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A low-cost adsorbent developed from unmodified Azadirachta indica leaves was used for adsorptive removal of the Congo Red dye from an aqueous medium. The adsorbent was characterized by the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. For optimization of operational parameters such as dye concentration, solution pH, adsorbent dose, contact time, and temperature, batch adsorption experiments were performed. It was found that for neem leaves powder (NLP), the optimum conditions were as follows: adsorbent dose of 0.8 g, contact time of 100 min having a solution with pH value of 5, adsorbate initial concentration of 40 ppm at temperature 60 °C where maximum amount of dye, i.e., 84%, removal was observed. The process followed pseudo-first-order kinetics, which reveals physical adsorption. According to isothermal investigations, sorption data were best fit with the Freundlich isotherm model. Thermodynamically, the adsorption of the Congo Red dye by the neem leaf powder was exothermic. Furthermore, the mechanistic removal of the Congo Red dye by the NLP has been explored with the help of the surface complex formation (PHREEQC) mechanism. Overall, the results of the study explore the promising nature of NLP for Congo Red dye removal. HIGHLIGHTS Providing clean water to the population is one of humanity's main challenges.; Adsorption is one of the most cost-effective and promising techniques for dye removal from polluted water.; 84% of Congo Red dye removal takes place at optimized conditions.; Isotherm, kinetic, and thermodynamics were studied.; The promising nature of the developed system was checked with tap water.;

Developed countries have adopted the circular economy concept to solve environmental problems. This study underpins the paradox theory to investigate the circular economy’s implementation status in the ASEAN region through the circular economy index. The circular economy index disclosure data for top companies in the ASEAN region was collected through an automated content analysis approach using DICTION on the annual/sustainability reports. The findings show that most public companies from the ASEAN region disclose the circular economy indicators in their annual/sustainability reports. The environment-sensitive firms are disclosing the circular economy indicators actively compared to the non-environment sensitive companies. Based on the results, this study provides theoretical and practical implications. This study is also limited because it is based only on the ASEAN region. Future studies can underpin other theoretical support and provide a comparative analysis across the continents.

In this study, Congo red anionic dye was removed from an aqueous solution using powdered Citrus limetta peel. The adsorbent was evaluated with the use of FTIR and SEM. The highest dye removal was achieved when the operating parameters were optimized, including pH = 6.0, adsorbent dose = 0.4 g, contact time = 90 min, initial adsorbate conc. = 10 ppm, and temperature = 60 °C. The pseudo-second-order model was investigated to have the best fit for the kinetics of the process, with R2 = 0.9918 and Qe(cal) = 0.206 mg g-1, which is very close to the experimental Qe(exp) = 0.191 mg g-1. These two models’ plots showed that both physical and chemical adsorption were feasible. ΔG and ΔH being negative suggest that the adsorption was thermodynamically favorable and spontaneous. Testing the suggested technique with groundwater resulted in an 82% CR adsorption efficiency. Due to the incredible removal capacity of CR dyes from industrial effluents, research suggests that CLPP can be used as substitute adsorbents for the treatment of wastewater from the weaving and dyeing industries. HIGHLIGHTS Citrus limetta peel powder is cheap, effective and potential adsorbent for Congo red adsorption from wastewater.; The protonated part of hydroxyl and carboxyl group of CLPP combine with negative part of Congo red dye for adsorption of dye molecules.; Adsorbent characterization, optimized parameters, and adsorbent recovery were studied.; Kinetics, isotherm models, and thermodynamics were evaluated.;

The current study has investigated the influence of a non-uniform magnetic field on heat transfer and entropy generation through the convection flow of ferrofluid filled inside the cavity in the presence of thermal radiation. Consider that magnetohydrodynamics is the result of the applied magnetic field, induced by the Lorentz force, while ferrohydrodynamics is the effect of the Kelvin force, which is associated with the applied magnetic field that affects the magnetized liquid. The highly coupled non-linear governing system of partial differential equations are transformed into the set of non-linear algebraic equations by utilizing the Galerkin finite element method, and the Newton-Raphson method has been used to solve them. Results show that the fluid velocity and entropy generation are decreased via increasing Magnetic number. Intensity of streamlines decreases from 12.407 to 1.004 by increasing Hartmann number from 0 to 5. Velocity and temperature profiles increases 31.25% and 48% respectively, by increases concentration of ferroparticles up to 0.05%. The applications of this problem can be found in various heat transfer phenomena through fluid flow and their optimizations, such as in cooling processes of devices, advanced oxidation processes for dye removal from textile wastewater, solar collectors, chemical reactors, and heat exchangers.

In the field of nano-composites, hybrid nano-fluids have noteworthy applications in aerospace, energy materials, thermal sensors, antifouling, etc. because of their ability to produce higher thermal conductivity than conventional nanofluids. Different combinations of nanocomposites have been found in the literature to develop the suitable hybrid-mixture, but no study has been found yet about the combined influence of ceria and zinc-oxide nanocomposites in the host liquid. In this article, unsteady 3 D transport of water driven hybrid nano-fluid with the consequences of brick shaped nanocomposites (ceria; and zinc oxide; ) has deliberated with the thermal link of heat source/sink. Variable thermal conditions have been supplied at the surface with the effect of a magnetic environment. Similarity relations have been used to articulate the transport equations into solvable forms and then solved numerically via Keller-Box method. Nusselt number and skin-friction coefficients have also plotted with the wide ranges of involved parameters. Thermal setup has also briefly been discussed with the non-uniformity of surface temperature. Rate of heat transfer has significantly improved with the amounts of ceria (1 wt% to 10 wt%) and zinc-oxide (1 wt% to 10 wt%) nanocomposites. The Nusselt number is reported in the range of 4.0 to 4.8 with the increasing amount of from −0.6 to −0.2, whereas it is reported in the range of 3.1 to 3.9 with the varying amount of from 0.2 to 0.6. Rate of heat transfer is observed higher for zinc-oxide nanoparticles as compared to ceria nanoparticles.

Objective: The study was conducted to investigate the gut content and record morphometric and hematological parameters in the common hoopoe (Upupa epops). Materials and Methods: Twenty samples of healthy birds (10 from each sex) were collected from different locations in Okara District, Punjab, Pakistan, from September 2020 to March 2021. Birds were captured live for blood samples and morphometric and gut analyses. Results: It was revealed that the concentrations of different hematological parameters were as follows: hemoglobin, 20.03g/dl; red blood cells, 3.28 × 106/μl; white blood cells, 326.67 × 103/ μl; hematocrit, 56.47%; MCV, 173.33 FL; MCH, 57.4 pg; MCHC, 57.4 pg; PLT, 8.33/μl; and RDW, 8.33/μl. The percentages of neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, and eosinophils were 84.67%, 11.67%, 2.00%, and 1.67%, respectively. The gut content of the common hoopoe mostly consisted of Coleoptera and Acrididae larvae. However, Lepidoptera, Gryllotalpidae, and sand were also recorded, along with seeds of Salvadora persica. Conclusions: There were no significant differences between male and female U. epops in feeding content, total weight of the gut, or weight of the empty gut. Regarding the morphometric param¬eters, there was a significant difference in both sexes' wingspan, body length, and body weight. Males were significantly heavier than females. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2022; 9(2.000): 290-294]

In this paper, we present generalized Jensen-Mercer inequality for a generalized h-convex function on fractal sets. We proved Hermite-Hadamard-Mercer local fractional integral inequalities via integral operators pertaining Mittag-Leffler kernel. Also, we drive two new local fractional integral identities for differentiable functions. By employing these integral identities, we derive some new Hermite-Mercer type inequalities for generalized h-convex function in local fractional calculus settings. Finally, we give some examples to emphasize the applications of derived results. These results will be a significant addition to Jensen-type inequalities in the literature.

The current study explores the effectiveness of coconut husk for crystal violet dye sequestration employing a batch experimental setup. Characterization of adsorbent was carried out via FTIR, and SEM techniques and results confirmed the involvement of OMe, COC and hydroxyl functional groups in dye uptake, and the rough, porous nature of adsorbent and after adsorption dye molecules colonized these holes resulting in dye exclusion. Effects of various adsorption parameters such as pH, adsorbent dose, contact time, initial dye concentration, and temperature of solution were studied. Crystal violet adsorption on coconut husk was highly pH-dependent, with maximum removal occurring at basic pH. Maximum removal of dye, i.e., 81%, takes place at optimized conditions. Kinetic data was analyzed by pseudo-first, pseudo-second order and an intra-particle diffusion model. Results showed that the pseudo-second order kinetic model best described adsorption of crystal violet onto coconut husk. Langmuir, Freundlich, and D-R adsorption isotherms were also used to test their appropriateness to experimental data and the Freundlich isotherm fits best to data. Thermodynamic parameters showed that the current process was spontaneous, endothermic in nature with continuous decrease in entropy. Established practice is 79% applicable to tap water and in acidic medium nearly 80% of adsorbent was recovered, confirming the effectiveness and appropriateness of coconut husk for crystal violet dye exclusion from wastewater. HIGHLIGHTS Adsorption is an effective and economical process for dye removal from wastewater.; Coconut husk is a potential adsorbent for crystal violet exclusion.; Adsorbent characterization, operational parameters, and adsorbent recovery was studied.; Kinetics, isotherm models, and thermodynamics were evaluated.; The potential efficiency of adsorbent will also be checked for actual textile wastewater in future.;

The prevalence of dental/bone deformities provides motivation for studying the distribution, severity and sources of the Fluoride (F−1). The ground water samples (n = 77) were collected, from the districts of Lahore and Kasur of approximately 750 km2 area. The water was analyzed for fluoride (F−), pH, electric conductivity (EC), alkalinity and hardness. The results revealed F− concentration ranges from 0.25–21.3 mg. An inverse relation between depth and fluoride concentration was observed. On the basis of cluster analysis three zones were identified. Highly toxic zone was a strip of 15 km wide and 3 km long, along Multan Road from Sunder to Phool Nagar bypass, with fluoride concentration (08–21.3 mg/L). The highly toxic zone inhabited a number of industrial units, disposing off their wastewater through soaking pits. These units contribute pollution to the shallow water, which further penetrates to the surroundings. Hence the shallow water (depth of 45–50 feet) was the most contaminated. The intensity of toxic effects decreases from highly to mild toxic zone. It was concluded that the problem was actually associated with the industrial wastewater. Therefore, to overcome the issue, measures of supplying fresh drinking water from the deep aquifer as well as treatment of industrial water is suggested. HIGHLIGHT Industry was actually responsible for fluoride toxicity in the region rather than natural sources.;

In this study, bimetallic nanoparticles (NPs) of silver (Ag) and zinc oxide (ZnO) were synthesized using Leptadenia pyrotechnica leaf extract for the first time. Monometallic NPs were also obtained for comparison. The characterization of the prepared NPs was carried out using various techniques, including UV-Visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The latter confirmed the crystalline nature and diameter of the monometallic and bimetallic NPs of Ag and ZnO. The SEM images of the prepared NPs revealed their different shapes. The biological activities of the NPs were evaluated concerning their antibacterial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic properties. The antibacterial activities were measured using the time-killing method. The results demonstrated that both the monometallic and bimetallic NPs inhibited the growth of Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) and Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria. The antioxidant activities of the NPs were evaluated using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay and their cytotoxicity was checked using the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. The results indicated that the controlled quantity of the monometallic and bimetallic NPs did not affect the viability of the cells. However, the decreased cell (L-929) viability suggested that the NPs could have anticancer properties. Furthermore, the photocatalytic degradation of methyl violet and 4-nitrophenol was investigated using the prepared Ag/ZnO NPs, examining the factors affecting the degradation process and conducting a kinetic and thermodynamic study. The prepared Ag/ZnO NPs demonstrated good photocatalytic degradation (88.9%) of the methyl violet (rate constant of 0.0183 min−1) in comparison to 4-nitrophenol (NPh), with a degradation rate of 81.37% and 0.0172 min−1, respectively. Overall, the bimetallic NPs showed superior antibacterial, antioxidant, cytotoxic, and photocatalytic properties compared to the monometallic NPs of Ag and ZnO.

An exceedingly facile green approach that produces a reliable adsorbent based on a transition metal such as Iron (Fe) using Mangifera indica leaf extract at room temperature is described. A single pot method was used for synthesis with no capping agents, surfactants or other templates. The main intention of this study is to synthesize iron nanoparticles from leaf extract (Mangifera indica) and examine its degradation potential for photo-catalytic removal of dyes (Congo red and brilliant green) from wastewater. Characterization of synthesized nanoparticles was executed by pHpzc, scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy studies and results confirm the presence of iron nano-sheets with biomolecules. All photo-catalytic experimental results were assessed by sum of squared estimate of errors and simple linear regression R2 with dye concentration, pH, contact time and dose rate as dependent and independent variables. Adsorption experimental data was verified by kinetics and isothermal models. Results showed that Langmuir and pseudo second order models give best fitness towards the photo-catalytic adsorption procedure. Thermodynamics revealed that adsorption mechanism is endothermic, described by the values of changes in Gibbs free energy, enthalpy and entropy, and is chemisorption in nature, with spontaneous processes. Overall photo-catalytic adsorption execution with synthesized iron nanoparticles and simple biomass of Mangifera indica gives satisfactory results for treating dye wastewater. HIGHLIGHTS Mangifera indica extract was put to use for green synthesization of Fe-NPs by a single pot method.; Fe-NPs and powdered biomass of Mangifera indica were adopted for photo-catalytic degradation of synthetic dyes.; Green synthesized Fe-NPs form dense nano-sheets with thickness of about 20–50 nm.; Maximum % photo-catalytic degradation was 72.6 and 80.87% for Congo red and 72.88 and 82% for brilliant green with biomass and NPs, respectively.;

The degradation of dyes is a difficult task due to their persistent and stable nature; therefore, developing materials with desirable properties to degrade dyes is an important area of research. In the present study, we propose a simple, one-pot mechanochemical approach to synthesize CuO nanoparticles (NPs) using the leaf extract of Seriphidium oliverianum, as a reducing and stabilizing agent. The CuO NPs were characterized via X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), photoluminescence (PL) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The photocatalytic activity of CuO NPs was monitored using ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. The CuO NPs exhibited high potential for the degradation of water-soluble industrial dyes. The degradation rates for methyl green (MG) and methyl orange (MO) were 65.231% ± 0.242 and 65.078% ± 0.392, respectively. Bio-mechanochemically synthesized CuO NPs proved to be good candidates for efficiently removing dyes from water.

Adsorption is one of the promising techniques for the remediation of wastewater and it also offers advantages such as low cost, availability of the adsorbent and ease in operation. The wastewater treatment using smart materials gained much attention and the present investigation evaluated the adsorption efficiencies of ZnO, MgO and FeO for the removal of Direct Sky Blue (DSB) dye. The adsorption affecting parameters, i.e., effect of adsorbent dose, pH, concentration of dye, temperature and contact time were studied in association with dye adsorption. The effect of electrolytes and surfactants was also studied on dye adsorption. The dye adsorption data was analysed using various kinetics parameters, isotherms and thermodynamics models. The maximum adsorption capacities of MgO, FeO and ZnO were recorded to be 46.7, 42.9 and 40.9 mg/g, respectively at the pH 2, adsorbent dose 0.05 g, contact time 75 min, 40 °C and 70 mg/L initial concentration of the dye. The dye adsorption onto MgO followed a Langmuir isotherm, while ZnO followed Temkin isotherm. Langmuir and Temkin isotherms were satisfactory in the case of FeO. Pseudo second order best explained the dye adsorption kinetics. The thermodynamics studies revealed non-spontaneous adsorption of DSB dye onto ZnO, MgO and FeO. In view of promising efficiency, the ZnO, MgO and FeO have potential to apply for dyes adsorption from textile wastewater.

Textile sector is one of the major industries responsible for water pollution and the remediation of dyes is necessary to safe guard the water resources. Adsorption using nanoadsorbents have been emerged as one of viable techniques to eliminate the dyes from wastewater. Iron oxide was prepared via green route using Fan palm (F.P), Dombeya wallichii (D.W) and Pyrus comminis (P.C) as a reducing, capping and stabilizing agents. The adsorption of anionic dye using nanoadsorbents was studied and pH, adsorbent dose, contact time, temperature and concentration of dye were optimized. The maximum dye adsorption was achieved at pH 3, 0.01 g/50 mL adsorbent dose, 200 mg/L initial concentration at 65 °C. Thermodynamic study revealed that the adsorption on to nanoadsorbents was an endothermic process. Langmuir model and pseudo-second-order fitted well to the dye adsorption data. The presence of detergents and surfactants affected the dye adsorption on to nanoadsorbents. Efficient desorption was attained using 0.5 N sodium hydroxide. Results revealed that iron oxide prepared via green route is an efficient adsorbent for the removal of anionic dye and could possibly be used for the remediation of textile effluents.

The degradation of disperse V-26 in solution using UV; UV/H2O2, UV/H2O2/TiO2 and UV/H2O2/ZnO were investigated. The impacts of various key parameters i.e. initial pH, concentration of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) dose and the dye concentration effect on degradation were studied. The maximum degradation of 93 % was optimized using UV/H2O2/TiO2 at pH 3 in 60 min. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) were applied to check the products obtained after complete degradation. The removal of peaks of certain groups present in dye molecule assured the maximum degradation of dispersive V-26. In biological treatment, cytotoxicity reduction and Ames test were used to check the toxicity level of products. Certain water parameters i.e. dissolved oxygen (DO), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD) were also performed to ensure the maximum degradation of DV-26. DO was increased up to 82 %. The COD and BOD were reduced considerably owing to the treatment of disperse dye Violet 26 at optimum settings of process variables. The degradation of disperse dye V-26 with UV/H2O2/ZnO was 90.1 % which increased up to 93 % with the alternative photo-catalyst UV/H2O2/TiO2. Keywords: Disperse V-26, UV, H2O2, TiO2, ZnO, FTIR, GC–MS, Toxicity

The recent progress in nanotechnology provides the concept of hybrid-class nano-fluids having advanced thermal features comparing to regular nanofluids. The idea of a hybrid nanofluid has motivated many researchers because of its convincible performance in thermal systems. The novel theme of the present effort is to scrutinize the consequences of convective heat transfer in bidirectional water driven hybridclass nanofluid involving blade shaped cadmium telluride CdTe and graphite C nanoparticles with electromagnetohydrodynamics (EMHD) process. The transport equations representing the aforementioned topic are firstly nondimensionalized by using scaling-group transformation and then tackled by the Keller-box method, numerically. The significant results for pertinent parameters have been simulated and presented graphically as well as in tabular forms. Coefficients of drag forces are diminished with the more loadings of cadmium telluride and graphite nanoparticles and opposite results are noticed in the case of the Nusselt number. Heat transport has been improved significantly with more loadings of nanoparticles from 1 wt% to 10 wt%. A comparison benchmark for a limited version of the investigation is made with the previously published data.

Sleep is one of the most important functions of the life. The disturbance in sleep or quality of sleep leads to several dysfunctions of the human body. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of sleep disorders, their possible risk factors and their association with other health problems. The data was collected from the educational community of the Pakistani population. The Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) was used to evaluate the insomnia and the sleep apnea was evaluated through a simple questionnaire method. The blood samples were collected to perform significant blood tests for clinical investigations. Current research revealed that the individuals in the educational community had poor sleep quality. A total of 1998 individuals from the educational community were surveyed, 1584 (79.28%) of whom had a sleep disorders, including insomnia (45.20%) and sleep apnea (34.08%). The measured onset of age for males and females was 30.35 years and 31.07 years respectively. The Clinical investigations showed that the sleep had significant impact on the hematology of the patients. Higher levels of serum uric acid and blood sugar were recorded with a sleep disorder. The individuals of the educational community were using the sleeping pills. The other associated diseases were mild tension, headaches, migraines, depression, diabetes, obesity, and myopia. The use of beverage, bad mood, medical condition, mental stress, disturbed circadian rhythms, workload and extra use of smartphone were major risk factors of sleep disorders. It was concluded that the insomnia was more prevalent than the sleep apnea. Furthermore, life changes events were directly linked with disturbance of sleep. Tension, depression, headaches, and migraine were more associated with sleep disorders than all other health issues.

A company’s CSR attitude depends on the ethical values embraced and formally espoused by its Board and/or senior management. The response of corporates to natural disasters has proved to be beneficial for both for-profit organizations as well as society. There are several instances in the developed world where businesses played a leading role in both attempts to curb natural disasters as well as in helping people who suffered due to such disasters. However, in the developing world, the need for corporate participation in natural disaster mitigation is enhanced by the scarce resources of the relevant governmental agencies. Corporates can offer a helping hand in several ways, but perhaps one of the more effective steps is to spread awareness and knowledge about handling the various aspects of the disaster. Drawing from the available literature and underpinning the business ethics theories, this study aimed to explore business responses in Pakistan to constraint the Covid-19 pandemic. The study employs a two-step quantitative content analysis on Facebook as a research method. The findings are that the three selected industries (finance, telecommunication, and petroleum) remain more committed to their marketing efforts than paying due regard to the genuine need of spreading awareness and educating masses on protection against and/or handling Covid-19 pandemic. The public reaction to such less than adequate steps taken by the corporates provides a potent reminder of what people truly expect from corporates and how firms need to be more proactive toward response to a natural disaster.

Significant impact of unsteady Cattaneo-Christov double diffusion, random motion and thermo-migration of tiny particles on thermal storage and in heat exchangers devices has attracted us to investigate the role of these thermal engineering terms in the existence of convectively heating and zero-mass flux at the bidirectionally stretchable wall. Combination of similarity expressions is adopted to transform the prevailing partial differential equations into ordinary differential equations and then solved, numerically, by using Keller-Box simulation technique. Temperature and concentration phases are discussed under the influences of involved parameters, graphically. It is detected that thermal relaxation dependent on heat flux maximizes the temperature gradient, whereas thermal relaxation dependent on mass flux minimizes the concentration gradient. It is also scrutinized that escalating choice of random motion of tiny particles provides constant temperature gradient because of Nield’s expression. Moreover, augmenting choice of thermo-migration of tiny particles enhances the concentration gradient. Furthermore, intensifying choice of unsteady factor abridges the temperature plus concentration distributions and also it condenses all the three boundary layer thicknesses.

Present work addresses the heat/mass transfer mechanism for higher order mixed convective flow of Williamson nanofluid impinging over a nonlinear bidirectional elongating surface with power-law heat/mass fluxes. For scientific relevancy, we also investigated the combined influence of chemical reaction, nonlinear emission of radiation and hydro-magnetic environment on the flow pattern. Novel combination of scaling transformations has been instigated to metamorphose the principal equations into a set of highly nonlinear coupled ordinary-differential equations and then Keller-Box method (KBM) has been utilized to attain the solution of modeled problem. Convergence of the solution has been discussed via grid independence methodology. Controls of sundry dominant parameters on temperature and concentration variations have been discussed via various plots, whereas variations in heat/mass transfer rates are explained through tabular arrangements. Our analysis shows that the Nusslet number and the Sherwood number are developed up-to 38% with the positive estimations of power-law index 0.1≤n≤0.5, whereas thermal gradient θ'(0) is reduced up-to 5% with the appraisal of thermo-migration of nanoparticles 0.4≤Nt≤0.8. Rate of heat transference is improved up-to 24% and the rate of mass transference is improved up-to 5% with the inclusion of nonlinear thermal radiation aspects 1.1≤θw≤1.5. The validation of the solution has been made by comparing the results for restricted cases with the available literature.

The fractional integral inequalities are crucial to deal applied problems. The present paper deals with the generalize midpoint type inequalities for a certain class of convex functions, namely, MT-convex functions in the setting of weighted fractional integral. It can be observed from the remarks given in the paper that our results or more generalized than existing results of literature and many of them can be obtained immediately from our results.

In this paper, we investigate the system undergoes flip and Neimark Sacker bifurcation in the interior of R+2 by using the center manifold theorem and bifurcation theory. The dynamics of this discrete time predator-pre model is investigated in the closed first quadrant of R+2 .

The study of complex graphics due to their charm and complexity has become a significant area of research nowadays. The aim of this paper is to visualize antifractals like tricorns and multicorns in S-iteration orbit with s-convexity. Several beautiful aesthetic patterns are presented for antipolynomial z̅m+c of complex polynomial zm + c, for m ≥ 2 to explore the geometry of antifractals.

Let $G$ be a connected graph and $d(\mu,\omega)$ be the distance between any two vertices of $G$ . The diameter of $G$ is denoted by $diam(G)$ and is equal to $\max \{d(\mu,\omega); \\ \mu,\omega \in G\}$ . The radio labeling (RL) for the graph $G$ is an injective function $\digamma:V(G)\rightarrow N\cup \{0\}$ such that for any pair of vertices $\mu $ and $\omega \,\,|\digamma (\mu)-\digamma (\omega)|\geq diam(G)-d(\mu,\omega)+1$ . The span of radio labeling is the largest number in $\digamma (V)$ . The radio number of $G$ , denoted by $rn(G)$ is the minimum span over all radio labeling of $G$ . In this paper, we determine radio number for the generalized Petersen graphs, $P(n,2)$ , $n=4k+2$ . Further the lower bound of radio number for $P(n,2)$ when $n=4k$ is determined.

The purpose of this study was to find the biological propensities of the vegetable plant Pleurospermum candollei by investigating its phytochemical profile and biological activities. Phytochemical analysis was done by spectroscopic methods to investigate the amount of total polyphenols, and biological evaluation was done by the different antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory (tyrosinase, α-amylase, and α-glucosidase), thrombolytic, and antibacterial activities. The highest amount of total phenolic and flavonoid contents was observed in methanolic extract (240.69 ± 2.94 mg GAE/g and 167.59 ± 3.47 mg QE/g); the fractions showed comparatively less quantity (57.02 ± 1.31 to 144.02 ± 2.11 mg GAE/g, and 48.21 ± 0.75 to 96.58 ± 2.30 mg QE/g). The effect of these bioactive contents was also related to biological activities. GCMS analysis led to the identification of bioactive compounds with different biological effects from methanolic extract (antioxidant; 55.07%, antimicrobial; 56.41%), while the identified compounds from the n-hexane fraction with antioxidant properties constituted 67.86%, and those with antimicrobial effects constituted 82.95%; however, the synergetic effect of polyphenols may also have contributed to the highest value of biological activities of methanolic extract. Molecular docking was also performed to understand the relationship of identified secondary metabolites with enzyme-inhibitory activities. The thrombolytic activity was also significant (40.18 ± 1.80 to 57.15 ± 1.10 % clot lysis) in comparison with streptokinase (78.5 ± 1.53 to 82.34 ± 1.25% clot lysis). Methanolic extract also showed good activity against Gram-positive strains of bacteria, and the highest activity was observed against Bacillus subtilis. The findings of this study will improve our knowledge of phytochemistry, and biological activities of P. candollei, which seems to be a ray of hope to design formulations of natural products for the improvement of health and prevention of chronic diseases; however, further research may address the development of novel drugs for use in pharmaceuticals.

In this article we report on the association between teacher feedback and scholastic attainment at Secondary School Certificate (SSC) level in Pakistan. The study was conducted with data collected from Pakistani secondary school teachers and students through a survey study using multistage sampling. The objectives of the study were (1) to explore the possible differences in the effect of feedback by male and female teachers on the academic achievement of students in large, medium, and small secondary schools; (2) to compute the relationship of teacher feedback on the scholastic accomplishment at secondary level. The research instrument (questionnaire) with 14 closed-ended statements was developed, validated through experts in the field of education, and internal consistency of the tool was measured using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) – the calculated Cronbach Alpha was 0.814. Two hypotheses for the study were formulated and tested by using non-parametric statistical tests in order to achieve the objectives of the study. The results show that teachers’ feedback during the teaching-learning process has a positive association with academic achievement of students. Furthermore, formative feedback, diagnostic feedback, gestural feedback, immediate feedback and feedback on classroom discussion are used to overcome the behavioural and learning issues of low and high achievers. The findings of the study suggest that variety in teacher feedback techniques during the teaching-learning process should be promoted to enhance the quality of students’ academic achievement.

Motivated by the remarkable usages of prescribed heat sources in the areas of solar energy and thermal engineering, we frame a mathematical model for unsteady flow of magnetized Eyring-Powell nanomaterial driven by a bi-directionally moveable surface with the nonlinearity of solar radiation. Basically, this newly stated approach is more genuine, where prescribed heat sources (PST and PHF) are used to maintain the surface temperature and quantities of thermal engineering interest are inspected in a more effective way. A proper combination of variables is adopted to convert the PDEs into ODEs and then numerically solved by utilizing Keller-Box approach. The foremost outcomes for the rate of heat and the rate of mass transferences are anticipated through various tables and graphs. It is observed through present investigation that escalating values of temperature controlled indices, solar radiation constraint and temperature ratio constraint enhance the rate of heat transference, whereas rising amount of thermophoresis constraint reduces the rate of mass transference. Finally, a comparison with the restricted case is also established to validate the whole parametric study.

ABSTRACT There are many causes of oroantral fistulas but the extraction of a maxillary molar or premolar is most common cause. The other reasons could be trauma, malignant tumors, osteomyelitis, or syphilis1. When the primary fistula repair fails to heal spontaneously during first three weeks of surgery, a secondary repair may be indicated. Many techniques have been advocated for closure of fistulas like Killey & Keys (1969), Tideman et al (1986), and FGYEDI (1977). And some traditional methods of repair include buccal advancement flaps, palatal rotation and palatal transposition flaps, tongue flaps, and naso-labial flaps2. The most common technique is trapdoor technique3. The aim of this report is reporting clinical case of closing oroantral fistula through buccal fat pad.

ABSTACT Ameloblastoma is benign but locally invasive odontogenic tumor. More than eighty percent of cases of ameloblastoma occur in mandible. A substantial number of the patients of ameloblastoma present when the tumor has significantly grown in size resulting in severe malocclusion, facial asymmetry and pathological fractures of the jaw. There are several types of amelablastomas but the correct diagnosis can be easily made with the help of plain x-rays and tissue biopsy. The standard management of amelobastoma is marginal resection but some times a large tumor requires complete resection of affected part of mandible. This results in a large defect causing significant facial disfigurement. The case presented here involves a young lady with the chief complaint of facial asymmetry and inability to chew the food. A diagnosis of unicysticameloblastoma was made on biopsy and resection of mandible was carried out. The mandibular reconstruction was carried out in the same surgery with non-vascularized iliac bone graft. Long term prognosis showed satisfactory healing and good facial aesthetics.

Bi-directional unsteady flow of nanomaterial has been explored in the existence of Cattaneo-Christov double diffusion. Brownian motion, thermophoresis and heat sources namely PST (prescribed surface temperature) and PHF (prescribed heat flux) are included. The obtained nonlinear systems are computationally solved by employing Keller box method. Graphs have been created for temperature and concentration fields for distinct amounts of involved parameters. Tables have been generated and discussed for skin friction, heat and mass transfer rates. It is assessed that temperature and concentration are reducing fields of thermal and relaxation factors for prescribed heat flux. Obtained effects are linked with the formerly published results and found favorable agreement. Keywords: Nanomaterial, Unsteady stretching, Cattaneo-Christov double diffusion, Keller box method

Key Clinical Message Leclercia adecarboxylata can be misidentified as Escherichia coli, due to similar biochemical properties. Automated identification systems and mass spectrometry play a very critical role in isolating atypical organisms like L adecarboxylata. General guidelines recommend treating L adecarboxylata peritonitis for 3 weeks without removal of peritoneal dialysis catheter.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: Compare the difference in the mean trismus by giving two doses of Dexamethasone after surgical extraction of impacted mandibular third molar. DURATION: February 2016 to August 2016. SETTINGS: Out patient Maxillofacial Surgery Department, Madinah Teaching Hospital, Faisalabad. MATERIAL & METHODS: In this Randomized Clinical Trial, 60 patients divided into 2 groups 30 in each group admitted for removal of unilateral impacted mandibular third molars were included. The age range was 20-50 years for both gender, mouth opening was >35 mm. Group A received 4mg Dexamethasone tablet one hour before the procedure. Group B received 8mg Dexamethasone tablet one hour before the procedure. After proper elevation and reflection of the appropriate muco-periosteal flap, buccal and distal guttering was done in order to facilitate the delivery of tooth. Later, flap was sutured. The outcome variables of both treatment modalities in term of difference in postoperative trismus at day 2 were measured by the ruler and mouth opening less than 35mm was considered as trismus. RESULTS: In this study, out of 60 patients, 51.7% were males while 48.3% were females. Mean age of the patients was 37.25 + 9.04 years. In Group-A , mean for maximum inter-incisor mouth opening before treatment was 39.20 + 4.23 mm while it was 25.77 + 3.58 mm after treatment. In group B patients who received 8 mg dexamethasone before tooth extraction mean maximum inter- incisor distance before treatment was 38.50 + 4.47 mm. Mean inter-incisor distance after 8mg dexamethasone followed by tooth extraction was 35.53 + 5.11, p-value was found to be < 0.0001 which was clinically significant. CONCLUSION: 8 mg of dexamethasone was statistically more significant in reduction of trismus as compare to 4mg.

AIM: The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of topical triamcinolone for the treatment of symptomatic Oral Lichen Planus. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was conducted on eligible Oral Lichen Planus patients. 32 patients of symptomatic OLP were enrolled for the study. They were advised to apply an orabase containing 0.1% triamcinolone on lesions 3 times a day for the period of 4 weeks. Follow up visit and intraoral examination of the lesion was performed after completion of 4 weeks. RESULTS: Study was completed by 32 patients. At follow-up examination, orabase containing 0.1% triamcinolone was found to be efficacious in terms of decreasing pain, improving color of the lesion, reducing lesion size and even decreasing the severity and activity of the OLP. CONCLUSION: Orabase containing 0.1% triamcinoloneis effective in treating symptomatic cases of Oral Lichen Planus.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To determine the frequency of patients of mandibular angle fracture having unerupted mandibular third molar. DURATION: September 2016 to February 2017 SETTINGS: Out-patient Madinah Teaching Hospital, Faisalabad. MATERIAL & METHODS: This study enrolled 83 cases of mandibular angle fractures(both genders & 20 to 50 years) diagnosed clinically and radiographically who gave their consent to be a part of this study. Fracture side was diagnosed by history, examination and radiographs (orthopantomogram) and the status of whereas mandibular third molar (i.e., erupted or unerupted) on the side of fracture as well as on the non-fractured side was seen through clinical and radiographical examination. RESULTS: Out of the 83 patients with mandibular angle fracture, 68 patients were having an unerupted mandibular third molar while 15 patients were having an erupted mandibular third molar. Thus, a patient having mandible with unerupted 3rdmolar have shown increased risk (1.41 times) of mandibular angle fractures as compared to the risk of fracture of mandible with erupted mandibular 3rdmolar. CONCLUSION: An unerupted mandibular third molar tooth (M3) increases the risk and chances of mandibular angle fracture.

The energy of a simple connected graph G is equal to the sum of the absolute value of eigenvalues of the graph G where the eigenvalue of a graph G is the eigenvalue of its adjacency matrix AG. Ultimately, scores of various graph energies have been originated. It has been shown in this paper that the different graph energies of the regular splitting graph S′G is a multiple of corresponding energy of a given graph G.

Dendrimers are rising polymeric structures known for their flexibility in medication conveyance and high usefulness, whose properties are same biomolecules. These nanostructured macromolecules have shown potential capacities in capturing as well as conjugating the high subatomic weight hydrophilic/hydrophobic substances by host-visitor collaborations and covalent holding (prodrug approach) individually. In quantitative structure-property relationships (QSPR), topological indices are utilized to gather properties of dendrimers. Topological indices catch symmetry of dendrimer structures and give it a logical reasoning to predict properties, for instance, viscosity, boiling points, the radius of gyrations, etc. In this report, we intend to examine dendrimers through irregularity indices that are valuable in QSPR studies. We studied sixteen irregularity indices if diverse dendrimer structures.

This paper is concerned to investigate the radiation effect on hydromagnetic flow along a vertical impermeable wavy texture. The wavy texture is considered to be heated with uniform flux. The flow behavior over the geometry is modeled through the partial differential equations and then non-similar solution is obtained by an highly efficient well known Keller-box method. To show the accuracy and validity of the code and developed results, a comparison is made with those available in the literature for the limiting case Rd=0 and M=0. It has been noticed that the produced results are in good concordance with the previously reported results. The outcomes of the associated parameters such as radiation–conduction parameter, amplitude of the waviness, Prandtl number and magnetic parameter with flow and heat transfer rates are explained through various graphs. It is noticed that the flow and heat transfer rates can be controlled through the variation of radiation–conduction parameter. Most importantly, the increase in the amplitude of waviness lessens the flow of fluid and heat transfer rate in the boundary layer.

In the present study heat transfer and entropy generation analysis of boundary layer flow of an incompressible viscous fluid over hyperbolic stretching cylinder are taken into account. The governing nonlinear partial differential equations are normalized by using suitable transformations. The numerical results are obtained for the partial differential equations by a finite difference scheme known as Keller box method. The influence of emerging parameters namely curvature parameter and Prandtl number on velocity and temperature profiles, skin friction coefficient and the Nusselt number is presented through graphs. A comparison for the flat plate case is given and developed code is validated. It is seen that curvature parameter has dominant effect on the flow and heat transfer characteristics. The increment in the curvature of the hyperbolic stretching cylinder increases both the momentum and thermal boundary layers. Also skin friction coefficient at the surface of cylinder decreases but Nusselt number shows opposite results. Temperature distribution is decreasing by increasing Prandtl number. Moreover, the effects of different physical parameters on entropy generation number and Bejan number are shown graphically.

The photodegradation of disperse violet 63 dye was investigated in aqueous solution using UV/H _2 O _2 , UV/H _2 O _2 /SnO _2 and Fenton reagent. The maximum decolorization was achieved in 60 min with 50 mg l ^−1 of dye concentration. The suitability of each process depends upon dye concentration. The photo degradation is very effective at low dye concentration. The degradation percentage increased by enhancing initial amount of hydrogen peroxide and UV irradiation time. The influence of operational parameters like pH, H _2 O _2 concentration, catalyst amount and dye concentration were investigated. After 60 min reaction time, the maximum decolorization of disperse violet 63 with UV/H _2 O _2, UV/H _2 O _2 /SnO _2 and Fe/H _2 O _2 was 81%, 92.7% and 96.4% respectively. The results indicated that Fenton process had more photocatalytic activity for degradation of disperse violet 63 dye than that of UV/H _2 O _2 and UV/H _2 O _2 /SnO _2 . After 60 min, the comparative decomposition order was Fe/H _2 O _2 > UV/H _2 O _2 /SnO _2 > UV/H _2 O _2. It may be concluded that Fenton process could possibly be used for the remediation of toxic pollutants from textile effluents.

This paper analyzes the MHD flow of micropolar fluid induced by peristaltic waves passing through the porous saturated channel at large Reynolds number. The flow model is formulated in the absence of assumptions of lubrication theory which yields the governing equations into a non-linear set of coupled partial differential equations which allows studying the peristaltic mechanism at non-zero Reynolds and wave numbers. The influence of other involved parameters on velocity, stream function and microrotation are discussed through graphs plotted by using Galerkin’s finite element method. Besides that, the phenomena of pumping and trapping are also analyzed in the later part of the paper. To ensure the accuracy of the developed code, obtained results are compared with the results available in the literature and found in excellent agreement. It is found that the peristalsis mixing can be enhanced by increasing Hartmann number while it reduces by increasing permeability of the porous medium.

ABSTRACT: OBJECTIVE: To determine the outcome of fracture healing using resorbable plates and screws in case of mandibular fracture in adults. STUDY DESIGN: Cohort Study SETTING: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nishtar Institute of Dentistry, Multan. STUDY DURATION: th th Eight months (15 September 2010 to 14 May 2011) Subjects & Methods: Total 73 cases presented in Outpatient Department of Nishtar Institute of Dentistry Multan were diagnosed clinically on the basis of step deformity, mobility at fracture site, disturbed occlusion and swelling. Radiographs (OPG, PA view of face) were taken wherever required to confirm step deformity and radiolucent or radiopaque line at fracture site. A detailed history of all the patients was taken including the etiology, followed by a clinical and radiographic examination. Patients were then treated with resorbable plates and screws. After six weeks final assessment regarding infection, occlusion and mobility at the fracture site was made by consultant maxillofacial surgeon. RESULTS: Sample size of the study was 73 patients (n=73) and male to female ratio was 6.3:1. The mean age of the patients was 21.1±2.9 years. The age range was 16–25 years. Majority of the patients 37(50.7%) were between 21–25 years of age. Regarding the etiology, road traffic accident was the major cause which was evident in 62 patients (84.9%) followed by interpersonal violence in 8 patients (11%). Regarding the site of fracture, 32 patients (43.8%) had parasymphyseal and 10 (13.7%) had symphyseal fracture of mandible. 8 cases (11%) had fracture of mandible body and 23(31.5%) had mandible angle fracture. The follow up visit after six weeks showed normal occlusion in 65 patients (89%), no infection in 71 patients (97.3%) and no mobility in 65 patients (89.0%). Outcome of treatment showed 64 patients (87.7%) with healed fracture while in 9 patients (12.3%) fracture did not heal. CONCLUSION: Fixation of mandibular fracture with resorbable plates and screws seems to be a good technique for mandibular fractures except cost of treatment.

The slip flow rate of a non-Newtonian fluid (Maxwell model) past a stretching sheet is investigated in this paper. The slip condition for the Maxwell fluid is formulated and presented for the first time. The governing nonlinear partial differential equations and boundary conditions are transformed to nonlinear ordinary differential equations and boundary conditions using the well established similarity transformations for a stretching flow. For the numerical solution of the nonlinear problem we first linearize it using quasilinearization. Then the boundary value problem was transformed into 2 initial value problems by employing the method of superposition. The initial value problems were then integrated using a fourth order Runge-Kutta method. The influence of the slip parameter on the velocity components and skin friction coefficient is analyzed through graphical results. The results are valid for all the values of the slip parameter ranging from zero (no-slip) to infinity (full slip). It is also found that numerical results exist for the values less or equal to one of the dimensionless relaxation time parameter. doi:10.14456/WJST.2014.63

We are presenting a case of renal failure with anti-GBM and p-ANCA antibodies positive. Patients with dual antibodies are considered to be a vasculitis-variant of anti-GBM antibody nephritis. These patients may have atypical presentation and it may delay diagnosis and treatment. Recurrence rate is higher in these patients. We reviewed the literature of cases and studies on cresenteric glomerulonephritis with anti-GBM and p-ANCA positive patients. We recommend that patients suspected with pulmonary-renal syndrome should be checked for anti-GBM and p-ANCA antibodies, should undergo renal biopsy and should should have close long term follow up to watch for recurrence.