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5. Investigations of the infection by schistosome parasites of their molluscan intermediate hosts

Author

Targett, G. A. and Buckley, J. J. C.

Subjects
591.9857
Abstract

The respiratory pigments and the amino acid composition of planorbid snails which act as intermediate hosts for human schistosomes were compared with those of insusceptible snail species. The absorption spectra of haemoglobins from different snail species were similar to one another and closely related to those of mammalian haemoglobins. The occasional appearance of additional absorption bands suggested that substances other than the pigment protein appear infrequently in snail blood. Electrophoresis showed that, in general, the respiratory pigment was the only protein present in the blood. The mobility of haemoglobin and haemocyanin pigments was not affected by change in pH, and the rates of movement of haemoglobins from twelve different snail species were the same. Other proteins occurred occasionally in the blood of most species examined, and these additional fractions seemed to form a common pattern in four species. The factors determining their appearance were investigated. No qualitative differences were observed in the amino acid content of haemoglobins from different snails, but quantitative differences were demonstrated. The free amino acids of snail blood were in low concentration but were qualitatively similar in three snail species, which also contained similar bound and free amino acids in the digestive glands and ovotestes. Australorbis glabratus, however, differed from Planorbarius corneus and Lymnaea stagnalis since free methionine was found in its anterior tissues. The methionine was not present in glabratus snails infected with Schistosoma mansoni, and they contained lower concentrations of free amino acids than uninfected snails. It was shown that methionine was one of the seventeen amino acids identified in the protein of S. mansoni cercariae.

Published
1961
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11. Abstracts of the Eighth EDCTP Forum, 6-9 November 2016.

Author

Makanga, M, Beattie, P, Breugelmans, G, Nyirenda, T, Bockarie, M, Tanner, M, Volmink, J, Hankins, C, Walzl, G, Chegou, N, Malherbe, S, Hatherill, M, Scriba, TJ, Zak, DE, Barry, CE, Kaufmann, SHE, Noor, A, Strub-Wourgaft, N, Phillips, P, Munguambe, K, Ravinetto, R, Tinto, H, Diro, E, Mahendrahata, Y, Okebe, J, Rijal, S, Garcia, C, Sundar, S, Ndayisaba, G, Sopheak, T, Ngoduc, T, Van Loen, H, Jacobs, J, D'Alessandro, U, Boelaert, M, Buvé, A, Kamalo, P, Manda-Taylor, L, Rennie, S, Mokgatla, B, Bahati, Ijsselmuiden, C, Afolabi, M, Mcgrath, N, Kampmann, B, Imoukhuede, E, Alexander, N, Larson, H, Chandramohan, D, Bojang, K, Kasaro, MP, Muluka, B, Kaunda, K, Morse, J, Westfall, A, Kapata, N, Kruuner, A, Henostroza, G, Reid, S, Alabi, A, Foguim, F, Sankarganesh, J, Bruske, E, Mfoumbi, A, Mevyann, C, Adegnika, A, Lell, B, Kranzer, K, Kremsner, P, Grobusch, M, Sabiiti, W, Ntinginya, N, Kuchaka, D, Azam, K, Kampira, E, Mtafya, B, Bowness, R, Bhatt, N, Davies, G, Kibiki, G, Gillespie, S, Lejon, V, Ilboudo, H, Mumba, D, Camara, M, Kaba, D, Lumbala, C, Fèvre, E, Jamonneau, V, Bucheton, B, Büscher, P, Chisenga, C, Sinkala, E, Chilengi, R, Chitundu, H, Zyambo, Z, Wandeler, G, Vinikoor, M, Emilie, D, Camara, O, Mathurin, K, Guiguigbaza-Kossigan, D, Philippe, B, Regassa, F, Hassane, S, Bienvenu, SM, Fabrice, C, Ouédraogo, E, Kouakou, L, Owusu, M, Mensah, E, Enimil, A, Mutocheluh, M, Ndongo, FA, Tejiokem, MC, Texier, G, Penda, C, Ndiang, S, Ndongo, J-A, Guemkam, G, Sofeu, CL, Afumbom, K, Faye, A, Msellati, P, Warszawski, J, Vos, A, Devillé, W, Barth, R, Klipstein-Grobusch, K, Tempelman, H, Venter, F, Coutinho, R, Grobbee, D, Ssemwanga, D, Lyagoba, F, Magambo, B, Kapaata, A, Kirangwa, J, Nannyonjo, M, Nassolo, F, Nsubuga, R, Yebra, G, Brown, A, Kaleebu, P, Nylén, H, Habtewold, A, Makonnen, E, Yimer, G, Burhenne, J, Diczfalusy, U, Aklillu, E, Steele, D, Walker, R, Simuyandi, M, Beres, L, Bosomprah, S, Ansumana, R, Taitt, C, Lamin, JM, Jacobsen, KH, Mulvaney, SP, Leski, T, Bangura, U, Stenger, D, De Vries, S, Zinsou, FJ, Honkpehedji, J, Dejon, JC, Loembe, MM, Bache, B, Pakker, N, Van Leeuwen, R, Hounkpatin, AB, Yazdanbakhsh, M, Bethony, J, Hotez, P, Diemert, D, Bache, BE, Fernandes, JF, Obiang, RM, Kabwende, AL, Grobusch, MP, Krishna, S, Kremsner, PG, Todagbe, AS, Nambozi, M, Kabuya, J-B, Hachizovu, S, Mwakazanga, D, Kasongo, W, Buyze, J, Mulenga, M, Geertruyden, J-P, Gitaka, J, Chan, C, Kongere, J, Kagaya, W, Kaneko, A, Kabore, N, Barry, N, Kabre, Z, Werme, K, Fofana, A, Compaore, D, Nikiema, F, Some, F, Djimde, A, Zongo, I, Ouedraogo, B, Kone, A, Sagara, I, Björkman, A, Gil, JP, Nchinda, G, Bopda, A, Nji, N, Ambada, G, Ngu, L, Tchadji, J, Sake, C, Magagoum, S, Njambe, GD, Lisom, A, Park, CG, Tait, D, Sibusiso, H, Manda, O, Croucher, K, Van Der Westhuizen, A, Mshanga, I, Levin, J, Nanvubya, A, Kibengo, F, Jaoko, W, Pala, P, Perreau, M, Namuniina, A, Kitandwe, P, Tapia, G, Serwanga, J, Yates, N, Fast, P, Mayer, B, Montefiori, D, Tomaras, G, Robb, M, Lee, C, Wagner, R, Sanders, E, Kilembe, W, Kiwanuka, N, Gilmour, J, Kuipers, H, Vooij, D, Chinyenze, K, Priddy, F, Ding, S, Hanke, T, Pantaleo, G, Ngasala, B, Jovel, I, Malmberg, M, Mmbando, B, Premji, Z, Mårtensson, A, Mwaiswelo, R, Agbor, L, Apinjoh, T, Mwanza, S, Chileshe, J, Joshi, S, Malunga, P, Manyando, C, Laufer, M, Dara, A, Niangaly, A, Sinha, I, Brodin, D, Fofana, B, Dama, S, Dembele, D, Sidibe, B, Diallo, N, Thera, M, Wright, K, Gil, J, Doumbo, O, Baraka, V, Nabasumba, C, Francis, F, Lutumba, P, Mavoko, H, Alifrangis, M, Van Geertruyden, J-P, Sissoko, S, Sangaré, C, Toure, S, Sanogo, K, Diakite, H, Doumbia, D, Haidara, K, Julé, A, Ashurst, H, Merson, L, Olliaro, P, Marsh, V, Lang, T, Guérin, P, Awuondo, K, Njenga, D, Nyakarungu, E, Titus, P, Sutamihardja, A, Lowe, B, Ogutu, B, Billingsley, P, Soulama, I, Kaboré, M, Coulibaly, A, Ouattara, M, Sanon, S, Diarra, A, Bougouma, E, Ouedraogo, A, Sombie, B, Kargougou, D, Ouattara, D, Issa, N, Tiono, A, Sirima, S, Chaponda, M, Dabira, E, Dao, F, Dara, N, Coulibaly, M, Tolo, A, Maiga, H, Ouologuem, N, Niangaly, H, Botchway, F, Wilson, N, Dickinson-Copeland, CM, Adjei, AA, Wilson, M, Stiles, JK, Hamid, MA, Awad-Elgeid, M, Nasr, A, Netongo, P, Kamdem, S, Velavan, T, Lasry, E, Diarra, M, Bamadio, A, Traore, A, Coumare, S, Soma, B, Dicko, Y, Sangare, B, Tembely, A, Traore, D, Haidara, A, Dicko, A, Diawara, E, Beavogui, A, Camara, D, Sylla, M, Yattara, M, Sow, A, Camara, GC, Diallo, S, Mombo-Ngoma, G, Remppis, J, Sievers, M, Manego, RZ, Endamne, L, Hutchinson, D, Held, J, Supan, C, Salazar, CLO, Bonkian, LN, Nahum, A, Sié, A, Abdulla, S, Cantalloube, C, Djeriou, E, Bouyou-Akotet, M, Mordmüller, B, Siribie, M, Sirima, SB, Ouattara, SM, Coulibaly, S, Kabore, JM, Amidou, D, Tekete, M, Traore, O, Haefeli, W, Borrmann, S, Kaboré, N, Kabré, Z, Nikèma, F, Compaoré, D, Somé, F, Djimdé, A, Ouédraogo, J, Chalwe, V, Miller, J, Diakité, H, Greco, B, Spangenberg, T, Kourany-Lefoll, E, Oeuvray, C, Mulry, J, Tyagarajan, K, Magsaam, B, Barnes, K, Hodel, EM, Humphreys, G, Pace, C, Banda, CG, Denti, P, Allen, E, Lalloo, D, Mwapasa, V, Terlouw, A, Mwesigwa, J, Achan, J, Jawara, M, Ditanna, G, Worwui, A, Affara, M, Koukouikila-Koussounda, F, Kombo, M, Vouvoungui, C, Ntoumi, F, Etoka-Beka, MK, Deibert, J, Poulain, P, Kobawila, S, Gueye, NG, Seda, B, Kwambai, T, Jangu, P, Samuels, A, Kuile, FT, Kariuki, S, Barry, A, Bousema, T, Okech, B, Egwang, T, Corran, P, Riley, E, Ezennia, I, Ekwunife, O, Muleba, M, Stevenson, J, Mbata, K, Coetzee, M, Norris, D, Moneke-Anyanwoke, N, Momodou, J, Clarke, E, Scott, S, Tijani, A, Djimde, M, Vaillant, M, Samouda, H, Mensah, V, Roetynck, S, Kanteh, E, Bowyer, G, Ndaw, A, Oko, F, Bliss, C, Jagne, YJ, Cortese, R, Nicosia, A, Roberts, R, D'Alessio, F, Leroy, O, Faye, B, Cisse, B, Gerry, S, Viebig, N, Lawrie, A, Ewer, K, Hill, A, Nebie, I, Tiono, AB, Sanou, G, Konate, AT, Yaro, BJ, Sodiomon, S, Honkpehedji, Y, Agobe, JCD, Zinsou, F, Mengue, J, Richie, T, Hoffman, S, Nouatin, O, Ngoa, UA, Edoa, JR, Homoet, A, Engelhon, JE, Massinga-Louembe, M, Esen, M, Theisen, M, Sim, KL, Luty, AJ, Moutairou, K, Dinko, B, King, E, Targett, G, Sutherland, C, Likhovole, C, Ouma, C, Vulule, J, Musau, S, Khayumbi, J, Okumu, A, Murithi, W, Otu, J, Gehre, F, Zingue, D, Kudzawu, S, Forson, A, Mane, M, Rabna, P, Diarra, B, Kayede, S, Adebiyi, E, Kehinde, A, Onyejepu, N, Onubogu, C, Idigbe, E, Ba, A, Diallo, A, Mboup, S, Disse, K, Kadanga, G, Dagnra, Y, Baldeh, I, Corrah, T, De Jong, B, Antonio, M, Musanabaganwa, C, Musabyimana, JP, Karita, E, Diop, B, Nambajimana, A, Dushimiyimana, V, Karame, P, Russell, J, Ndoli, J, Hategekimana, T, Sendegeya, A, Condo, J, Binagwaho, A, Okonko, I, Okerentugba, P, Opaleye, O, Awujo, E, Frank-Peterside, N, Moyo, S, Kotokwe, K, Mohammed, T, Boleo, C, Mupfumi, L, Chishala, S, Gaseitsiwe, S, Tsalaile, L, Bussmann, H, Makhema, J, Baum, M, Marlink, R, Engelbretch, S, Essex, M, Novitsky, V, Saka, E, Kalipalire, Z, Bhairavabhotla, R, Midiani, D, Sherman, J, Mgode, G, Cox, C, Bwana, D, Mtui, L, Magesa, D, Kahwa, A, Mfinanga, G, Mulder, C, Borain, N, Petersen, L, Du Plessis, J, Theron, G, Holm-Hansen, C, Tekwu, EM, Sidze, LK, Assam, JPA, Eyangoh, S, Niemann, S, Beng, VP, Frank, M, Atiadeve, S, Hilmann, D, Awoniyi, D, Baumann, R, Kriel, B, Jacobs, R, Kidd, M, Loxton, A, Kaempfer, S, Singh, M, Mwanza, W, Milimo, D, Moyo, M, Kasese, N, Cheeba-Lengwe, M, Munkondya, S, Ayles, H, De Haas, P, Muyoyeta, M, Namuganga, AR, Kizza, HM, Mendy, A, Tientcheu, L, Ayorinde, A, Coker, E, Egere, U, Coussens, A, Naude, C, Chaplin, G, Noursadeghi, M, Martineau, A, Jablonski, N, Wilkinson, R, Ouedraogo, HG, Matteelli, A, Regazzi, M, Tarnagda, G, Villani, P, Sulis, G, Diagbouga, S, Roggi, A, Giorgetti, F, Kouanda, S, Bidias, A, Ndjonka, D, Olemba, C, Souleymanou, A, Mukonzo, J, Kuteesa, R, Ogwal-Okeng, J, Gustafsson, LL, Owen, J, Bassi, P, Gashau, W, Olaf, K, Dodoo, A, Okonkwo, P, Kanki, P, Maruapula, D, Seraise, B, Einkauf, K, Reilly, A, Rowley, C, Musonda, R, Framhein, A, Mpagama, S, Semvua, H, Maboko, L, Hoelscher, M, Heinrich, N, Mulenga, L, Kaayunga, C, Davies, M-A, Egger, M, Musukuma, K, Dambe, R, Usadi, B, Ngari, M, Thitiri, J, Mwalekwa, L, Fegan, G, Berkley, J, Nsagha, D, Munamunungu, V, Bolton, C, Siyunda, A, Shilimi, J, Bucciardini, R, Fragola, V, Abegaz, T, Lucattini, S, Halifom, A, Tadesse, E, Berhe, M, Pugliese, K, De Castro, P, Terlizzi, R, Fucili, L, Di Gregorio, M, Mirra, M, Zegeye, T, Binelli, A, Vella, S, Abraham, L, Godefay, H, Rakotoarivelo, R, Raberahona, M, Randriamampionona, N, Andriamihaja, R, Rasamoelina, T, Cornet, M, De Dieu Randria, MJ, Benet, T, Vanhems, P, Andrianarivelo, MR, Chirwa, U, Michelo, C, Hamoonga, R, Wandiga, S, Oduor, P, Agaya, J, Sharma, A, Cavanaugh, S, Cain, K, Mukisa, J, Mupere, E, Worodria, W, Ngom, JT, Koro, F, Godwe, C, Adande, C, Ateugieu, R, Onana, T, Ngono, A, Kamdem, Y, Ngo-Niobe, S, Etoa, F-X, Kanengoni, M, Ruzario, S, Ndebele, P, Shana, M, Tarumbiswa, F, Musesengwa, R, Gutsire, R, Fisher, K, Thyagarajan, B, Akanbi, O, Binuyo, M, Ssengooba, W, Respeito, D, Mambuque, E, Blanco, S, Mandomando, I, Cobelens, F, Garcia-Basteiro, A, Tamene, A, Topp, S, Mwamba, C, Padian, N, Sikazwe, I, Geng, E, Holmes, C, Sikombe, K, Hantuba, Czaicki, N, Simbeza, S, Somwe, P, Umulisa, M, Ilo, J, Kestelyn, E, Uwineza, M, Agaba, S, Delvaux, T, Wijgert, J, Gethi, D, Odeny, L, Tamandjou, C, Kaindjee-Tjituka, F, Brandt, L, Cotton, M, Nel, E, Preiser, W, Andersson, M, Adepoju, A, Magana, M, Etsetowaghan, A, Chilikwazi, M, Sutcliffe, C, Thuma, P, Sinywimaanzi, K, Matakala, H, Munachoonga, P, Moss, W, Masenza, IS, Geisenberger, O, Agrea, P, Rwegoshora, F, Mahiga, H, Olomi, W, Kroidl, A, Kayode, G, Amoakoh-Coleman, M, Ansah, E, Uthman, O, Fokam, J, Santoro, M-M, Musolo, C, Chimbiri, I, Chikwenga, G, Deula, R, Massari, R, Lungu, A, Perno, C-F, Ndzengue, G, Loveline, N, Lissom, A, Flaurent, T, Sosso, S, Essomba, C, Kpeli, G, Otchere, I, Lamelas, A, Buultjens, A, Bulach, D, Baines, S, Seemann, T, Giulieri, S, Nakobu, Z, Aboagye, S, Owusu-Mireku, E, Danso, E, Hauser, J, Hinic, V, Pluschke, G, Stinear, T, Yeboah-Manu, D, Elshayeb, A, Siddig, ME, Ahmed, AA, Hussien, AE, Kabwe, M, Tembo, J, Chilukutu, L, Chilufya, M, Ngulube, F, Lukwesa, C, Enne, V, Wexner, H, Mwananyanda, L, Hamer, D, Sinyangwe, S, Ahmed, Y, Klein, N, Maeurer, M, Zumla, A, Bates, M, Beyala, L, Etienne, G, Anthony, N, Benjamin, A, Ateudjieu, J, Chibwe, B, Ojok, D, Tarr, CA, Perez, GM, Omeonga, S, Kibungu, F, Meyer, A, Lansana, P, Mayor, A, Onyango, P, Van Loggerenberg, F, Furtado, T, Boggs, L, Segrt, A, Dochez, C, Burnett, R, Mphahlele, MJ, Miiro, G, Mbidde, E, Peshu, N, Kivaya, E, Ngowi, B, Kavishe, R, Maowia, M, Sandstrom, E, Ayuo, E, Mmbaga, B, Leisegang, C, Thorpe, M, Batchilly, E, N'Guessan, J-P, Kanteh, D, Søfteland, S, Sebitloane, M, Vwalika, B, Taylor, M, Galappaththi-Arachchige, H, Holmen, S, Gundersen, SG, Ndhlovu, P, Kjetland, EF, Kombe, F, Toohey, J, Pienaar, E, Kredo, T, Cham, PM, Abubakar, I, Dondeh, BL, Vischer, N, Pfeiffer, C, Burri, C, Musukwa, K, Zürcher, S, Mwandu, T, Bauer, S, Adriko, M, Mwaura, P, Omolloh, K, Jones, C, Malecela, M, Hamidu, BA, Jenner, TE, Asiedu, LJ, Osei-Atweneboana, M, Afeke, I, Addo, P, Newman, M, Durnez, L, Eddyani, M, Ammisah, N, Abas, M, Quartey, M, Ablordey, A, Akinwale, O, Adeneye, A, Ezeugwu, S, Olukosi, Y, Adewale, B, Sulyman, M, Mafe, M, Okwuzu, J, Gyang, P, Nwafor, T, Henry, U, Musa, B, Ujah, I, Agobé, JCD, Grau-Pujol, B, Sacoor, C, Nhabomba, A, Casellas, A, Quintó, L, Subirà, C, Giné, R, Valentín, A, Muñoz, J, Nikiema, M, Ky-Ba, A, Comapore, KAM, Sangare, L, Oluremi, A, Michel, M, Camara, Y, Sanneh, B, Cuamba, I, Gutiérrez, J, Lázaro, C, Mejia, R, Adedeji, A, Folorunsho, S, Demehin, P, Akinsanya, B, Cowley, G, Da Silva, ET, Nabicassa, M, De Barros, PDP, Blif, MM, Bailey, R, Last, A, Mahendradhata, Y, Gotuzzo, E, De Nys, K, Casteels, M, Nona, SK, Lumeka, K, Todagbe, A, Djima, MM, Ukpong, M, Sagay, A, Khamofu, H, Torpey, K, Afiadigwe, E, Anenih, J, Ezechi, O, Nweneka, C, Idoko, J, Muhumuza, S, Katahoire, A, Nuwaha, F, Olsen, A, Okeyo, S, Omollo, R, Kimutai, R, Ochieng, M, Egondi, T, Moonga, C, Chileshe, C, Magwende, G, Anumudu, C, Onile, O, Oladele, V, Adebayo, A, Awobode, H, Oyeyemi, O, Odaibo, A, Kabuye, E, Lutalo, T, Njua-Yafi, C, Nkuo-Akenji, T, Anchang-Kimbi, J, Mugri, R, Chi, H, Tata, R, Njumkeng, C, Dodoo, D, Achidi, E, Fernandes, J, Bache, EB, Matakala, K, Searle, K, Greenman, M, Rainwater-Lovett, K, Makanga, M, Beattie, P, Breugelmans, G, Nyirenda, T, Bockarie, M, Tanner, M, Volmink, J, Hankins, C, Walzl, G, Chegou, N, Malherbe, S, Hatherill, M, Scriba, TJ, Zak, DE, Barry, CE, Kaufmann, SHE, Noor, A, Strub-Wourgaft, N, Phillips, P, Munguambe, K, Ravinetto, R, Tinto, H, Diro, E, Mahendrahata, Y, Okebe, J, Rijal, S, Garcia, C, Sundar, S, Ndayisaba, G, Sopheak, T, Ngoduc, T, Van Loen, H, Jacobs, J, D'Alessandro, U, Boelaert, M, Buvé, A, Kamalo, P, Manda-Taylor, L, Rennie, S, Mokgatla, B, Bahati, Ijsselmuiden, C, Afolabi, M, Mcgrath, N, Kampmann, B, Imoukhuede, E, Alexander, N, Larson, H, Chandramohan, D, Bojang, K, Kasaro, MP, Muluka, B, Kaunda, K, Morse, J, Westfall, A, Kapata, N, Kruuner, A, Henostroza, G, Reid, S, Alabi, A, Foguim, F, Sankarganesh, J, Bruske, E, Mfoumbi, A, Mevyann, C, Adegnika, A, Lell, B, Kranzer, K, Kremsner, P, Grobusch, M, Sabiiti, W, Ntinginya, N, Kuchaka, D, Azam, K, Kampira, E, Mtafya, B, Bowness, R, Bhatt, N, Davies, G, Kibiki, G, Gillespie, S, Lejon, V, Ilboudo, H, Mumba, D, Camara, M, Kaba, D, Lumbala, C, Fèvre, E, Jamonneau, V, Bucheton, B, Büscher, P, Chisenga, C, Sinkala, E, Chilengi, R, Chitundu, H, Zyambo, Z, Wandeler, G, Vinikoor, M, Emilie, D, Camara, O, Mathurin, K, Guiguigbaza-Kossigan, D, Philippe, B, Regassa, F, Hassane, S, Bienvenu, SM, Fabrice, C, Ouédraogo, E, Kouakou, L, Owusu, M, Mensah, E, Enimil, A, Mutocheluh, M, Ndongo, FA, Tejiokem, MC, Texier, G, Penda, C, Ndiang, S, Ndongo, J-A, Guemkam, G, Sofeu, CL, Afumbom, K, Faye, A, Msellati, P, Warszawski, J, Vos, A, Devillé, W, Barth, R, Klipstein-Grobusch, K, Tempelman, H, Venter, F, Coutinho, R, Grobbee, D, Ssemwanga, D, Lyagoba, F, Magambo, B, Kapaata, A, Kirangwa, J, Nannyonjo, M, Nassolo, F, Nsubuga, R, Yebra, G, Brown, A, Kaleebu, P, Nylén, H, Habtewold, A, Makonnen, E, Yimer, G, Burhenne, J, Diczfalusy, U, Aklillu, E, Steele, D, Walker, R, Simuyandi, M, Beres, L, Bosomprah, S, Ansumana, R, Taitt, C, Lamin, JM, Jacobsen, KH, Mulvaney, SP, Leski, T, Bangura, U, Stenger, D, De Vries, S, Zinsou, FJ, Honkpehedji, J, Dejon, JC, Loembe, MM, Bache, B, Pakker, N, Van Leeuwen, R, Hounkpatin, AB, Yazdanbakhsh, M, Bethony, J, Hotez, P, Diemert, D, Bache, BE, Fernandes, JF, Obiang, RM, Kabwende, AL, Grobusch, MP, Krishna, S, Kremsner, PG, Todagbe, AS, Nambozi, M, Kabuya, J-B, Hachizovu, S, Mwakazanga, D, Kasongo, W, Buyze, J, Mulenga, M, Geertruyden, J-P, Gitaka, J, Chan, C, Kongere, J, Kagaya, W, Kaneko, A, Kabore, N, Barry, N, Kabre, Z, Werme, K, Fofana, A, Compaore, D, Nikiema, F, Some, F, Djimde, A, Zongo, I, Ouedraogo, B, Kone, A, Sagara, I, Björkman, A, Gil, JP, Nchinda, G, Bopda, A, Nji, N, Ambada, G, Ngu, L, Tchadji, J, Sake, C, Magagoum, S, Njambe, GD, Lisom, A, Park, CG, Tait, D, Sibusiso, H, Manda, O, Croucher, K, Van Der Westhuizen, A, Mshanga, I, Levin, J, Nanvubya, A, Kibengo, F, Jaoko, W, Pala, P, Perreau, M, Namuniina, A, Kitandwe, P, Tapia, G, Serwanga, J, Yates, N, Fast, P, Mayer, B, Montefiori, D, Tomaras, G, Robb, M, Lee, C, Wagner, R, Sanders, E, Kilembe, W, Kiwanuka, N, Gilmour, J, Kuipers, H, Vooij, D, Chinyenze, K, Priddy, F, Ding, S, Hanke, T, Pantaleo, G, Ngasala, B, Jovel, I, Malmberg, M, Mmbando, B, Premji, Z, Mårtensson, A, Mwaiswelo, R, Agbor, L, Apinjoh, T, Mwanza, S, Chileshe, J, Joshi, S, Malunga, P, Manyando, C, Laufer, M, Dara, A, Niangaly, A, Sinha, I, Brodin, D, Fofana, B, Dama, S, Dembele, D, Sidibe, B, Diallo, N, Thera, M, Wright, K, Gil, J, Doumbo, O, Baraka, V, Nabasumba, C, Francis, F, Lutumba, P, Mavoko, H, Alifrangis, M, Van Geertruyden, J-P, Sissoko, S, Sangaré, C, Toure, S, Sanogo, K, Diakite, H, Doumbia, D, Haidara, K, Julé, A, Ashurst, H, Merson, L, Olliaro, P, Marsh, V, Lang, T, Guérin, P, Awuondo, K, Njenga, D, Nyakarungu, E, Titus, P, Sutamihardja, A, Lowe, B, Ogutu, B, Billingsley, P, Soulama, I, Kaboré, M, Coulibaly, A, Ouattara, M, Sanon, S, Diarra, A, Bougouma, E, Ouedraogo, A, Sombie, B, Kargougou, D, Ouattara, D, Issa, N, Tiono, A, Sirima, S, Chaponda, M, Dabira, E, Dao, F, Dara, N, Coulibaly, M, Tolo, A, Maiga, H, Ouologuem, N, Niangaly, H, Botchway, F, Wilson, N, Dickinson-Copeland, CM, Adjei, AA, Wilson, M, Stiles, JK, Hamid, MA, Awad-Elgeid, M, Nasr, A, Netongo, P, Kamdem, S, Velavan, T, Lasry, E, Diarra, M, Bamadio, A, Traore, A, Coumare, S, Soma, B, Dicko, Y, Sangare, B, Tembely, A, Traore, D, Haidara, A, Dicko, A, Diawara, E, Beavogui, A, Camara, D, Sylla, M, Yattara, M, Sow, A, Camara, GC, Diallo, S, Mombo-Ngoma, G, Remppis, J, Sievers, M, Manego, RZ, Endamne, L, Hutchinson, D, Held, J, Supan, C, Salazar, CLO, Bonkian, LN, Nahum, A, Sié, A, Abdulla, S, Cantalloube, C, Djeriou, E, Bouyou-Akotet, M, Mordmüller, B, Siribie, M, Sirima, SB, Ouattara, SM, Coulibaly, S, Kabore, JM, Amidou, D, Tekete, M, Traore, O, Haefeli, W, Borrmann, S, Kaboré, N, Kabré, Z, Nikèma, F, Compaoré, D, Somé, F, Djimdé, A, Ouédraogo, J, Chalwe, V, Miller, J, Diakité, H, Greco, B, Spangenberg, T, Kourany-Lefoll, E, Oeuvray, C, Mulry, J, Tyagarajan, K, Magsaam, B, Barnes, K, Hodel, EM, Humphreys, G, Pace, C, Banda, CG, Denti, P, Allen, E, Lalloo, D, Mwapasa, V, Terlouw, A, Mwesigwa, J, Achan, J, Jawara, M, Ditanna, G, Worwui, A, Affara, M, Koukouikila-Koussounda, F, Kombo, M, Vouvoungui, C, Ntoumi, F, Etoka-Beka, MK, Deibert, J, Poulain, P, Kobawila, S, Gueye, NG, Seda, B, Kwambai, T, Jangu, P, Samuels, A, Kuile, FT, Kariuki, S, Barry, A, Bousema, T, Okech, B, Egwang, T, Corran, P, Riley, E, Ezennia, I, Ekwunife, O, Muleba, M, Stevenson, J, Mbata, K, Coetzee, M, Norris, D, Moneke-Anyanwoke, N, Momodou, J, Clarke, E, Scott, S, Tijani, A, Djimde, M, Vaillant, M, Samouda, H, Mensah, V, Roetynck, S, Kanteh, E, Bowyer, G, Ndaw, A, Oko, F, Bliss, C, Jagne, YJ, Cortese, R, Nicosia, A, Roberts, R, D'Alessio, F, Leroy, O, Faye, B, Cisse, B, Gerry, S, Viebig, N, Lawrie, A, Ewer, K, Hill, A, Nebie, I, Tiono, AB, Sanou, G, Konate, AT, Yaro, BJ, Sodiomon, S, Honkpehedji, Y, Agobe, JCD, Zinsou, F, Mengue, J, Richie, T, Hoffman, S, Nouatin, O, Ngoa, UA, Edoa, JR, Homoet, A, Engelhon, JE, Massinga-Louembe, M, Esen, M, Theisen, M, Sim, KL, Luty, AJ, Moutairou, K, Dinko, B, King, E, Targett, G, Sutherland, C, Likhovole, C, Ouma, C, Vulule, J, Musau, S, Khayumbi, J, Okumu, A, Murithi, W, Otu, J, Gehre, F, Zingue, D, Kudzawu, S, Forson, A, Mane, M, Rabna, P, Diarra, B, Kayede, S, Adebiyi, E, Kehinde, A, Onyejepu, N, Onubogu, C, Idigbe, E, Ba, A, Diallo, A, Mboup, S, Disse, K, Kadanga, G, Dagnra, Y, Baldeh, I, Corrah, T, De Jong, B, Antonio, M, Musanabaganwa, C, Musabyimana, JP, Karita, E, Diop, B, Nambajimana, A, Dushimiyimana, V, Karame, P, Russell, J, Ndoli, J, Hategekimana, T, Sendegeya, A, Condo, J, Binagwaho, A, Okonko, I, Okerentugba, P, Opaleye, O, Awujo, E, Frank-Peterside, N, Moyo, S, Kotokwe, K, Mohammed, T, Boleo, C, Mupfumi, L, Chishala, S, Gaseitsiwe, S, Tsalaile, L, Bussmann, H, Makhema, J, Baum, M, Marlink, R, Engelbretch, S, Essex, M, Novitsky, V, Saka, E, Kalipalire, Z, Bhairavabhotla, R, Midiani, D, Sherman, J, Mgode, G, Cox, C, Bwana, D, Mtui, L, Magesa, D, Kahwa, A, Mfinanga, G, Mulder, C, Borain, N, Petersen, L, Du Plessis, J, Theron, G, Holm-Hansen, C, Tekwu, EM, Sidze, LK, Assam, JPA, Eyangoh, S, Niemann, S, Beng, VP, Frank, M, Atiadeve, S, Hilmann, D, Awoniyi, D, Baumann, R, Kriel, B, Jacobs, R, Kidd, M, Loxton, A, Kaempfer, S, Singh, M, Mwanza, W, Milimo, D, Moyo, M, Kasese, N, Cheeba-Lengwe, M, Munkondya, S, Ayles, H, De Haas, P, Muyoyeta, M, Namuganga, AR, Kizza, HM, Mendy, A, Tientcheu, L, Ayorinde, A, Coker, E, Egere, U, Coussens, A, Naude, C, Chaplin, G, Noursadeghi, M, Martineau, A, Jablonski, N, Wilkinson, R, Ouedraogo, HG, Matteelli, A, Regazzi, M, Tarnagda, G, Villani, P, Sulis, G, Diagbouga, S, Roggi, A, Giorgetti, F, Kouanda, S, Bidias, A, Ndjonka, D, Olemba, C, Souleymanou, A, Mukonzo, J, Kuteesa, R, Ogwal-Okeng, J, Gustafsson, LL, Owen, J, Bassi, P, Gashau, W, Olaf, K, Dodoo, A, Okonkwo, P, Kanki, P, Maruapula, D, Seraise, B, Einkauf, K, Reilly, A, Rowley, C, Musonda, R, Framhein, A, Mpagama, S, Semvua, H, Maboko, L, Hoelscher, M, Heinrich, N, Mulenga, L, Kaayunga, C, Davies, M-A, Egger, M, Musukuma, K, Dambe, R, Usadi, B, Ngari, M, Thitiri, J, Mwalekwa, L, Fegan, G, Berkley, J, Nsagha, D, Munamunungu, V, Bolton, C, Siyunda, A, Shilimi, J, Bucciardini, R, Fragola, V, Abegaz, T, Lucattini, S, Halifom, A, Tadesse, E, Berhe, M, Pugliese, K, De Castro, P, Terlizzi, R, Fucili, L, Di Gregorio, M, Mirra, M, Zegeye, T, Binelli, A, Vella, S, Abraham, L, Godefay, H, Rakotoarivelo, R, Raberahona, M, Randriamampionona, N, Andriamihaja, R, Rasamoelina, T, Cornet, M, De Dieu Randria, MJ, Benet, T, Vanhems, P, Andrianarivelo, MR, Chirwa, U, Michelo, C, Hamoonga, R, Wandiga, S, Oduor, P, Agaya, J, Sharma, A, Cavanaugh, S, Cain, K, Mukisa, J, Mupere, E, Worodria, W, Ngom, JT, Koro, F, Godwe, C, Adande, C, Ateugieu, R, Onana, T, Ngono, A, Kamdem, Y, Ngo-Niobe, S, Etoa, F-X, Kanengoni, M, Ruzario, S, Ndebele, P, Shana, M, Tarumbiswa, F, Musesengwa, R, Gutsire, R, Fisher, K, Thyagarajan, B, Akanbi, O, Binuyo, M, Ssengooba, W, Respeito, D, Mambuque, E, Blanco, S, Mandomando, I, Cobelens, F, Garcia-Basteiro, A, Tamene, A, Topp, S, Mwamba, C, Padian, N, Sikazwe, I, Geng, E, Holmes, C, Sikombe, K, Hantuba, Czaicki, N, Simbeza, S, Somwe, P, Umulisa, M, Ilo, J, Kestelyn, E, Uwineza, M, Agaba, S, Delvaux, T, Wijgert, J, Gethi, D, Odeny, L, Tamandjou, C, Kaindjee-Tjituka, F, Brandt, L, Cotton, M, Nel, E, Preiser, W, Andersson, M, Adepoju, A, Magana, M, Etsetowaghan, A, Chilikwazi, M, Sutcliffe, C, Thuma, P, Sinywimaanzi, K, Matakala, H, Munachoonga, P, Moss, W, Masenza, IS, Geisenberger, O, Agrea, P, Rwegoshora, F, Mahiga, H, Olomi, W, Kroidl, A, Kayode, G, Amoakoh-Coleman, M, Ansah, E, Uthman, O, Fokam, J, Santoro, M-M, Musolo, C, Chimbiri, I, Chikwenga, G, Deula, R, Massari, R, Lungu, A, Perno, C-F, Ndzengue, G, Loveline, N, Lissom, A, Flaurent, T, Sosso, S, Essomba, C, Kpeli, G, Otchere, I, Lamelas, A, Buultjens, A, Bulach, D, Baines, S, Seemann, T, Giulieri, S, Nakobu, Z, Aboagye, S, Owusu-Mireku, E, Danso, E, Hauser, J, Hinic, V, Pluschke, G, Stinear, T, Yeboah-Manu, D, Elshayeb, A, Siddig, ME, Ahmed, AA, Hussien, AE, Kabwe, M, Tembo, J, Chilukutu, L, Chilufya, M, Ngulube, F, Lukwesa, C, Enne, V, Wexner, H, Mwananyanda, L, Hamer, D, Sinyangwe, S, Ahmed, Y, Klein, N, Maeurer, M, Zumla, A, Bates, M, Beyala, L, Etienne, G, Anthony, N, Benjamin, A, Ateudjieu, J, Chibwe, B, Ojok, D, Tarr, CA, Perez, GM, Omeonga, S, Kibungu, F, Meyer, A, Lansana, P, Mayor, A, Onyango, P, Van Loggerenberg, F, Furtado, T, Boggs, L, Segrt, A, Dochez, C, Burnett, R, Mphahlele, MJ, Miiro, G, Mbidde, E, Peshu, N, Kivaya, E, Ngowi, B, Kavishe, R, Maowia, M, Sandstrom, E, Ayuo, E, Mmbaga, B, Leisegang, C, Thorpe, M, Batchilly, E, N'Guessan, J-P, Kanteh, D, Søfteland, S, Sebitloane, M, Vwalika, B, Taylor, M, Galappaththi-Arachchige, H, Holmen, S, Gundersen, SG, Ndhlovu, P, Kjetland, EF, Kombe, F, Toohey, J, Pienaar, E, Kredo, T, Cham, PM, Abubakar, I, Dondeh, BL, Vischer, N, Pfeiffer, C, Burri, C, Musukwa, K, Zürcher, S, Mwandu, T, Bauer, S, Adriko, M, Mwaura, P, Omolloh, K, Jones, C, Malecela, M, Hamidu, BA, Jenner, TE, Asiedu, LJ, Osei-Atweneboana, M, Afeke, I, Addo, P, Newman, M, Durnez, L, Eddyani, M, Ammisah, N, Abas, M, Quartey, M, Ablordey, A, Akinwale, O, Adeneye, A, Ezeugwu, S, Olukosi, Y, Adewale, B, Sulyman, M, Mafe, M, Okwuzu, J, Gyang, P, Nwafor, T, Henry, U, Musa, B, Ujah, I, Agobé, JCD, Grau-Pujol, B, Sacoor, C, Nhabomba, A, Casellas, A, Quintó, L, Subirà, C, Giné, R, Valentín, A, Muñoz, J, Nikiema, M, Ky-Ba, A, Comapore, KAM, Sangare, L, Oluremi, A, Michel, M, Camara, Y, Sanneh, B, Cuamba, I, Gutiérrez, J, Lázaro, C, Mejia, R, Adedeji, A, Folorunsho, S, Demehin, P, Akinsanya, B, Cowley, G, Da Silva, ET, Nabicassa, M, De Barros, PDP, Blif, MM, Bailey, R, Last, A, Mahendradhata, Y, Gotuzzo, E, De Nys, K, Casteels, M, Nona, SK, Lumeka, K, Todagbe, A, Djima, MM, Ukpong, M, Sagay, A, Khamofu, H, Torpey, K, Afiadigwe, E, Anenih, J, Ezechi, O, Nweneka, C, Idoko, J, Muhumuza, S, Katahoire, A, Nuwaha, F, Olsen, A, Okeyo, S, Omollo, R, Kimutai, R, Ochieng, M, Egondi, T, Moonga, C, Chileshe, C, Magwende, G, Anumudu, C, Onile, O, Oladele, V, Adebayo, A, Awobode, H, Oyeyemi, O, Odaibo, A, Kabuye, E, Lutalo, T, Njua-Yafi, C, Nkuo-Akenji, T, Anchang-Kimbi, J, Mugri, R, Chi, H, Tata, R, Njumkeng, C, Dodoo, D, Achidi, E, Fernandes, J, Bache, EB, Matakala, K, Searle, K, Greenman, M, and Rainwater-Lovett, K

Published
2017

13. Immunology of Malaria

Author

Targett, G. A. T., Good, Robert A., editor, Day, Stacey B., editor, Nahmias, André J., editor, and O’Reilly, Richard J., editor

Published
1982
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18. Investigations of the infection by schistosome parasites of their molluscan intermediate hosts

Author

Targett, G. A and Buckley, JJC

Subjects
parasitic diseases
Abstract

The respiratory pigments \ud and \ud the \ud amino \ud acid \ud composition of planorbid \ud snails \ud which \ud act \ud as \ud intermediate hosts for \ud human \ud schistosomes \ud were \ud compared \ud with those of insusceptible snail \ud species. \ud The absorption spectra \ud of \ud haemoglobins from \ud different snail species were similar \ud to \ud one \ud another \ud and \ud closely related to those of mammalian \ud haemoglobins. \ud The occasional appearance \ud of \ud additional \ud absorption \ud bands \ud suggested that substances \ud other \ud than the \ud pigment \ud protein \ud appear infrequently in snail \ud blood. \ud Electrophoresis showed \ud that, in \ud general,\ud the \ud respiratory pigment was \ud the \ud only \ud protein \ud present \ud in the \ud blood. The mobility \ud of \ud haemoglobin \ud and \ud haemocyanin \ud pigments was not affected by \ud change \ud in \ud pH, and \ud the \ud rates \ud of movement of haemoglobins from twelve \ud different \ud snail \ud species were the same. \ud Other \ud proteins \ud occurred \ud occasionally \ud in the blood of most species examined, \ud and \ud these \ud additional \ud fractions seemed to form a \ud common pattern \ud in four \ud species. \ud The factors determining their \ud appearance \ud were \ud investigated. \ud No qualitative differences \ud were \ud observed \ud in the \ud amino acid content of haemoglobins from \ud different snails, \ud but quantitative differences were \ud demonstrated.\ud The free amino acids of snail \ud blood \ud were \ud in low \ud concentration but were qualitatively similar \ud in three \ud snail species, which also contained \ud similar \ud bound \ud and \ud free amino acids in the digestive \ud glands \ud and \ud ovotestes. \ud Australorbis glabratus, \ud however, \ud differed from \ud Planorbarius corneus and Lymnaea stagnalis \ud since \ud free \ud methionine was found in its \ud anterior \ud tissues. \ud The \ud methionine was not present \ud in \ud glabratus \ud snails \ud infected \ud with Schistosoma mansoni, and \ud they \ud contained \ud lower \ud concentrations of free amino \ud acids \ud than \ud uninfected \ud snails. \ud It was shown that methionine was \ud one \ud of \ud the \ud seventeen \ud amino acids identified in the \ud protein \ud of \ud S. mansoni cercariae.

Published
2013
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19. Human immune responses that reduce the transmission of Plasmodium falciparum in African populations

Author

Bousema, T., Sutherland, C. J., Churcher, T. S., Mulder, B., Gouagna, Louis-Clément, Riley, E. M., Targett, G. A. T., and Drakeley, C. J.

Subjects
Acquisition, Sexual stage immunity, parasitic diseases, Longevity, Pfs4845, Pfs230, Membrane feeding, Malaria, Dynamics
Abstract

Malaria-infected individuals can develop antibodies which reduce the infectiousness of Plasmodium gametocytes to biting Anopheles mosquitoes. When ingested in a bloodmeal together with gametocytes, these antibodies reduce or prevent subsequent parasite maturation in the insect host. This transmission-blocking immunity is usually measured in human sera by testing its effect on the infectivity of gametocytes grown in vitro. Here we evaluate evidence of transmission-blocking immunity in eight studies conducted in three African countries. Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes isolated from each individual were fed to mosquitoes in both autologous plasma collected with the parasites, and permissive serum from non-exposed donors. Evidence of transmission reducing effects of autologous plasma was found in all countries. Experiments involving 116 Gambian children (aged 0.5-15 years) were combined to determine which factors were associated with transmission reducing immune responses. The chances of infecting at least one mosquito and the average proportion of infected mosquitoes were negatively associated with recent exposure to gametocytes and sampling late in the season. These results suggest that effective malaria transmission-reducing antibodies do not commonly circulate in African children, and that recent gametocyte carriage is required to initiate and/or boost such responses.

Published
2011

20. Mosquito Feeding Assays to Determine the Infectiousness of Naturally Infected Plasmodium falciparum Gametocyte Carriers.

Author

Bousema, T., Dinglasan, R.R., Morlais, I., Gouagna, L.C., Warmerdam, T. van, Awono-Ambene, P.H., Bonnet, S., Diallo, M., Coulibaly, M., Tchuinkam, T., Mulder, B., Targett, G., Drakeley, C., Sutherland, C., Robert, V., Doumbo, O., Toure, Y., Graves, P.M., Roeffen, W.F., Sauerwein, R.W., Birkett, A., Locke, E., Morin, M., Wu, Y., Churcher, T.S., Bousema, T., Dinglasan, R.R., Morlais, I., Gouagna, L.C., Warmerdam, T. van, Awono-Ambene, P.H., Bonnet, S., Diallo, M., Coulibaly, M., Tchuinkam, T., Mulder, B., Targett, G., Drakeley, C., Sutherland, C., Robert, V., Doumbo, O., Toure, Y., Graves, P.M., Roeffen, W.F., Sauerwein, R.W., Birkett, A., Locke, E., Morin, M., Wu, Y., and Churcher, T.S.

Abstract

Contains fulltext : 108727.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access), INTRODUCTION: In the era of malaria elimination and eradication, drug-based and vaccine-based approaches to reduce malaria transmission are receiving greater attention. Such interventions require assays that reliably measure the transmission of Plasmodium from humans to Anopheles mosquitoes. METHODS: WE COMPARED TWO COMMONLY USED MOSQUITO FEEDING ASSAY PROCEDURES: direct skin feeding assays and membrane feeding assays. Three conditions under which membrane feeding assays are performed were examined: assays with i) whole blood, ii) blood pellets resuspended with autologous plasma of the gametocyte carrier, and iii) blood pellets resuspended with heterologous control serum. RESULTS: 930 transmission experiments from Cameroon, The Gambia, Mali and Senegal were included in the analyses. Direct skin feeding assays resulted in higher mosquito infection rates compared to membrane feeding assays (odds ratio 2.39, 95% confidence interval 1.94-2.95) with evident heterogeneity between studies. Mosquito infection rates in membrane feeding assays and direct skin feeding assays were strongly correlated (p<0.0001). Replacing the plasma of the gametocyte donor with malaria naive control serum resulted in higher mosquito infection rates compared to own plasma (OR 1.92, 95% CI 1.68-2.19) while the infectiousness of gametocytes may be reduced during the replacement procedure (OR 0.60, 95% CI 0.52-0.70). CONCLUSIONS: Despite a higher efficiency of direct skin feeding assays, membrane feeding assays appear suitable tools to compare the infectiousness between individuals and to evaluate transmission-reducing interventions. Several aspects of membrane feeding procedures currently lack standardization; this variability makes comparisons between laboratories challenging and should be addressed to facilitate future testing of transmission-reducing interventions.

Published
2012

21. The dynamics of naturally acquired immune responses to Plasmodium falciparum sexual stage antigens Pfs230 & Pfs48/45 in a low endemic area in Tanzania.

Author

Bousema, T., Roeffen, W.F.G., Meijerink, H., Mwerinde, H., Mwakalinga, S., Gemert, G.J.A. van, Vegte-Bolmer, M.G. van de, Mosha, F., Targett, G., Riley, E.M., Sauerwein, R.W., Drakeley, C., Bousema, T., Roeffen, W.F.G., Meijerink, H., Mwerinde, H., Mwakalinga, S., Gemert, G.J.A. van, Vegte-Bolmer, M.G. van de, Mosha, F., Targett, G., Riley, E.M., Sauerwein, R.W., and Drakeley, C.

Abstract

Contains fulltext : 88932.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access), BACKGROUND: Naturally acquired immune responses against sexual stages of P. falciparum can reduce the transmission of malaria from humans to mosquitoes. These antigens are candidate transmission-blocking vaccines but little is known about the acquisition of sexual stage immunity after exposure to gametocytes, or their longevity and functionality. We conducted a longitudinal study on functional sexual stage immune responses. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Parasitaemic individuals (n = 116) were recruited at a health centre in Lower Moshi, Tanzania. Patients presented with gametocytes (n = 16), developed circulating gametocytes by day 7 (n = 69) or between day 7 and 14 (n = 10) after treatment or did not develop gametocytes (n = 21). Serum samples were collected on the first day of gametocytaemia and 28 and 84 days post-enrolment (or d7, 28, 84 after enrolment from gametocyte-negative individuals). Antibody responses to sexual stage antigens Pfs230 and Pfs48/45 were detected in 20.7% (72/348) and 15.2% (53/348) of the samples, respectively, and were less prevalent than antibodies against asexual stage antigens MSP-1(19) (48.1%; 137/285) and AMA-1 (52.4%; 129/246)(p<0.001). The prevalence of anti-Pfs230 (p = 0.026) and anti-Pfs48/45 antibodies (p = 0.017) increased with longer duration of gametocyte exposure and had an estimated half-life of approximately 3 months. Membrane feeding experiments demonstrated a strong association between the prevalence and concentration of Pfs230 and Pfs48/45 antibodies and transmission reducing activity (TRA, p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: In a longitudinal study, anti-Pfs230 and Pf48/45 antibodies developed rapidly after exposure to gametocytes and were strongly associated with transmission-reducing activity. Our data indicate that the extent of antigen exposure is important in eliciting functional transmission-reducing immune responses.

Published
2010

39. Parasite infectivity and immunity toPlasmodium falciparumgametocytes in Gambian children.

Author

Drakeley, C. J., Eling, W., Teelen, K., Bousema, J. T., Sauerwein, R., Greenwood, B. M., and Targett, G. A. T.

Subjects
GAMETES, PLASMODIUM falciparum, IMMUNITY, PARASITES, IMMUNOLOGY
Abstract

Immunity to the sexual stages of Plasmodium falciparum can be induced during natural infections. Characterization of this immunity may facilitate the design of a transmission-blocking vaccine (TBV). This study aimed to assess the prevalence and serological correlates of functional transmission-blocking immunity in Gambian children (aged 1–4 years old) who were P. falciparum gametocyte carriers. Serological assays showed 100% response to fixed, whole parasites but only 42% to live gametes. Responses to the antigens Pfs230 and Pfs48/45 were 54.1% and 37.3%, respectively, in an IgG1 ELISA. 14/55 sera were capable of reducing the infectivity of laboratory isolate NF54 in a standard membrane-feeding assay (SMFA). This activity was strongly correlated with IgG1 responses to Pfs48/ 45 (r = 0.49, P < 0.001) and to a serological reaction with epitopes of the same molecule (r = 0.38, P = 0.003). A weaker correlation was observed with IgG1 to Pfs230 (r = 0.29, P = 0.03). In direct membrane feeding assays (DMFA) with autologous isolates, sera from 4/29 children showed transmission-blocking activity. There was no correlation with serological assays and the DMFA or between the SMFA and DMFA. This may be caused by variation in sexual stage antigens and/or alternative modes of transmission-blocking immunity, both of which have implications for vaccine implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2004
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40. Parasitaemia and gametocytaemia after treatment with chloroquine, pyrimethamine/sulfadoxine, and pyrimethamine/sulfadoxine combined with artesunate in young Gambians with uncomplicated malaria.

Author

von Seidlein, Lorenz, Jawara, Musa, Coleman, Rosalind, Doherty, Tom, Walraven, Gijs, Targett, Geoffrey, von Seidlein, L, Jawara, M, Coleman, R, Doherty, T, Walraven, G, and Targett, G

Subjects
ANTIMALARIALS, GAMETES
Abstract

As part of a study to assess the infectivity of gametocytes after treatment with four antimalarial regimens, the efficacy of each treatment was also determined. From September to December 1998, 598 children with uncomplicated malaria were treated; 135 received chloroquine (CQ) alone, 276 received pyrimethamine/sulfadoxine (Fansidar, PSD) alone, 113 received PSD with a single dose of artesunate (PSD + 1ART) and 74 received PSD combined with three doses of artesunate (PSD + 3ART). On day 28 19/63 (30.2%; 95% C.I. 19.2% to 43.1%) of children treated with CQ alone, 5/134 (3.7%; 95% C.I. 1.2% to 8.5%) treated with PSD alone, 1/71 (1.4%, 95% C.I. 0.0% to 7.9%) treated with PSD + 1ART and 0/45 (0.0%; 95% C.I. 0.0% to 7.9%) treated with PSD + 3ART were parasitaemic. The proportion of children with gametocytes on day 7 after treatment with CQ alone was 16/89 (18.0%; 95% C.I. 10.6% to 27.6%), 98/174 (56.3%; 95% C.I. 48.6% to 63.8%) after treatment with PSD alone, 8/70 (11.4%; 95% C.I. 5.1% to 21.3%) after treatment with PSD + 1ART and 4/46 (8.7%; 95% C.I., 2.4% to 20.8%) after treatment with PSD + 3ART. CQ thus has a lower efficacy than PSD or either of the PSD and artesunate combinations. Use of PSD alone as an alternative first line treatment results in a very high post-treatment gametocyte prevalence that is likely to enhance transmission. There would be greater and more sustainable benefits from using PSD and artesunate combinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2001
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41. THE IMMUNOLOGICAL RESPONSE OF CBA MICE TO TRYPANOSOMA MUSCULI I. INITIAL CONTROL OF THE INFECTION AND THE EFFECT OF T-CELL DEPRIVATION.

Author

Viens, P., Targett, G. A. T., Leuchars, E., and Davies, A. J. S.

Subjects
*SCALENE muscles, *IMMUNOLOGY, *IMMUNOGLOBULINS, *LYMPHOID tissue, *MICE, *NUCLEIC acids, *THYMUS
Abstract

Trypanosoma musculi produced a self-limiting infection in CBA mice which was characterized by a phase of increasing parasitaemia, during which dividing forms of the parasite were present in the blood, and a more stable plateau phase, when only non-dividing `adult' parasites are seen. Blood parasitaemia then rapidly regressed and subsequently blood was non-infective on sub-inoculation. Infection of normal mice in this manner apparently conferred a strong and lasting immunity. Fluorescent antibody litres rose rapidly during infection and IgM, IgG1 and lgG2 antibodies were synthesized simultaneously. Total immunoglobulin and lgG2 antibody titres fell following recovery from infection but relatively high and constant antibody levels were detectable for many months. The parasitaemia in infected. T cell-deprived mice also rose rapidly and plateaued, but at a higher level than in normal mice, and deprived mice did not recover: multiplicative forms of the parasite persisted throughout the infection (up to 300+ days). Production of IgG1 antibodies was markedly inhibited in the deprived mice but IgM antibody levels were normal. The effects of anti-thymocyte antisera (ATS) administration on the course of infection in normal mice were similar to those seen in thymectomized mice but the ATS-treated mice eventually recovered. Both antibody production and the elimination of parasites from the blood was delayed by ATS treatment. Passive transfer of antiserum just before infection prolonged the pre-patent period, and the subsequent parasitaemia was markedly reduced. If intact mice were treated on the 6th day of infection with serum collected during the plateau phase of an infection the rise in parasitaemia was checked, the number of multiplicative forms in the blood was reduced and DNA synthesis was inhibited. Antiserum from recovered mice had a similar though less marked effect art the parasitaemia. Transfer of these sera to infected. T cell-deprived mice produced similar though less dramatic effects. These results suggest that the initial control of the infection, at the `first crisis, may be due to the joint action of a thymus-dependent ablastin, which inhibits parasite reproduction, and a thymus-independent `first' trypanocidal antibody which removes newly-formed parasites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
1974

42. The immunological response of CBA mice to <em>P. yoelii</em> II. THE PASSIVE TRANSFER OF IMMUNITY WITH SERUM AND CELLS.

Author

Jayawardena, A. N., Targett, G. A. T., Leuchars, Elizabeth, and Davies, A. J. S.

Subjects
*MICE, *MALARIA, *INFECTION, *SERUM, *IMMUNITY, *SPLEEN
Abstract

CBA mice infected with the malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei yoelii (P. yoelii) develop a self-resolving infection lasting 15–18 days; on recovery from a primary infection they are immune to further infection. Cell and serum transfers from immune to non-immune mice were used to analyse the mechanism of resistance. Whereas serum from mice which had recovered from a single infection was ineffective in transferring immunity, hyper-immune serum (from mice repeatedly challenged with P. yoelii) protected against challenge inocula of 104 and 5 × 104 but was ineffective against higher inocula (105). Doses of serum which completely protected intact mice were ineffective when ad- ministered to T-cell deprived recipients. The injection of spleen cells from recovered mice conferred immunity on both normal and T cell deprived mice. Pretreatment of immune cell donors with cyclophosphamide reduced the ability of spleen cells to transfer immunity. Treatment of the immune cells with an anti-Thy 1 antiserum and complement in vitro did not abrogate their protective effect. The significance of these results is discussed in relation to the effector mechanisms which might operate in murine malaria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
1978

43. Status of malaria vaccine research.

Author

Targett, G. A. T.

Subjects
*MALARIA vaccines, *PROTOZOAN vaccines, *VACCINATION, *T cells, *IMMUNE response
Abstract

The article focuses on the status of research on malaria vaccine. It cites the factors that hinder the development of vaccines that will be added to the existing but progressively less effective methods of control of malaria. It mentions the importance of T cells in immunity to malaria. Recent studies have centered on immune responses to the target antigens that are induced naturally during infection.

Published
1989

44. Role of T cells in preventing transmission of rodent malaria.

Author

Harte, P. G., Rogers, N. C., and Targett, G. A. T.

Subjects
MALARIA, MALARIA prevention, VACCINATION, IMMUNIZATION, T cells, IMMUNE serums, BLOOD plasma
Abstract

Transmission blocking immunity induced by microgamete vaccination is fully effective for at least 12 months. Passive transfer of immune T cells reduced transmission of a subsequent infection by 95%, the effect being partly due to a significant reduction in numbers of circulating gametocytes during the infection. This immunity was apparently independent of specific antibody, though these were produced within a few days after challenge infection and was mediated by a I cell of the GK1.5 +, Ly 2.2 phenotype. Immune serum and immune T cells, administered together, showed a strong additive effect and blocked transmission completely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
1985

45. Maternal inhibition of malaria vaccination in mice can be overcome by giving a second dose of vaccine.

Author

Harte, P. G., Rogers, N., Targett, G. A. T., and Playfair, J. H.

Subjects
MALARIA vaccines, FORMALDEHYDE, LABORATORY mice, IMMUNOGLOBULIN G, IMMUNOGLOBULIN M, IMMUNIZATION
Abstract

A single dose of a formalin-fixed malaria vaccine which normally protects mice against challenge with the live parasite, is ineffective in mice born to immune mothers. This inhibition of protection, which is due to maternally-derived IgG, can be overcome if a second dose of vaccine is given 10 or more days after the first. We show that this is related to the production of specific IgM antibody in response to the first dose of vaccine, which competitively blocks the inhibitory effect of the IgG. The implications of this finding in relation to immune regulation and immunization regimes are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
1984

46. Production of hybrids of mouse myeloma cells and protozoa which express parasite antigens.

Author

Rodriguez-Lopez, M. H., Crocker, P. R., Harrison, T. J., Targett, G. A. T., and Bradley, D. J.

Subjects
PARASITE antigens, PROTOZOA, ANTIGENS, LEISHMANIA, PLASMODIUM, LABORATORY mice, VISCERAL leishmaniasis, MALARIA, CANCER cells
Abstract

Mouse myeloma cells were fused with blood stage forms of the rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium chabaudi and with promastigotes of Leishmania donovani, the causative agent of kala-azar in man. The fusion was carried out by polyethylene glycol treatment. The parasites provided the enzyme which enabled the hybrids to grow in selective medium containing aminopterin. Clones of parasite-myeloma hybrids grown in continuous culture for up to 5 months expressed parasite antigen and induced antiparasite antibodies in mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
1984

50. Trypanosome infection of mice depresses antibody affinity and delays affinity maturation.

Author

Pattison, J. R., Steward, M. W., and Targett, G. A. T.

Subjects
TRYPANOSOMA, IMMUNOLOGICAL adjuvants, AMMONIUM sulfate, ALBUMINS, IMMUNIZATION, ANTIGENS
Abstract

Infection with either a pathogenic species of trypanosome (Trypanosoma brucei brucei) or a non-pathogenic trypanosome (Trypanosoma musculi) had differing effects on the response of mice to a soluble protein antigen (human serum albumin, HSA) injected in either Freund's incomplete adjuvant or in saline. T. brucei suppressed the response to HSA to a level undetectable by ammonium sulphate globulin precipitation, irrespective of the mode of immunization, whereas T. musculi did not suppress the amount of antibody produced in response to either form of antigen presentation. The affinity of the antibody produced in response to antigen in adjuvant was unaffected, but antibody affinity was significantly reduced in infected animals in which the antigen was given in saline. This depression of antibody affinity was related to the period of infection and arose as a result of a delay in the normal maturation of affinity. Furthermore, the depression was only observed when infection preceded the exposure to antigen. Possible mechanisms which may lead to a depression of affinity without a corresponding effect upon antibody levels are discussed in context of current knowledge of immunosuppression in trypanosome infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
1983

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