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Introduction: Atypical mycobacterium (ATM) is acid fast bacilli not including tuberculosis and may had opportunistic feature in environment either in air or soil. While symptoms of ATM infection may look similar with typical tuberculosis, these specific group of disease were harder to treat and would necessitate longer antibiotics consumption. While PCR may readily available to detect ATM, anatomical pathology method such as biopsy may be a cheaper alternative in low-resource settings to differentiate between atypical and typical mycobacterium infection. Aim: To analyze correlation between eosinophil cells and eosinophil mass with ATM in lymphadenopathy patient. Methods: This study is an analytical observational study with cross-sectional design which aimed to review diagnostic abilities of eosinophil cell and mass to detect ATM. Patient would undergo both PCR as gold standard of diagnosis and cytology biopsy aspiration as comparative diagnostic modalities. Data would be presented from SPSS v. 25. Results: We collected 70 subjects that fulfill inclusion and exclusion criteria. Most samples were dominated by female in relatively young age. There are 37 patients with ATM in which 75,7% patients cytology result shown expression of eosinophil cells and 71,4% patients shown eosinophilic mass. Chi-square test revealed that statistical significance existed between eosinophilic cells with ATM. However, such statistical significance was not found between eosinophilic mass and ATM. Conclusion: Eosinophilic cell can be used as alternative diagnostic modalities in diagnosing ATM. Further studies should further examine pathophysiological correlations and diagnostic power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introduction: Nurses are at the forefront and face serious risks and even face death, while treating Coronavirus patients. The aim of this review is to evaluate the effect of experience of the nurses in providing care for Coronavirus patients. Methods: This is a systematic review, and numerous database were used in the article search using relevant keywords. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) flow diagram was used in selecting a total of 431 articles. Results: The 5 articles with records of encounters of medical attendants that focus on Coronavirus patients, namely in the form of psychological experiences, physical experiences, challenges in dealing with COVID-19 patients, expectations during their duties and being responsible during their duties were analyzed. Conclusions: The experience of the nurse that focused on the COVID-19 patient include discomfort, stress and fear of being contaminated and spreading to other people, experience fatigue, and feel awkward using individual defense equipment. The job of medical attendants during the Coronavirus pandemic is vital as these officials are at the bleeding edge of this pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Inflammation in COPD patients occurs so extensively that it spills over into systemic circulation, which is characterized by high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 in the blood, leading to further damage to various organs in the body. Meanwhile, the gut is filled with millions of microbiotas that release metabolites such as SCFA that translocate to the systemic circulation and may potentially reduce inflammation. Probiotics are expected to repair microbiota dysbiosis, thus having a potency to reduce IL-6 via SCFA pathway. The study aims to assess the effect of probiotic administration on SCFA and IL-6 levels in COPD mice model. Methods: Mice C57BL/6 strain were grouped into KN (healthy mice), KP (COPD mice), P1 (COPD mice treated with bronchodilators), P2 (COPD mice treated with probiotics) and P3 (COPD mice treated with bronchodilators and probiotics). Induction of the COPD model was carried out by cigarette-smoking method 2 times a day for 12 weeks. The probiotic used is 26 milligrams of L-Bio (containing 109 CFU of bacterial strains/gram). SCFA was measured by gas-chromatography form caecum digesta, and IL-6 was measured by ELISA. Results: SCFA levels at the end of experiment were KN(14.0±4.10), KP(4.8±1.78), P1(21.5±7.73), P2(35.9±16.3) and P3(31.7±17.49) mmol/L. There were significant differences in SCFA levels among those groups (p<0.001). IL-6 levels were KN(13.0±2.24), KP(19.4±6.71), P1(17.9±4.94), P2(13.5±0.43) and P3(14.3±2.15) pg/mL. There were significant differences in IL-6 levels among those groups (p=0.03). There was also a significant association between SCFA and IL-6 levels (p=0.02), proving that metabolite produced by gut-microbiota could reduce inflammation not only in the lungs, but also in the systemic level. Conclusion: Probiotic administration could significantly increase SCFA and reduce IL-6 levels in COPD mice models and thus proving that the Gut-Lung Axis really exists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Untreated or undertreated, pulmonary tuberculosis could cause severe complications until death. After treatment, residual lesions might occur. The presence of residual lesions is varied, including fibrosis, cavity, bronchiectasis and calcification. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a cytokine associated with lung inflammation, which plays a role in lung fibrosis. However, only a few studies have assessed the serum level of TGF-β in post-treatment tuberculosis patients., Aim: The main objective of this study was to determine the correlation between TGF-β levels and pulmonary fibrosis in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis., Design: A group of 51 patients that had undergone anti-tuberculosis treatment were observed, consisting of 31 men, 20 women. Of all patients, there were 26 people with a smoking history, including 25 men and 1 woman. All patients had been recovered, confirmed by the clinical state, laboratory and radiology examination. The ELISA test was performed to measure TGF-β level, while the chest X-ray was used to look for the occurrence of pulmonary fibrosis., Results: The mean level of TGF-β in patients with a lesion (+) was 7628.02 (SD: ± 4928.38) while the mean level of TGF-β in patients with a lesion (-) was 2315.11 (SD: ± 505.83). The statistical test showed a significant relationship between TGF-β level and fibrosis lesion (p < 0.001)., Conclusion: TGF-β level was significantly higher in post-tuberculosis patients with pulmonary fibrosis.

Background: Exercise tolerance is one of the main impacts of COPD. COPD patients often experience dyspnea and fatigue after doing daily activities using their limb parts, even in simple thing such as lifting or grooming. Nowadays, many pulmonologists concerned in pulmonary rehabilitation to modify some limb training with breathing manoeuvre to get positive impact in stable COPD patient., Aim: The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of this modified upper limb training in lung function, functional capacity, dyspnea scale, and quality of life in patients with stable COPD., Method: This was a quasi-experimental study held in 2017 on 22 stable COPD patients (based on GOLD 2018 criteria). Patients were given modified upper limb training with breathing manoeuvre that leads and monitored by a physiotherapist and physician in 10-20 minutes twice a week for 8 weeks. Before and after completed all sessions of training, we measured pulmonary functions test include FEV1 and FVC, functional capacity by 6 MWT, dyspnea scale by mMRC, and quality of life by CAT assessment. Statistical analysis was performed by Wilcoxon and paired t-test., Results: There was an improvement of lung function, both FEV1 (40.7 ± 13.8 to 47.3 ± 14.2; p-value 0.001) and FVC (50.7 ± 14.1 to 54.1 ± 14.7; p-value: 0.207) after training. There was a significant change of functional capacity in 6 MWT mean (277.3 ± 80.8 to 319.1 ± 78.3; p-value: 0.001). There was an improved quality of life after training, measured by decreasing in CAT score (23.9 ± 5.5 to 18.3 ± 5.2; p-value: 0.000). There was no significant change in the mMRC scale (p-value: 0.429)., Conclusion: There was an improvement of lung function, functional capacity, and quality of life in stable COPD after upper limb training with breathing manoeuvre in stable COPD patients.