, due to space constraints): CR of the sacroiliac joint (SIJ) is recommended as the first imaging method to diagnose sacroiliitis as part of axial SpA, while MRI is an alternative first imaging method in certain cases. US or MRI may be used to detect peripheral arthritis, tenosynovitis, bursitis and particularly peripheral enthesitis, which may support the diagnosis of SpA. MRI of the SIJ and/or spine may be used to assess and monitor disease activity, while CR of the SIJ and/or spine may be used for long-term monitoring of structural damage, particularly new bone formation in axial SpA. In patients with AS (not nonradiographic axial SpA), initial CRs of the lumbar and cervical spine are recommended to detect syndesmophytes, which are predictive of development of new syndesmophytes. MRI (vertebral corner inflammatory lesion) may also be used to predict development of new radiographic syndesmophytes. When spinal fracture in axial SpA is suspected, CR is the recommended initial imaging method. In axial SpA without radiographic syndesmophytes in the lumbar spine, OP should be assessed by hip and AP-spine DXA. Conclusions: Ten recommendations for the role of imaging in the clinical management of SpA were developed using research-based evidence and expert opinion. Disclosure of Interest: P. Mandl: None declared, V. Navarro-Compán: None declared, L. Terslev: None declared, P. Aegerter: None declared, D. van der Heijde: None declared, M.-A. d'Agostino: None declared, X. Baraliakos: None declared, S. Juhl Pedersen: None declared, A. G. Jurik: None declared, E. Naredo Grant/research support: MSD, Spanish Foundation of Rheumatology, Speakers bureau: Abbvie, Roche Pharma, BMS, Pfizer, UCB, GE, ESAOTE, C. Schueller-Weidekamm: None declared, U. Weber Consultant for: AbbVie, M. Wick: None declared, E. Filippucci: None declared, P. Conaghan: None declared, M. Rudwaleit Consultant for: Roche, MSD, Pfizer, Novartis, UCB, Speakers bureau: AbbVIe, BMS, Chugai, G. Schett: None declared, J. Sieper: None declared, S. Tarp: None declared, H. Marzo-Ortega Speakers bureau: AbbVie, MSD, Janssen, Pfizer, UCB, M. Østergaard: None declared

Acknowledging the ambiguity of terms like school dictionary, children's dictionary, first language, mother-tongue this article motivates a specific use of school dictionary, first language and learner and focuses on various problems in these dictionaries. The typical functions of these dictionaries are discussed with reference to the lexicographic needs of first-language learners. Looking at a few existing dictionaries, suggestions are made for the inclusion and presentation of certain data types. The importance of the use of natural language in the paraphrases of meaning is discussed. It is emphasised that lexicographers should consult teachers and curriculum experts when planning school dictionaries and that the grade and age of the target user needs to be taken into account. The aim of this article is not to give final solutions to the questions raised but merely to recommend that a number of factors — or variables — are taken into account when planning future school dictionaries. In this respect, a number of questions are formulated that need to be answered when planning the compilation of school dictionaries. Keywords: Children's Dictionary, Dictionary Culture, First Language, Learner, Lexicographic Functions, Lexicographical Needs, Lexicography, Mother-Language, Paraphrase Of Meaning, School Dictionary

No Abstract.Journal for Language Teaching vol Vol. 42 (1) 2008: pp. 65-80