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Síť trigonometrických bodů (TB) I. řádu JTSK byla budována na území Československa v rozmezí let 1921 a 1953. Její prvotní realizace byla dokončena na jaře r. 1927 a zahrnovala celkem 268 trigonometrických bodů, které tak tvoří základní kostru Československých polohových geodetických základů. V dalších letech byla síť doplněna o další body zejména na území Čech a Podkarpatské Rusi a také propojena s obdobnými sítěmi okolních států. Po dokončení jejího budování v r. 1953 tak obsahovala celkem 388 trigonometrických bodů. Po nástupu technologie GNSS bylo v r. 1991 6 jejích bodů (3 na území ČR a 3 na území Slovenska) vybráno do měřické kampaně EUREF-EAST-91 (EUREF-CS/H-91), která byla součástí budování evropského rámce systému ETRS89. Za účelem podrobnější realizace systému ETRS89 v ČSFR byla národní geodetickou službou ČSFR provedena kampaň CS-NULRAD-92. Ta zahrnovala celkem 18 TB (10 na území ČR a 8 na území Slovenska) a 17 z nich byly TB I. Řádu. Po rozdělení Československa na Českou a Slovenskou republiku byla v České republice v letech 1993 - 1994 provedena několikaetapová měřická kampaň CS-DOPNUL, která zahrnovala celkem 176 bodů, z toho 28 TB I. Řádu. V dalších etapách zhuštění TB se souřadnicemi i v ETRS89 na území ČR již byly další TB I. řádu JTSK zapojovány jen sporadicky. Síť TB I. řádu je v současnosti stále součástí geodetických základů, je měřicky stále využívána a v ČR je spravována Zeměměřickým úřadem a na Slovensku Geodetickým a kartografickým úradom. I když se dnes její hlavní části nacházejí na území tří suverénních států, konkrétně České republiky, Slovenska a Ukrajiny (Zakarpatská oblast), lze konstatovat, že je dochována jako kompaktní celek v téměř úplném rozsahu, a to včetně propojovacích bodů v příhraničí Maďarska a Rakouska. V rámci občanské iniciativy bylo v průběhu let 2009 - 2021 navštíveno celkem 367 z 388 TB I. řádu a byl zadokumentován jejich aktuální stav. (Dokončení iniciativy, bohužel, brání válečný stav na Ukrajině po jejím napadení R, The JTSK First order trigonometric points (TP) network was being built on the Czechoslovakia territory between 1921 and 1953.Its initial implementation was completed in the spring of 1927 and included 268 trigonometric points, which thus form the basic framework of the Czechoslovak positional geodetic control. In the following years, the network was supplemented with additional points, especially in the territory of Bohemia and Sub Carpathian Russ, and connected with similar networks in the surrounding states. After its completion in 1953, it contained 388 trigonometric points. After launch of GNSS technology, in 1991, 6 of its points (3 in the Czech Republic and 3 in Slovakia) were chosen for the measurement campaign EUREF-EAST-91 (EUREF-CS/H-91), which was part of building the European framework of the ETRS89 system. In order to implement the ETRS89 system in former CSFR (Czech and Slovak Federal Republic) in more detail, the CS-NULRAD-92 campaign was carried out by the CSFR national geodetic service. This included 18 TPs (10 on the territory of the Czech Republic and 8 on the territory of Slovakia) and 17 of them were TPs of the First order. After division of Czechoslovakia into the Czech and Slovak Republics, a multi-stage CS-DOPNUL measuring campaign was carried out in the Czech Republic in the years 1993-1994, which included 176 points, 28 TP of which were of the First order. In the next stages of densification TPs with coordinates and in ETRS89 on the territory of the Czech Republic, other TPs of the First order of the JTSK were only sporadically involved. The First-order TB network is currently still part of the geodetic control, is still used for measuring purposes and is administered by the Land Surveying Office in the Czech Republic and by the Geodetic and Cartographic Office in Slovakia. Even though today its main parts are located on the territory of three sovereign states, namely the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Ukraine (Zakarpattia region), it can be

ČÚZK v průběhu roku 2022 realizoval mnoho aktivit v oblasti GNSS, které plynule navazovaly na aktivity realizované v předchozích letech. Cílem bylo je dokončit nebo je dále rozvíjet., ČÚZK implemented many activities in the area of GNSS during 2022, which were continuously linked to the activities carried out in previous years. The target was to complete them or develop them further.

COVID-19 has created an entirely new unknown environment with new risks. Various restrictive national measures seeking to protect health took precedence over economic measures. Moreover, a large number of businesses are entirely dependent on international trade and exports. The aim of this paper is to map and analyze the development of small and medium enterprises’ exports during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Czech Republic. Moreover, it identifies the most significant export risks and their perception by small and medium enterprises. The chi-square test, Cramer’s coefficient, and exact binomial test were used to verify the statistical dependencies of research questions and hypotheses. Empirically, the statistically significant impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the decline in small and medium enterprises’ exports was confirmed. In connection with the effectiveness of risk management, it was found that less than 50% of enterprises in the research sample are not ISO 31000-certified. The study concluded that the most significant export risks confirmed by statistical testing were COVID-19 risks and payment morale of foreign trading partners. © Romana Heinzova, Eva Hoke, Tomas Urbanek, Pavel Taraba, 2023.

The current turbulent times have never been so demanding to adapt to ever-changing conditions. Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) form the cornerstone of the economy. Moreover, they are the driving force of economic processes in all countries. Therefore, this paper aims to empirically map and identify the causes of the crisis and statistically verify how these crises affect the personnel measures taken and human resource management (HRM) in SMEs. The chi-square test and Cramer's coefficient were used to verify the statistical dependences of research questions and hypotheses. A statistically significant impact of external economic influences on enterprises' activities was empirically confirmed (59%). It was proved that nowadays, the most important external factor influencing the activities of enterprises in the market is the COVID-19 pandemic. The study also focused on the personnel measures taken during the crisis. It was confirmed that small businesses apply alternative personnel measures, namely reducing variable wage components before radical redundancies. © 2022 The author(s).

V průběhu let 2020 a 2021 realizoval ČÚZK v oblasti GNSS řadu činností, které plynule navazovaly na činnosti realizované v předchozích letech. Cílem bylo je dokončit nebo naopak dále rozvinout., ČÚZK implemented many activities in the area of GNSS during 2020 and 2021, which were continuously linked to the activities carried out in previous years. The target was to complete them or develop them further.

Larger companies have experts or even entire departments of experts to analyse potential risks, while for smaller companies and small businesses, the risk management process is difficult to understand. The aim of the article is to find out what approach companies in the Czech Republic in the logistics sector have to the risk management process. The article defined four research questions related to the size of the company and the amount of expenditure on the risk management process, the number of people involved in the risk management process, whether the risk management process is implemented by company employees or external staff, and whether the size of the logistics company affects the quantity and choice of crisis management methods. It was found that the larger the size of the company, the higher the company's expenditure on crisis management. The number of employees involved in the risk management process also corresponds to this finding, however, the size of the company does not affect the number of externals involved in the risk management process. The second position was occupied by the scenario planning method and the What-If Analysis method can be described as the third. © 2021 Italian Association of Chemical Engineering - AIDIC. All rights reserved.

The paper is focused on the impact of the company crisis on personnel management. The main goal is to carry out a probe into the Czech medium to large companies and find out how personnel management works during the company's crisis. The research focuses on the importance of the human resources department in society and, of course, the impact of the crisis on human resources. The content of the paper will clarify the list of possible saving steps in the area of human resources management while the company is in crisis. Based on the research results, measures are introduced that cause minimal damage to the company's personnel strategy. © 2020 Italian Association of Chemical Engineering - AIDIC. All rights reserved.

Sources of natural threats include weather extremes, tectonic and soil movements, diseases, and other natural hazards. Epidemics, epiphytes, epizootics, and pandemics can be included in the section of diseases. It is the pandemic that became the biggest threat to the whole world in 2020. Everyone knows that it is a coronavirus infection - COVID-19. This epidemic had spread from China since the end of 2019 when it gradually affected the whole world from Australia and Europe to America. This threat affects all areas of life for each of us. It is the area of the economy, the environment, the restriction of citizens' rights, and others. Our article will aim to focus on the economic impacts of this pandemic mainly from SME (Small and medium enterprises) point of view. Each company seldom finds itself in a situation where it has to deal with a crisis. Each crisis has its specifics, and have the negative impact on profit of companies. However, the crisis in 2020 is something specific. It is not caused by the collapse of banks or the country's unfortunate economic or political situation. The coronavirus crisis has affected the all sized companies (as Large as SME), thanks to limited opportunities to leave home, a ban on traveling to foreign countries, and, in essence, a slowdown in the entire economic cycle. The financial crisis with coronavirus is further divided into two types. Firstly, there is the crisis of companies that could not produce during a state of emergency (i.e., at the time of the greatest threat to the population from coronavirus). Secondly, these are companies that operated during the crisis, thanks to the running-up contracts, but the crisis came later, after the state of emergency. For example, it is due to the low number of orders for a given product due to limitations in times of emergency. The aim of the article is to point out not only the economic but also the environmental impacts of the coronavirus crisis on the SME. Mainly because of the reductio

Citizen science is a growing field of research and practice, generating new knowledge and understanding through the collaboration of citizens in scientific research. As the field expands, it is becoming increasingly important to consider its potential to foster education and learning opportunities. Although progress has been made to support learning in citizen science projects, as well as to facilitate citizen science in formal and informal learning environments, challenges still arise. This paper identifies a number of dilemmas facing the field—from competing scientific goals and learning outcomes, differing underlying ontologies and epistemologies, diverging communication strategies, to clashing values around advocacy and activism. Although such challenges can become barriers to the successful integration of citizen science into mainstream education systems, they also serve as signposts for possible synergies and opportunities. One of the key emerging recommendations is to align educational learning outcomes with citizen science project goals at the planning stage of the project using co-creation approaches to ensure issues of accessibility and inclusivity are paramount throughout the design and implementation of every project. Only then can citizen science realise its true potential to empower citizens to take ownership of their own science education and learning. © Copyright © 2020 Roche, Bell, Galvão, Golumbic, Kloetzer, Knoben, Laakso, Lorke, Mannion, Massetti, Mauchline, Pata, Ruck, Taraba and Winter.

Climate change and global warming. Those are two words that are inflected much more frequently. Several reasons could cause climate change. One of them is the consumption of fossil fuels-e.g., oil. So few vehicles already operate on electric flow. There is a higher production of carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide based on the increased number of cars in the cities. For this purpose, the authors of the paper would like to simulate the selected intersection. Based on the results, the authors will present a recommendation for the safer process and environment in the city. © 2020 Italian Association of Chemical Engineering - AIDIC. All rights reserved.

Online commerce, in particular, the development of electronic platforms, contributes to making counterfeit goods relatively easy to reach customers. Globally, counterfeit goods are on the rise, and intellectual property rights enforcement authorities publicly acknowledge that the quantity of goods seized is only a minimum of what gets to individual markets. The infringement of intellectual property rights is a significant problem, and due attention is also given to this issue in the European Union (EU) pays due attention to it (European Commission). This finding is also evidenced by a study on the production and trade of counterfeit goods, published by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the European Union Intellectual Property Office (EUIPO), mapping the situation in the individual EU Member States. The main aim of the paper is to characterize and mapping of trends in the means of transporting counterfeits to EU countries between 2014-2018. The current trend of globalization and loosening in international trade gives criminal gangs the possibility of organized crime. These gangs make use of all available transport options (air, road, sea, postal, and others), and it is challenging to trace where counterfeit goods originate. The paper maps trends that occurred throughout the EU, whose market is affected by the transport of counterfeit goods. According to OECD and EUIPO reports, which assess, among other things, the rate of customs seizures of counterfeit goods, most counterfeits originate in East Asia (China, Hong Kong, India). The paper is divided into four main parts. The introduction section summarizes the results of a literature review of relevant studies (EC, OECD, EUIPO) and papers published in the SCOPUS and Web of Science databases. In the second part of the paper, attention is paid to the results of a comparison of the statistics from 2014-2018 published by the European Commission. The statistics are based on seizures of in

Today we live in a time when it is necessary to try to minimize risks to the lowest possible level of risk. There are several risks in the SMEs as the environmental, economic and others. We do not constantly manage to eliminate the risks. For risk management purposes, the use of project risk management using software is appropriate. Today, it offers a plethora of software that allows them to be used. Thanks to this software, work is simplified, and there is no human error. The aim of this article would be to analyze the risks in small and medium enterprises. For this purpose, Pareto analysis, Chi-squared test were used, and the most significant risks were evaluated. Furthermore, the methods used in risk management were assessed. In the conclusion of the paper, the results of the work were summarized, and recommendations for small and medium-sized enterprises in the field of project risk management were proposed. © 2020, World Scientific and Engineering Academy and Society. All rights reserved.

Citizen science is a relatively new phenomenon in the Czech Republic and currently a general overview of existing citizen science projects is not available. This presents the challenge to uncover the 'hidden' citizen science landscapes. The main objective of this paper is to explore the (public) representation of citizen science (CS) projects and to describe their heterogeneity. The study aims to answer the question of what type of projects in the Czech Republic meet the definition of citizen science. Based on a specific methodological data-base search approach, we compiled a set of CS projects (N = 73). During the classification process, two general citizen science categories were identified. The first group (N = 46) consists of "pure" CS projects with a prevalence towards the natural sciences, principally ornithology, and thus corresponding to general European trends. Citizens usually participate in such research in the form of data collection and basic interpretation, and a high level of cooperation between academia and NGOs was detected. The second group of "potential" CS projects (N = 27) entails various forms of public participation in general, frequently coordinated by NGOs. Based on these results, we discuss the position of citizen science in the Czech Republic, including socially-oriented citizen science. Further research is strongly encouraged to achieve a more in-depth insight into this social phenomenon.

The paper aims to evaluate the application of project management methods in conditions of business companies in the Czech Republic. In the introduction part, project management competencies and selected methods based on an analysis of available information resources are defined. The separate parts of this article are dedicated to the project management software using in the project management. The main theoretical background of the paper is based on documents Individual Competence Baseline ICB version 4.0 and PMBOK® Guide 6th Edition. With the use of a questionnaire survey, the level of application of project management methods in conditions of business companies in the Czech Republic was evaluated. The questionnaire survey was conducted in four stages; the first carried out in 2015, the second in 2016, the third in 2017 and the final stage in 2018. Two research questions were formulated. 1) Are the methods of project management applied in most of the surveyed companies at a “very high” or at a “high” level? 2) Is it possible to observe a growing trend in the application of project management methods in the period 2015-2018 in the surveyed companies? Based on a comparison of the results of the individual analyses, it is possible to describe the development of the application of the project management methods over the past four years. © 2019, North Atlantic University Union. All rights reserved.

The paper aims to identify the possibilities of risk response in logistics projects. The research was carried out in two stages in the Czech Republic. The first stage took place from January to March 2019, and the second stage took place in April 2019. The questionnaire survey was done to collect data. The paper identifies the ways that are preferred of companies in the Czech Republic to deal with the risks involved in logistics projects. Furthermore, the financial amounts that companies are willing to release to address these risks are discussed. At the end of the paper, recommendations are made on how companies in the Czech Republic should address current and future risks. © 2019 Kaunas University of Technology. All rights reserved.

The paper aims to identify the possibilities of risk response in logistics projects. The research was carried out in two stages in the Czech Republic. The first stage took place from January to March 2019, and the second stage took place in April 2019. The questionnaire survey was done to collect data. The paper identifies the ways that are preferred of companies in the Czech Republic to deal with the risks involved in logistics projects. Furthermore, the financial amounts that companies are willing to release to address these risks are discussed. At the end of the paper, recommendations are made on how companies in the Czech Republic should address current and future risks. © 2019 Kaunas University of Technology. All rights reserved.

Business prosperity is most often mentioned regarding economic results (for instance profit, sales, sales growth, brand value growth, high demand for products). One of the factors that can be used today in rival competitive struggles is design. The very perception of the role of design as an opportunity is an essential prerequisite for increasing business prosperity. It is, therefore, logical to look at who is the creator of quality design in companies. Companies can solve this problem internally or hire a designer. The question is, which of the variants increases businesses prosperity. The aim of the paper is to clarify this relationship, i.e. whether a company's cooperation with the designer brings business prosperity. Secondly, the strong belief among companies in the Czech Republic that the cooperation with the designer is very expensive is considered. For interpreting results basic statistics indicators and tests of hypotheses (p-value) were used. Results from tests confirmed that most companies that collaborate with a designer believe that design helps to achieve business prosperity. The results also indicate that reluctance to cooperate with a designer because it is too expensive is not confirmed.

Business prosperity is most often mentioned regarding economic results (for instance profit, sales, sales growth, brand value growth, high demand for products). One of the factors that can be used today in rival competitive struggles is design. The very perception of the role of design as an opportunity is an essential prerequisite for increasing business prosperity. It is, therefore, logical to look at who is the creator of quality design in companies. Companies can solve this problem internally or hire a designer. The question is, which of the variants increases businesses prosperity. The aim of the paper is to clarify this relationship, i.e. whether a company's cooperation with the designer brings business prosperity. Secondly, the strong belief among companies in the Czech Republic that the cooperation with the designer is very expensive is considered. For interpreting results basic statistics indicators and tests of hypotheses (p-value) were used. Results from tests confirmed that most companies that collaborate with a designer believe that design helps to achieve business prosperity. The results also indicate that reluctance to cooperate with a designer because it is too expensive is not confirmed. © 2018 University of Pardubice. All rights reserved.

The paper aims to determine the level of application of project management methods in the Czech Republic. In the first part, selected project management methods based on an analysis of available information resources specifically regarding the Czech Republic are defined. The main theoretical background of the paper is based on documents issued by the International Project Management Association (IPMA) and the Project Management Institute (PMI). With the use of a questionnaire survey, the level of application of project management methods in organizations operating in the Czech Republic was assessed. The questionnaire survey was conducted in three stages, the first carried out in 2015, the second in 2016, and the final stage in 2017. Based on a comparison of the results of the individual analyses, it is possible to describe the development of the application of the project management methods over time. © 2018 The Authors, published by EDP Sciences.

Based on research from Czech and international sources in the field of project management, the main goal of this paper is to compile a set of relevant data, skills and experiences in order to increase the level of the holistic competence of project managers in the Czech Republic. The primary goal will be a compilation of suggestions regarding knowledge systems development based on the elements of holistic competence, e.g. in areas such as the acquisition of information and practical skills as well as familiarization with relevant social maturity skills in the conditions of the Czech Republic. A summarizing analysis will be undertaken of individual levels of knowledge in project management centered on skills in holistic management, general management and strategic management. A comparison of the differences between Czech and international information sources should prove to be another important theoretical contribution. Acquainting International Project Management Association members with information regarding the holistic competence of project managers should be considered not only as a contribution to stakeholders and investors in the private sector, but also to universities and public. © 2017 IEEE.

In business practice, projects are accompanied by a wide range of risks. It is necessary to continuously identify and assess the risks of projects. The aim of the paper is to deal with the issue of Risk Management of projects in various enterprises in the Czech Republic. The paper is divided into three main parts. The first part – Introduction is focused on defining the process of Project Management, Role of Project Manager, explains the process of Risk Management of projects and describes the methods, which will be applied subsequently. The second practical part includes analysis of project risks. In the third part, after identifying the most important risks in selected projects, there is a proposal to set up measures for their reduction or complete elimination. The research was carried out in enterprises located on the territory of the Czech Republic. Data collection took place between November 2014 and January 2015 using a questionnaire survey. The article concludes with proposed recommendations in Risk Management area according to the practical experience of project management methods application respecting the specifics of the Czech Republic. © 2016, Czestochowa University of Technology. All rights reserved.

The purchasing of an industrial company or an organization of tertiary sphere represents the one of the functional parts, which should be given due attention. The effective functioning of the purchasing systems is one of the preconditions of the organizational economic prosperity. The foundation for the right managerial decisions at purchasing department should be the accurate forecasts of future demand or consumption. Through a design or an optimization of a logistics purchasing management system, it should be proceeded with the usage of system analysis and process management principles. The article deals with the issue of purchasing logistics management system design, when for the design purposes of these systems in an industry or a tertiary sphere, the general methodics has been created.

The aim of this paper is to determine and examine the competency of managers in the process of solving crisis situations in different organizations. The survey was carried out between January 2015 and May 2015 in the Czech Republic. The paper concludes with proposed recommendations that could be beneficial for managers in the process of solving crisis situations not only in the Czech Republic.

The main objective of the paper has been based on two-phased research to compare the level of holistic competence in selecting the members of governance bodies (Managing Board and Supervisory Board) between the two periods. Holistic competence was defined based on a holistic model of competence by Porvaznik (2008) and implementation of the model was subsequently described in the Corporate Governance based on a study by Taraba, Bartosikova and Bilikova (2014). Using methods of descriptive statistics and spider charts two data files were compared. Data were collected by questionnaire survey conducted among members of the Corporate Governance bodies operating in the Czech Republic in the period from April 2012 to April 2013 (Phase I) and in the period from September 2013 to February 2014 (Phase II.). There is also discussion as a part of paper conclusion which formulates the underlying causes of changes in the holistic assessment of competence in the selection of the members of corporate governance bodies and the recommendations made in this area.