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Hutchinsonianism, a set of ideas developed by John Hutchinson, did not necessarily command considerable respect among intellectuals in the eighteenth century. Hutchinson held that science was divine in origin and was rooted in the Old Testament. He denied the Newtonian principle of gravity and argued that God was necessary for the application of physical laws. He also developed a highly symbolic interpretation of religious ideas. George Horne (1730–92) was an exception in taking Hutchinsonianism seriously. Horne’s ideas aimed at uniting Christian orthodoxy against a common enemy, particularly those who undermined Trinitarian Christianity. This article examines Horne’s ideas as a Hutchinsonianism and explores his debt to Hutchinson. Horne also can be regarded as the most important representative of the Oxford Hutchinsonians of his generation, in the sense that his orthodoxy and adherence to Hutchinson’s ideas were aimed at finding a common ground between the two.

Lithium (Li) isotopes are a tracer of silicate weathering processes, but how they react to different components of organic and plant-assisted weathering is poorly known. To examine the effect of organic acids compared to a strong mineral acid (HCl) on Li isotope behaviour, basalt-water weathering experiments were amended with different organic acids (glycine, malic acid, cinnamic acid, and humic acid; 0.01 M). The presence of the different acids significantly affects the behaviour of dissolved elemental concentrations (such as Mg, Fe, and Al), both by increasing primary rock dissolution and hindering rates of secondary mineral formation. However, the behaviour of Li isotopes appears unaffected, with all experiments following an almost identical trend of δ7Li versus Li/Na. This observation was consistent with a single fractionation factor during the uptake of Li into secondary minerals, yet both calculated saturation states and leaching experiments on the reacted solids indicated that Li was removed into multiple phases, suggesting that the bulk combined fractionation factor barely varied. Of the Li lost from solution in the organic experiments, we estimated that on average 76% went into neoformed clays, 16% into oxides/oxyhydroxides, and 10% into the exchangeable fraction. The fractionations observed for each phase were Δ7Liexch-soln = −12.7 ± 1.7‰, Δ7Liox-soln = −26.7 ± 0.4‰, and Δ7Liclay-soln = −21.6 ± 3.3‰. These fractionations were identical, within error, to those from experiments with organic-free water, implying that the Li isotope behaviour was unaffected by the presence of organic acids in the weathering reaction. This result has interesting consequences for the interpretation of Li isotopes in terms of plant-assisted weathering and the geological record of terrestrialisation. In particular, it appears to imply that seawater Li isotope records can be expected to resolve the integrated effect of plants on weathering fluxes or weathering congruence, rather than being sensitive to specific organic-mediated weathering mechanisms.

Description, Silicate weathering and physical erosion markedly increased during the rapid warming of the PETM, allowing climatic recovery., The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM; ~55.9 Ma) was a geologically rapid warming period associated with carbon release, which caused a marked increase in the hydrological cycle. Here, we use lithium (Li) isotopes to assess the global change in weathering regime, a critical carbon drawdown mechanism, across the PETM. We find a negative Li isotope excursion of ~3‰ in both global seawater (marine carbonates) and in local weathering inputs (detrital shales). This is consistent with a very large delivery of clays to the oceans or a shift in the weathering regime toward higher physical erosion rates and sediment fluxes. Our seawater records are best explained by increases in global erosion rates of ~2× to 3× over 100 ka, combined with model-derived weathering increases of 50 to 60% compared to prewarming values. Such increases in weathering and erosion would have supported enhanced carbon burial, as both carbonate and organic carbon, thereby stabilizing climate.

This paper is motivated by the potential advantages of higher doping and lower contact barriers in CdTe photovoltaic devices that may be realized by using n-type rather than the conventional p-type solar absorber layers. We present post-growth doping trials for indium in thin polycrystalline CdTe films using the diffusion of indium metal with indium chloride. Chemical concentrations of indium up to 1019 cm−3 were achieved and the films were verified as n-type by hard x-ray photoemission. Post-growth chlorine treatment (or InCl3) was found to compensate the n-doping. Trial structures comprising CdS/CdTe:In verified that the doped absorber structures performed as expected both before and after chloride treatment, but it is recognized that this is not an optimum combination. Hence, in order to identify how the advantages of n-type absorbers might be fully realized in future work, we also report simulations of a range of p–n junction combinations with n-CdTe, a number of which have the potential for high V oc.

Aydınlanma döneminin dinden bağımsız bir alan olarak algılanması çeşitli boyutlardatartışılmış bir meseledir. Halihazırda yapılması gereken, ulusal ve seküler Aydınlanmaparadigmalarını analiz etmek ve bu paradigmaların altında yatan bazı varsayımlarıtartışmaktır. Bu yazıda, bu tartışma onsekizinci yüzyıl İskoçya örneğine odaklanarakgerçekleştirilecektir. İskoç Aydınlanmasını Newtonculuk ile ilişkisi bağlamında elealacağım ve Newtonculuğun değişik çevrelerce nasıl algılandığını açıklayarak,Newtonculuğa yönelik yaklaşımların hem bilimsel hem de dini gündemlerin belirlediğiçeşitli açılardan geldiğini tartışacağım. Newtonculuğun belirli yönlerine yönelik tepkilerve yaklaşımlar üzerine olan bu çalışma, Onsekizinci yüzyıldaki fikirler, gruplar vebireyler arasındaki entelektüel ilişkinin karmaşık doğasını ortaya çıkarmasına yardımcıolacaktır.