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Insomnia treatment among individuals with comorbid insomnia and obstructive sleep apnea is suboptimal. In a pilot randomized controlled trial, 19 individuals with comorbid insomnia and obstructive sleep apnea were allocated to one of two arms: EX + EX, consisting of two 8-week phases of exercise training (EX), or RE + CBTiEX, encompassing 8 weeks of relaxation training (RE) followed by 8 weeks of combined cognitive-behavioral therapy and exercise (CBTiEX). Outcomes included Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), polysomnography, and cardiorespiratory fitness measures. A mixed-model analysis of variance revealed a Group × Time interaction on peak oxygen consumption change, F(1, 14) = 10.1, p =.007, and EX increased peak oxygen consumption (p =.03, g′ = −0.41) and reduced ISI (p =.001, g′ = 0.82) compared with RE (p =.49, g = 0.16) post-8 weeks. Post-16 weeks, there was a significant Group × Time interaction (p =.014) driven by RE + CBTiEX yielding a larger improvement in ISI (p =.023, g′ = 1.48) than EX + EX (p =.88, g′ < 0.1). Objective sleep was unchanged. This study showed promising effects of regular EX alone and combined with cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia on ISI in comorbid insomnia and obstructive sleep apnea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cross‐frequency coupling (CFC) between brain oscillations during non‐rapid‐eye‐movement (NREM) sleep (e.g. slow oscillations [SO] and spindles) may be a neural mechanism of overnight memory consolidation. Declines in CFC across the lifespan might accompany coinciding memory problems with ageing. However, there are few reports of CFC changes during sleep after learning in older adults, controlling for baseline effects. Our objective was to examine NREM CFC in healthy older adults, with an emphasis on spindle activity and SOs from frontal electroencephalogram (EEG), during a learning night after a declarative learning task, as compared to a baseline night without learning. Twenty‐five older adults (M [SD] age = 69.12 [5.53] years; 64% female) completed a two‐night study, with a pre‐ and post‐sleep word‐pair associates task completed on the second night. SO‐spindle coupling strength and a measure of coupling phase distance from the SO up‐state were both examined for between‐night differences and associations with memory consolidation. Coupling strength and phase distance from the up‐state peak were both stable between nights. Change in coupling strength between nights was not associated with memory consolidation, but a shift in coupling phase towards (vs. away from) the up‐state peak after learning predicted better memory consolidation. Also, an exploratory interaction model suggested that associations between coupling phase closer to the up‐state peak and memory consolidation may be moderated by higher (vs. lower) coupling strength. This study supports a role for NREM CFC in sleep‐related memory consolidation in older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]