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Key Points Question Is prenatal exposure to maternal drinking and smoking associated with the risk of stillbirth? Findings In this cohort study of 8506 pregnant women (with 11 892 pregnancies) in Cape Town, South Africa, and the Northern Plains in the US, dual exposure to drinking and smoking after the first trimester of pregnancy had 2.78 times the risk of late stillbirth compared with those with no exposure or who had quit before the end of the first trimester of pregnancy. Meaning These findings suggest that dual exposure to drinking and smoking after the first trimester of pregnancy is associated with nearly 3 times the risk of late stillbirth., Importance Prenatal smoking is a known modifiable risk factor for stillbirth; however, the contribution of prenatal drinking or the combination of smoking and drinking is uncertain. Objective To examine whether prenatal exposure to alcohol and tobacco cigarettes is associated with the risk of stillbirth. Design, Setting, and Participants The Safe Passage Study was a longitudinal, prospective cohort study with data collection conducted between August 1, 2007, and January 31, 2015. Pregnant women from Cape Town, South Africa, and the Northern Plains region of the US were recruited and followed up throughout pregnancy. Data analysis was performed from November 1, 2018, to November 20, 2020. Exposure Maternal consumption of alcohol and tobacco cigarettes in the prenatal period. Main Outcomes and Measures The main outcomes were stillbirth, defined as fetal death at 20 or more weeks’ gestation, and late stillbirth, defined as fetal death at 28 or more weeks' gestation. Self-reported alcohol and tobacco cigarette consumption was captured at the recruitment interview and up to 3 scheduled visits during pregnancy. Participants were followed up during pregnancy to obtain delivery outcome. Results Of 11663 pregnancies (mean [SD] gestational age at enrollment, 18.6 [6.6] weeks) in 8506 women for whom the pregnancy outcome was known by 20 weeks’ gestation or later and who did not terminate their pregnancies, there were 145 stillbirths (12.4 per 1000 pregnancies) and 82 late stillbirths (7.1 per 1000 pregnancies). A total of 59% of pregnancies were in women from South Africa, 59% were in multiracial women, 23% were in White women, 17% were in American Indian women, and 0.9% were in women of other races. A total of 8% were older than 35 years. In 51% of pregnancies, women reported no alcohol or tobacco cigarette exposure (risk of stillbirth, 4 per 1000 pregnancies). After the first trimester, 18% drank and smoked (risk of stillbirth, 15 per 1000 births), 9% drank only (risk of stillbirth, 10 per 1000 pregnancies), and 22% smoked only (risk of stillbirth, 8 per 1000 pregnancies). Compared with the reference group (pregnancies not prenatally exposed or without any exposure after the first trimester), the adjusted relative risk of late stillbirth was 2.78 (98.3% CI, 1.12-6.67) for pregnancies prenatally exposed to drinking and smoking, 2.22 (98.3% CI, 0.78-6.18) for pregnancies prenatally exposed to drinking only after the first trimester, and 1.60 (98.3% CI, 0.64-3.98) for pregnancies prenatally exposed to smoking only after the first trimester. The adjusted relative risk for all stillbirths was 1.75 (98.3% CI, 0.96-3.18) for dual exposure, 1.26 (98.3% CI, 0.58-2.74) for drinking only, and 1.27 (98.3% CI, 0.69-2.35) for smoking only compared with the reference group. Conclusions and Relevance These results suggest that combined drinking and smoking after the first trimester of pregnancy, compared with no exposure or quitting before the end of the first trimester, may be associated with a significantly increased risk of late stillbirth., This cohort study assesses whether prenatal exposure to alcohol, tobacco cigarettes, or both is associated with the risk of stillbirth in pregnant women from Cape Town, South Africa, and the Northern Plains region of the US.

Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) has been linked to poor pregnancy outcomes, yet there is no recognized standard for PAE assessment, and the specific effects of quantity, frequency, and timing remain largely unknown. The Safe Passage Study was designed to investigate the role of PAE in a continuum of poor peri- and postnatal outcomes. The objective of this manuscript is to describe the rationale for, and feasibility of, modifications to the traditional Timeline Followback (TLFB) for collecting PAE information in a large cohort of pregnant women. Participants from the Northern Plains region (in the United States) and Cape Town, South Africa, were followed prospectively using a modified 30-day TLFB interview, administered up to five times, to obtain detailed PAE information. Required modifications for our population included capturing information regarding sharing, type/brand, container size, and duration, in order to accurately record the amount of alcohol consumed. PAE status was defined for 99.9% of the 11,892 enrolled pregnancies at least once during pregnancy and for 92% across all trimesters. Of 53,823 drinks reported, 98% had all items necessary for standard drink computation. Sharing was reported for 74% of drinks in Cape Town, South Africa and for 10% in the Northern Plains. Compared to referent values from the traditional TLFB, 74% and 67% of drinks had different alcohol-by-volume and container size, respectively. Furthermore, a statistically significant difference was found between the number of containers reported and the number of standard drinks computed, using information from the modified TLFB. This is the first study of this size to wholly encompass all of these changes into a single measure in order to more accurately calculate daily consumption and assess patterns over time. The methods used to collect PAE information and create alcohol exposure measures likely increased the accuracy of standard drinks reported and could be generalized to other populations.

Precise identification of drinking and smoking patterns during pregnancy is crucial to better understand the risk to the fetus. The purpose of this manuscript is to describe the methodological approach used to define prenatal drinking and smoking trajectories from a large prospective pregnancy cohort, and to describe maternal characteristics associated with different exposure patterns. In the Safe Passage Study, detailed information regarding quantity, frequency, and timing of exposure was self-reported up to four times during pregnancy and at 1 month post-delivery. Exposure trajectories were developed using data from 11,692 pregnancies (9,912 women) where pregnancy outcome was known. Women were from three diverse populations: white (23%) and American Indian (17%) in the Northern Plains, US, and mixed ancestry (59%) in South Africa (other/not specified [1%]). Group-based trajectory modeling was used to identify 5 unique drinking trajectories (1 none/minimal, 2 quitting groups, 2 continuous groups) and 7 smoking trajectories (1 none/minimal, 2 quitting groups, 4 continuous groups). Women with pregnancies assigned to the low- or high-continuous drinking groups were less likely to have completed high school and were more likely to have enrolled in the study in the third trimester, be of mixed ancestry, or be depressed than those assigned to the none/minimal or quit-drinking groups. Results were similar when comparing continuous smokers to none/minimal and quit-smoking groups. Further, women classified as high- or low-continuous drinkers were more likely to smoke at moderate-, high-, and very high-continuous levels, as compared to women classified as non-drinkers and quitters. This is the first study of this size to utilize group-based trajectory modeling to identify unique prenatal drinking and smoking trajectories. These trajectories will be used in future analyses to determine which specific exposure patterns subsequently manifest as poor peri- and postnatal outcomes.

Introduction: This observational, cross-sectional, single-center study aimed to identify instruments capable of measuring disease progression in transthyretin familial amyloid polyneuropathy (TTR-FAP). Methods: The relationship between disease stage and Neuropathy Impairment Score-Lower Limbs (NIS-LL) and Norfolk Quality of Life-Diabetic Neuropathy (Norfolk QOLDN) total score was assessed in 61 (stage 1–stage 3) patients with TTR-FAP (V30M variant) and 16 healthy controls. Composite measures of large- and small-nerve fiber function, and modified body mass index (mBMI) were also assessed. Results: Ordinal-based NIS-LL and Norfolk QOL-DN scores discriminated between disease stages (P

Career guide books and scholarly articles alike focus on courts, corrections, and law enforcement careers for criminal justice students. While those careers are noteworthy and popular among students, there are numerous professions available to criminal justice students in the private sector. This study outlines possible career choices outside of the criminal justice system as well as potential organizations for employment. Employment options are located in the fields of investigation, security, legal assistance, intelligence analysis, research and academia, and others with defense contractors, consulting firms, intelligence agencies, and Fortune 500 companies among additional private corporations.

This phase II, open-label, single-treatment arm study evaluated the pharmacodynamics, efficacy, and safety of tafamidis in patients with non-Val30Met transthyretin (TTR) amyloidosis. Twenty-one patients with eight different non-Val30Met mutations received 20 mg QD of tafamidis meglumine for 12 months. The primary outcome, TTR stabilization at Week 6, was achieved in 18 (94.7 %) of 19 patients with evaluable data. TTR was stabilized in 100 % of patients with non-missing data at Months 6 (n = 18) and 12 (n = 17). Exploratory efficacy measures demonstrated some worsening of neurological function. However, health-related quality of life, cardiac biomarker N-terminal pro-hormone brain natriuretic peptide, echocardiographic parameters, and modified body mass index did not demonstrate clinically relevant worsening during the 12 months of treatment. Tafamidis was well tolerated. In conclusion, our findings suggest that tafamidis 20 mg QD effectively stabilized TTR associated with several non-Val30Met variants.

This observational, cross-sectional, single-center study aimed to identify instruments capable of measuring disease progression in transthyretin familial amyloid polyneuropathy (TTR-FAP).The relationship between disease stage and Neuropathy Impairment Score-Lower Limbs (NIS-LL) and Norfolk Quality of Life-Diabetic Neuropathy (Norfolk QOL-DN) total score was assessed in 61 (stages 1-3) patients with TTR-FAP (V30M variant) and 16 healthy controls. Composite measures of large- and small-nerve fiber function, and modified body mass index (mBMI) were also assessed.Ordinal-based NIS-LL and Norfolk QOL-DN scores discriminated between disease stages (P 0.0001 for NIS-LL and Norfolk QOL-DN). Longer disease duration correlated with worse NIS-LL and Norfolk QOL-DN. Karnofsky performance score declined progressively by disease stage. Composite measures of nerve fiber function differentiated stage 1 from stage 2 disease. The mBMI declined with advancing disease.NIS-LL, Norfolk QOL-DN score, composite endpoints of nerve fiber function, and mBMI are valid, reliable measures of TTR-FAP severity. Muscle Nerve 55: 323-332, 2017.

Objective To estimate whether nuchal translucency assessment is a useful screening tool for major congenital heart disease (CHD) in the absence of aneuploidy. Methods Unselected patients with singleton pregnancies at 10(3/7) to 13(6/7) weeks of gestation were recruited at 15 U.S. centers to undergo nuchal translucency sonography. Screening characteristics of nuchal translucency in the detection of major CHD were determined using different cutoffs (2.0 or more multiples of the median [MoM], 2.5 or more MoM, 3.0 or more MoM). Results A total of 34,266 euploid fetuses with cardiac outcome data were available for analysis. There were 224 cases of CHD (incidence 6.5 per 1,000), of which 52 (23.2%) were major (incidence 1.5 per 1,000). The incidence of major CHD increased with increasing nuchal translucency: 14.1 per 1,000, 33.5 per 1,000, and 49.5 per 1,000 at 2.0 or more MoM, 2.5 or more MoM, and 3.0 or more MoM cutoffs, respectively. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive values were 15.4%, 98.4%, and 1.4% at 2.0 or more MoM; 13.5%, 99.4%, and 3.3% at 2.5 or more MoM; and 9.6%, 99.7%, and 5.0% at 3.0 or more MoM. Nuchal translucency of 2.5 or more MoM (99th percentile) had a likelihood ratio (95% confidence interval) of 22.5 (11.4-45.5) for major CHD. Based on our data, for every 100 patients referred for fetal echocardiography with a nuchal translucency of 99th percentile or more, three will have a major cardiac anomaly. Conclusion Nuchal translucency sonography in the first trimester lacks the characteristics of a good screening tool for major CHD in a large unselected population. However, nuchal translucency of 2.5 or more MoM (99th percentile or more) should be considered an indication for fetal echocardiography. Level of evidence II.

BACKGROUND We investigated agreement between self-reported prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) and objective meconium alcohol markers to determine the optimal meconium marker and threshold for identifying PAE. METHODS Meconium fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE), ethyl glucuronide (EtG), and ethyl sulfate (EtS) were quantified by LC-MS/MS in 0.1 g meconium from infants of Safe Passage Study participants. Detailed PAE information was collected from women with a validated timeline follow-back interview. Because meconium formation begins during weeks 12–20, maternal self-reported drinking at or beyond 19 weeks was our exposure variable. RESULTS Of 107 women, 33 reported no alcohol consumption in pregnancy, 16 stopped drinking by week 19, and 58 drank beyond 19 weeks (including 45 third-trimester drinkers). There was moderate to substantial agreement between self-reported PAE at ≥19 weeks and meconium EtG ≥30 ng/g (κ = 0.57, 95% CI 0.41–0.73). This biomarker and associated cutoff was superior to a 7 FAEE sum ≥2 nmol/g and all other individual and combination marker cutoffs. With meconium EtG ≥30 ng/g as the gold standard condition and maternal self-report at ≥19 weeks' gestation as the test condition, 82% clinical sensitivity (95% CI 71.6–92.0) and 75% specificity (95% CI 63.2–86.8) were observed. A significant dose–concentration relationship between self-reported drinks per drinking day and meconium EtG ≥30 ng/g also was observed (all P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Maternal alcohol consumption at ≥19 weeks was better represented by meconium EtG ≥30 ng/g than currently used FAEE cutoffs.

In recent years the number of women serving in the military has increased substantially, resulting in more demand for VA services by women veterans. This paper describes the characteristics and health status of women veterans who use VA ambulatory services.Respondents in the VA Women's Health Project (n = 719) represent a randomly selected subsample from all women who had an ambulatory visit between July 1, 1994 and June 30, 1995 at a large tertiary care VA facility in the Boston area. Summary statistics on eight dimensions of health status (using the SF-36) for women veterans who use VA ambulatory care are provided. Comparisons are made between women veterans and men veterans who use VA services.Women veterans reported consistently low scores on health status across multiple dimensions, reflecting considerable health needs. Among veterans using VA services, women were younger, better educated, and less likely to be married than male veterans. Women veterans who use VA ambulatory services scored lower on every scale except physical functioning and general health perceptions when compared to male VA users. There were more pronounced differences for women on scales measuring emotional health.Health status among women veterans is moderate to poor. Important differences in health status are observed between men and women who use VA services which have implications for improving health care to women veterans at VA facilities. These findings strongly indicate that increased mental health services need to be available for women veterans seeking VA health care.

This study compared the patient satisfaction of female and male veterans using Department of Veterans Affairs health care and examined the relationship between sociodemographic characteristics and satisfaction in men and women. Using data from the Department of Veterans Affairs Women's Health Project (N = 719) and the Veterans Health Study (N = 600), we examined women's and men's unadjusted and adjusted mean scores on three dimensions of satisfaction: location of health care facility, access to health care, and prescription services. Although the unadjusted results indicated that women were less satisfied with both location and access, there were no differences in satisfaction with prescription services. After adjusting for age and then for both age and a recent physician visit, women remained less satisfied with location but were more satisfied with prescription services; there were no differences on access ratings. In an exploratory analysis, we examined the relationships between sociodemographic, military experience, and health characteristics and satisfaction within each sample. Older age was the only characteristic consistently positively associated with each dimension of satisfaction among both women and men. General health perceptions were positively associated with all three dimensions of women's satisfaction but with only the location dimension for men. Although other characteristics were associated with satisfaction within each sample, these differed for women and men. The results suggest that although there were not consistent differences in mean satisfaction ratings by gender, the characteristics associated with satisfaction differed for men and women.

To evaluate the performance of first- and second-trimester screening methods for the detection of aneuploidies other than Down syndrome.Patients with singleton pregnancies at 10 weeks 3 days through 13 weeks 6 days of gestation were recruited at 15 U.S. centers. All patients had a first-trimester nuchal translucency scan, and those without cystic hygroma had a combined test (nuchal translucency, pregnancy-associated plasma protein A, and free beta-hCG) and returned at 15-18 weeks for a second-trimester quadruple screen (serum alpha-fetoprotein, total hCG, unconjugated estriol, and inhibin-A). Risk cutoff levels of 1:300 for Down syndrome and 1:100 for trisomy 18 were selected.Thirty-six thousand one hundred seventy-one patients completed first-trimester screening, and 35,236 completed second-trimester screening. There were 77 cases of non-Down syndrome aneuploidies identified in this population; 41 were positive for a cystic hygroma in the first trimester, and a further 36 had a combined test, of whom 29 proceeded to quadruple screening. First-trimester screening, by cystic hygroma determination or combined screening had a 78% detection rate for all non-Down syndrome aneuploidies, with an overall false-positive rate of 6.0%. Sixty-nine percent of non-Down syndrome aneuploidies were identified as screen-positive by the second-trimester quadruple screen, at a false-positive rate of 8.9%. In the combined test, the use of trisomy 18 risks did not detect any additional non-Down syndrome aneuploidies compared with the Down syndrome risk alone. In second-trimester quadruple screening, a trisomy 18-specific algorithm detected an additional 41% non-Down syndrome aneuploidies not detected using the Down syndrome algorithm.First-trimester Down syndrome screening protocols can detect the majority of cases of non-Down aneuploidies. Addition of a trisomy 18-specific risk algorithm in the second trimester achieves high detection rates for aneuploidies other than Down syndrome.II.

Among a national sample of 3,632 women VA outpatients, we determined self-reported prevalence of sexual assault experienced during military service and compared screening prevalence for current symptoms of depression and alcohol abuse between those who did and did not report this history. Data were obtained by mailed questionnaire. Military-related sexual assault was reported by 23%. Screening prevalence for symptoms of current depression was 3 times higher and for current alcohol abuse was 2 times higher among those who reported experiencing military-related sexual assault. Recent mental health treatment was reported by 50% of those who reported experiencing sexual assault during military service and screened positive for symptoms of depression, and by 40% of those who screened positive for symptoms of alcohol abuse.

To profile differences in current physical symptoms and medical conditions among women users of Veterans Administration (VA) health services with and without a self-reported history of sexual assault sustained during military service, we conducted a cross-sectional analysis of a nationally representative, random sample of women veterans using VA outpatient services (n = 3632). A self-administered, mailed survey asked whether women had sustained sexual assault while in the military and requested information about a spectrum of physical symptoms and medical conditions. A history of sexual assault while in the military was reported by 23% of women VA users and was associated with current physical symptoms and medical conditions in every domain assessed. For example, women who reported sexual assault were more likely to indicate that they had a "heart attack" within the past year, even after adjusting for age, hypertension, diabetes, and smoking history (OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.3-4.0). Among women reporting a history of sexual assault while in the military, 26% endorsedor = 12 of 24 symptoms/conditions, compared with 11% of women with no reported sexual assault while in the military (p0.001). Clinicians need to be attuned to the high frequency of sexual assault occurring while in the military reported by women VA users and its associated array of current physical symptoms and medical conditions. Clinicians should consider screening both younger and older patients for a sexual violence history, especially patients with multiple physical symptoms.