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Background: Microwave heating can be effective in preventing cytomegalovirus infection transmitted via human milk. Temperature changes during microwaving using different containers, in different areas inside a container, or using milk from different mothers are not well studied. Research Aim: To determine temperature changes of human milk during microwaving using different containers, in different container areas, using different human milk, and in a 30-ml soft polypropylene bag (sachet) immersed in water. Methods: In this experimental in vitro study, human milk (100 ml) was poured into six different bottles. The temperature was monitored simultaneously at each bottle’s bottom and surface (microwaving at 600 W) and at nine places inside the container (microwaving at 500 W). Human milk (20 ml) from six participants was inserted into a sachet, then immersed in 80 ml of human milk or water in a bottle, and the temperatures inside and outside the sachet during microwaving (at 500 W) were monitored. Results: The temperature changes at the surface were significantly larger than those at the bottom. Temperatures at the bottoms of different bottles, of human milk from different participants, or inside and outside the sachet, did not differ significantly. No temperature outliers inside the bottle were observed. Conclusion: Microwaving at 500 W and 600 W for 60 s was not significantly different in temperature changes among different areas inside bottles or among milk from different participants. A small volume of human milk (up to 100 mL) can be heated using a sachet.

Porphyry copper deposits are important sources of copper and typically processed by flotation to produce copper concentrates. As mining areas become deeper, the amounts of impurities, such as sphalerite, can be increased in copper ores, so the appropriate depression of sphalerite floatability should be achieved to obtain saleable copper concentrates. In this study, the flotation behaviors of chalcopyrite and sphalerite in model samples mimicking copper ores with high Cu/Zn ratios (i.e., the ratio of chalcopyrite/sphalerite = 13:1) were investigated with zinc sulfate as a depressant for sphalerite. In addition, the effect of pyrite—a major gangue mineral in copper ores—on the depression of sphalerite floatability with zinc sulfate was examined. When sphalerite and chalcopyrite coexisted, the floatability of the former was effectively depressed by zinc sulfate (Zn recovery: 90%). Despite the presence of much higher amounts of chalcopyrite and pyrite than sphalerite, the application of nitrogen (N2) gas limiting the galvanic interaction between pyrite and chalcopyrite by reducing the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration in the system effectively depressed the floatability of sphalerite (Zn recovery

Background: The primary treatment for anaphylaxis is intramuscular injection of adrenaline, but sometimes the response to treatment is inadequate and continuous intravenous administration of adrenaline is required. However, there is a lack of knowledge on the frequency and optimal method of administration. We aimed to report cases in which continuous adrenaline infusion was required during oral food challenges (OFCs) at our hospital. Method: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of the last 6 years for cases of continuous Adrenaline administration in OFC. Result: Of 8531 patients, 214 patients received intramuscular adrenaline injection, and 7 patients required continuous administration. The reason for initiation of continuous administration was cardiovascular symptoms in all patients, one of which was associated with severe upper airway obstruction. All patients received intravenous fluid bolus, and one needed endotracheal intubation. Continuous infusion was started at 0.02-0.04 µg/kg/min, and because of prolonged hypotension in two patients, the dose had to be increased. Thereafter, all patients improved, and continuous administration was discontinued at a median of 155 (IQR:145-190) minutes. All patients had no adverse events or biphasic reactions. Conclusion: Continuous adrenaline administration in OFC was successful at 0.04-0.06 µg/kg/min in treating severe anaphylaxis refractory to multiple intramuscular injections of adrenaline, and therapeutic response was achieved at a lower dose than previously recommended (0.1-1.0 µg/kg/min).

Introduction: Remdesivir was originally developed to treat Ebola hemorrhagic fever, and its efficacy in treating coronavirus disease 2019 was detected during a preliminary analysis of a randomized controlled trial. It is known that Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 is not transmitted through human milk, but data about the presence of remdesivir in human milk have been lacking. Main issue: In this case study, we determined the human milk-to-serum drug concentration ratio and the relative dose of Remdesivir in one participant. Management: The participant, a 28-year-old primipara, was found to have Coronavirus 2 infection in 2019, 2 days after delivery. She was given Remdesivir. The Remdesivir concentration in maternal serum and human milk was measured, and the milk-to-serum drug concentration ratio was found to be low (0.089), as was the relative infant dose (0.0070). The participant could not breastfeed her infant during her Coronavirus 2 infection treatment because in Japan anyone with COVID-19 was completely quarantined. However, she was able to resume breastfeeding after discharge and breastfed her infant for 6 months with supplements. Conclusion: Given the low amount of Remdesivir in the participant’s milk, the inclusion of antibodies to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2, which can be expected to protect the infant from infection, and various other benefits of human milk, suggests that breastfeeding is safe during treatment with Remdesivir.

Background: An oral food challenge (OFC) is required for diagnosing food allergies; however, uncertain reactions can impair the determination of when to stop the test. We aimed to determine the associations between immediately occurring mild allergic skin signs/laryngeal symptoms and positive OFC results. Methods: We retrospectively included children (aged 6 months to 15 years) who underwent open OFC for hen’s egg (HE), cow’s milk (CM), or wheat at a single centre between May 2012 and March 2020. Participants with mild skin signs or laryngeal symptoms at OFC initiation were classified as “skin” or “laryngeal” cases, respectively. Using logistic regression, the risk of positive OFC results, in a skin or laryngeal case, was assessed using univariate and multivariate analyses. Age, sex, total target dose, and serum levels of total and food-specific immunoglobulin E were used as covariates in prediction models. Results: In total, 2954, 1126, and 850 tests for HE, CM, and wheat, respectively, were included and comprised 115 (4%) and 25 (0.9%), 92 (9%) and 24 (2%), and 7 (1.3%) and 0 (0%) skin and laryngeal cases, respectively. Children with reactions to both HE and CM had a higher risk of a positive OFC than controls (odds ratio [95% confidence interval]: 4.6 [3.3–6.4], 2.9 [2.0–4.1] and 6.5 [3.0–10.9], 4.9 [2.2–10.9], respectively). Areas under the curves of prediction models ranged from 0.61 to 0.71. Conclusions: Uncertain reactions immediately after test initiation could not robustly predict OFC results, indicating the OFC could be continued under careful observation.

Background: This study was aimed at evaluating the efficacy and safety of oral immunotherapy (OIT) in children with severe cow's milk allergy. Methods: The subjects comprised 28 children (aged 3–12 years) with allergic symptoms that were induced by ≤ 10 mL of cow's milk in an oral food challenge test (OFC). The subjects were randomly allocated to the treatment group (n = 14) and control group (n = 14); the former received rush immunotherapy for 2 weeks, followed by a gradual increase of cow's milk volume to 100 mL for 1 year, and the latter completely eliminated cow's milk for 1 year. Both groups underwent an OFC with 100 mL of cow's milk after 1 year. Results: The treatment group had significantly higher rates of a negative OFC [7/14 (50%) vs. 0/14 (0%), p 100 mL). Conclusions: The effect of immunotherapy was 50%, but the incidence of adverse events was not low. Further studies focusing on safety is necessary to standardize OIT for cow's milk allergy.

JOGMEC has been carrying out the study on primary copper sulfide ores leaching for recovering copper economically and efficiently by heap leaching. In our study, we have been using the primary copper sulfide ore produced in an IOCG deposit. The ore is characterized by high iron content and high acid consumption in leaching. For the optimization of the leaching, the conditions such as ore size, agglomeration, pH and irrigation rate of leaching solution were examined with column leach tests. The best result was over 80 % extraction of copper in 150 days with leaching solution of 1 M sulfuric acid and temperature of 45 °C. In this experiment, the fines of the ore sample were removed before putting it into the column to keep the permeability of the ore bed. In these column leach tests, the Fe2+/total-Fe ratio of PLS decreased gradually by the activity of naturally grown iron-oxidizing bacteria. The bacteria in PLS, which have the ability of iron-oxidizing and sulfur-oxidizing, were identified by next-generation sequencing as Acidithiobacillus caldus and Sulfobacillus thermosulfidooxidans. We also carried out bench-scale tests with about 200 tons of the primary copper sulfide ores. Iron-oxidizing and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria were identified in the leaching solution as same with column leach tests. It is considered that the bacteria worked in the leaching solution and on the surface of the ores.

Background: There are no validated quantitative tools for assessing asthma exacerbation, which may cause significant variation in determining the severity of exacerbation across caregivers. A modified Pulmonary Index Score (mPIS) has been proposed as a quantitative indicator of the severity of childhood asthma exacerbation. However, the utility of mPIS as a treatment decision-making tool has not been investigated. Objective: The aim of the present study was to clarify the utility of therapeutic strategies based on mPIS in children hospitalized for asthma exacerbation. Methods: This was a case-control study of patients admitted to our hospital between 2010 and 2015. In addition to the conventional therapy based on Japanese guidelines, treatment adaptation by using mPIS began in 2013. Children admitted after 2013 were regarded as being in the case group and those before 2012 were the control group. The length of the hospital stay and the duration of continuous isoproterenol inhalation therapy (CIT) were compared as clinical outcomes. Results: The targeted number of patients was 346 (182 cases and 164 controls). The mean ± standard error age was 3.5 ± 0.2 years in the case group and 3.4 ± 0.2 years in the control group. Male patients constituted 64.3% of the case group and 60.4% of the control group. The mean ± standard error length of hospital stay was significantly shortened in the case group (8.1 ± 0.2 days versus 9.6 ± 0.2 days, p < 0.001). The mean ± standard error duration of CIT was also shortened in the case group (2.3 ± 0.1 days versus 3.9 ± 0.3 days, p < 0.001). Conclusion: An mPIS-based therapeutic strategy may have reduced the length of hospital stay by enabling timely adjustments to clinical interventions and enabling caregivers to perform a more-accurate assessment of asthma exacerbation.

Copper ore is classified into three groups; primary copper sulfide, copper oxide and secondary copper sulfide. Leaching copper from primary copper sulfide, such as chalcopyrite, with sulfuric acid takes longer time than from copper oxide and secondary copper sulfide. As such, an oxidant is required to extract copper from chalcopyrite. In this study, column leaching tests were carried out using primary copper sulfide ores produced in an iron oxide copper gold (IOCG) deposit and rich in iron in coparison to porphyry copper ores. The columns of 10 cm diameter and 100 cm long had a double tube structure so that the column temperature can be kept at desired temperature by circulating warm water in the outer tube. The oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) of the leaching solutions were adjustedto 400, 450 and 500 mV vs Ag/AgCl. The column leaching test using just pH 2.0 sulfuric acid without adjustment of ORP at 45 °C got a copper recovery rate of 37 % in 400 days. On the other hand, with ORP adjusted leaching solutions of pH 2.0 sulfuric acid containing 500 mg/L Fe, the copper recovery rate reached up to 87 % in 400 days.In addition, it was necessary to keep the temperature above 45 oC to enhance copper leaching by ORP adjusted leaching solution. The result of the column leaching test at room temperature (around 30 °C) using ORP adjusted leaching solution shows that the recovery rate of copper is lower than the result at 45 °C. The ORP adjustment of leaching solution is effective for leaching copper from primary copper sulfide ore, however, the leaching temperature needs to be kept above 45 °C. As a result, it makes clear that copper leaching is enhanced by utilization of ORP adjusted leaching solutions and suggests that the solution ORP control is important to the application of bioleaching.

Influenza vaccination guidelines have recommended that pediatricians should consult with allergists in the case of for children with histories of anaphylaxis to hen's eggs. On the other hand, whether such children can be safely vaccinated is unclear.To evaluate the safety of influenza vaccination for children severely allergic to eggs.The study population consisted severe egg-allergic children that had never been immunized with influenza vaccine. The inclusion criteria of severe egg-allergic children included evidence of serum specific IgE antibodies to egg white or an ovomucoid level of class4 or more and complete elimination of dietary intake of eggs, or occurrence of Sampson Grade 3 to 5 anaphylactic reactions upon egg ingestion. Patients underwent skin prick tests, and received 0.1ml of influenza vaccine, followed in 30 minutes if no reaction with the remainder of an age-appropriate dose. We observed the subjects for 30 minutes afterwards, and they were observed by their patients during the subsequent 24 hours.A total of 17 patients were enrolled. All patients received influenza vaccination without an allergic reaction.Influenza vaccination is safe even in children with histories of severe egg allergy. influenza vaccination without an allergic reaction.

Heap bioleaching is regarded as an environmental-friendly technology to extract valuable metals, such as gold, silver, copper, etc., from low grade or waste ores. The chemical reactions accelerated by microorganisms are usually complex. Microbial activity is ascribed to the physiochemical factors such as temperature. Due to the variety of ore components, the thermal effect is difficult to elaborate. In this study, typical ores used for heap bioleaching of chalcopyrite are theoretically analyzed to explore the mechanism involving the thermal effect of chemical reactions. The thermal distribution is compared between different proportional combinations. The results show that biotite is the dominant contributor and should be verified carefully in the heap bioleaching of chalcopyrite.

[Background] Food allergies cause damage not only to the intestines of patients but to their livers as well, making it all the more important to discover what drugs are effective in preventing that damage. Accordingly, westudied the effectiveness of Chinese traditional medicine and FOS in helping to prevent damage caused by food allergies. [Methods] 1 1 3 C-methacetine was used to study the relationship between liver damage and cases of food allergy presentation. 2 Chinese traditional medicine (Hochu-Ekito = TJ-41) was administered orally to mice twice a day for 2 weeks in a drug study of the food allergy model. 3 The effect of FOS on fecal organic acid production was observed in a study of FOS-treated mice. [Results] 1 As a result of the 1 3 CO 2 excretion pattern, the relationship between liver function and food allergies was confirmed. 2 The serum ALT levels decreased in mice treated with TJ-41. 3 Short-chain fatty acids such as butyrate were significantly higher in the FOS-treated group than in the control group. [Conclusion] Damage not only to the intestines but also the liver of food allergy patients was confirmed. TJ-41 and FOS were found to prevent this allergy-related damage, showing that FOS is very useful for allergic patients.

Cheek support and subject's arm position can influence on lung function values measured with forced oscillation technique. We examined resistance and reactance by different methods using a new forced oscillation technique machine called MostGraph (Chest Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan).We evaluated nineteen adults. Four methods are measured. 1: the subjects support their cheeks with their hands. 2: the tester support the subject's cheeks with their hands. 3: the subjects stiffen their cheeks without any cheek support. 4: subject relax their cheeks without any cheek support. R5, R20, R5-R20, X5, Fres and ALX were compared between four methods.In resistance values, R20 was the lowest in the fourth method, and it was significantly different from the first (p0.01) and the second (p0.01) method. R5-R20 was the lowest in the second method, and it was significantly different from the third (p0.01) and forth (p0.01) methods. In reactance values, X5 was the highest in the second method. All ractance values in the second method were significantly different from the first and the fourth method.Measurement values using Mostgraph was influenced by methods of supporting cheeks and subject's arm position. Measurement method should be unify and the first method is ideal and practical.

T U E S D A Y 810 Is the Allergen-Specific Basophil Activation Test (BAT) Predictive of Oral Food Challenge (OFC) Outcomes? Vijaya Knight, MD, PhD; National Jewish Health, Denver, CO. RATIONALE: Although specific IgE (sIgE) is the primary laboratory test for diagnosis of food allergy, some patients with elevated sIgEmay only be sensitized. The OFC carries many risks and challenges. This study was undertaken to determine whether an allergen induced BAT is more predictive of food allergy than sIgE/SPTand a potential surrogate for OFC. METHODS: BAT was performed on heparinized blood from patients undergoing OFC. Allergens included egg, milk, peanut, soy, wheat, almond, cashew, hazelnut, Brazil nut, walnut and pistachio. Allergenspecific upregulation of the basophil-specific ectoenzyme E-NPP3 (CD203c) was measured by flow cytometry. The extent of basophil activation, (fold increase of CD203c expression over baseline), was correlated with sIgE, SPT and OFC outcomes. RESULTS: 9 children underwent testing; 1 was excluded for inadequate response to positive control (anti-IgE). 57% demonstrated basophil reactivity to peanut; 43% egg; 40% pistachio, pecan, hazelnut, Brazil nut, cashew, and almond; 33% walnut; 29% milk and soy. Children with negative SPT or sIgE were not BAT positive, indicating good correlation for negative results. Two sensitized patients with negative BAT passed OFCs. CONCLUSIONS: This preliminary data demonstrates the utility of BAT in diagnosing food allergy. In this small cohort, specificity of the BAT appears equal, if not superior to sIgE and SPT in identification of patients with food allergy. The two patients with negative BAT passing OFC suggest that BAT could be used to guide the need for OFC. Recruitment to this study is ongoing. Further studies will focus on the BAT in select patient groups (e.g.; atopic dermatitis, high IgE).

Background: Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) in prebiotic foods can alter intestinal immune responses. The combination of probiotics with oligosaccharides has been reported to alter intestinal flora and suggested to be beneficial against food allergy in humans. Methods: All male Nc jic mice used in this 8-week study were 6 weeks of age and were allotted to the following three groups: (1) the nonsensitization group; (2) the ovalbumin (OVA) sensitization +5% fructose-containing control food administration group; and (3) the OVA sensitization +5% FOS-containing food administration group. Duodenal tissues were collected and then immunohistochemically stained with monoclonal antibodies to CCR4 and CCR5. The number of mast cells and the villus edema formation rate in the duodenum were determined by image analysis. Results: The number of CCR4-positive cells increased significantly in Group 2 as compared with Group 1 and tended to decrease in Group 3 as compared with Group 2. Relatively few CCR5-positive cells were observed in the duodenum. FOS tended to reduce the number of CCR4-positive cells but significantly reduced the number of mast cells and the edema formation rate in the duodenum. Conclusions: This study demonstrated a correlation between the number of CCR4-positive cells and villus edema formation rate. Therefore, FOS, which we inferred to show antiallergic activity for food allergy in this study and which has already been established to be safe for use as food in humans, can be considered to be potentially useful for the prevention of food allergy in pediatric patients with allergy.