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Objective: Oxidative stress factors and proinflammatory cytokines had been found to be involved in the pathogenesis of patients with tardive dyskinesia (TD). This study assumes that blood biochemical markers would have a link with TD in schizophrenia patients. To explore the correlation between blood biochemical markers and tardive dyskinesia in patients with schizophrenia (SCH)., Methods: From January 2010 to August 2021, the inpatients who met the diagnostic criteria of schizophrenia in the Chinese Classification and Diagnosis Criteria of Mental Disorders (DSM-4) and the American Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-4) were followed up in the psychiatric outpatient department of Jinxia Street Community Health Service Center, Longhu District, Shantou City. The diagnostic criteria of Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) used in the TD study of Schooler and Kane were used to screen the patients. Patients were divided into the schizophrenia (SCH group) and the schizophrenia with TD groups (TD group). Oxidative stress factors including Superoxide Dismutase1 (SOD1), Glutathione Peroxidase1 (GPX1), Malondialdehyde1 (MDA1), Catalase Activity1 (CAT1), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor 1 (BDNF1) and some inflammatory cytokines including interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF- α ), prolactin, estrogen, and cortisol were measured in 121 schizophrenic patients with tardive dyskinesia and 118 schizophrenic patients. The correlation analysis was conducted on the data., Results: Age and female were immutable risk factors for the development of TD, and there were significant differences in blood biochemical indices GPX1, MDA1, CAT1, and TNF- α in schizophrenic patients with and without TD., Conclusion: This study supports that oxidative stress and immune disorders are associated with TD patients. Blood biochemical markers GPX1, MDA1, CAT1, and TNF- α may play an important role in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia combined with TD patients, and they may be useful in the diagnosis of schizophrenia with tardive dyskinesia., Competing Interests: The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Qian Wu et al.)

Objectives: Many research indicate that the tardive dyskinesia (TD) is generally linked with long-term antipsychotic therapy for schizophrenia. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a critical role in the protection of catecholaminergic, dopaminergic, and cholinergic neurons. Thus, we examined the serum GDNF levels in schizophrenia patients with TD (WTD) and without TD (NTD) and compared with healthy controls (HC), respectively., Methods: Totally 75 males with schizophrenia were recruited into this study. All were measured by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition, the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, and the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS). The patient group was divided into two subgroups: WTD (n = 32) and NTD (n = 43) according to the AIMS score. Fifty-three healthy controls matching in age and gender were also enlisted from the region. GDNF levels were examined with sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay., Results: Analysis of variance indicated significant differences between the three groups (P = 0.012); GDNF levels in the WTD group were significantly different from those in the NTD (P = 0.030) and HC (P = 0.003) groups., Conclusion: Decreased GDNF levels in TD patients indicated that alterations in neurotrophic factors may be involved in the pathophysiology of TD, but the exact mechanisms need further investigation., (Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)

Background: Patients with Bipolar Disorder (BD) may have higher risk of Tardive Dyskinesia (TD). Theories for TD include inflammatory or oxidative stress and altered iron metabolism. The current frequency and clinical and biochemical correlates of TD in BD needs exploration., Objectives: To assess: (1) the frequency of TD in BD; (2) clinical correlates of TD in BD; (3) oxidative stress markers, inflammatory markers and hepcidin in TD in BD., Materials & Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 170 patients with BD were assessed for clinical characteristics using structured assessments. Inflammatory and oxidative markers like Interleukin-6 (IL-6), high sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hsCRP), malondialdehyde (MDA), Total Antioxidant Status (TAS) and hepcidin were assessed by ELISA., Results: Frequency of TD was 10.6% (95%C.I.=6.4%-16.2%). Compared to patients without TD, patients with TD were older (F=0.340;p=0.000), had more episodes of illness (U=962.5;p=0.044) higher rates of medical comorbidity ( X 2=6.924; p=0.009*), antipsychotic exposure (U=592.5;p=0.000), typical antipsychotic exposure (U=756.5;p=0.001) and cognitive deficits (F=1.129;p=0.001). The biomarkers levels did not differ between the groups. Hepcidin levels correlated with Abnormal involuntary Movements scale (AIMS) score (r=0.213;p=0.006). Patients treated with lithium were more likely to have TD, but also had greater exposure to antipsychotics than patients on valproate., Conclusion: About one-tenth of patients with BD-I have TD. The presence of TD is associated several clinical characteristics such as age, exposure to typical antipsychotics and chronicity of illness. Hepcidin was associated with greater severity of dyskinetic movements and needs further exploration., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)