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The aim of this study was to determine the Beta-Casein gene (CSN2) polymorphism in four domestic cattle breed. The genomic DNA of 374 animals, including Anatolian Black (AB, n= 100), Eastern Anatolian Red (EAR, n= 100), Southern Anatolian Red (SAR, n= 87), Turkish Grey (TG, n= 87), were obtained, and C>A polymorphism in 67th amino acid in the 7th exons of β-casein gene was determined by TaqI enzyme with PCR-RFLP with method. The A1 allele frequency were determined in AB, EAR, SAR and TG as 0.200, 0.195, 0.190 and 0.201, respectively, while the A2 allele frequency were 0.800, 0.805, 0.810 and 0.799, respectively. A1 and A2 allele frequencies were generally calculated as 0.200 and 0.800, respectively. A1A1 genotypes in AB, EAR, SAR and TG breeds were 0.020, 0.070, 0.000 and 0.020, respectively; A1A2 genotypes were 0.360, 0.250, 0.380 and 0.360, respectively; A2A2 genotypes were determined as 0.620, 0.680, 0.620 and 0.620, respectively. The A1A1 genotype frequency has not been detected in the SAR breed. AB, EAR, SAR and TG cattle breeds were calculated as 0.360, 0.250, 0.379 and 0.356 for Ho; 0.320, 0.314, 0.307 and 0.321 for He and 0.380, 0.320, 0.379 and 0.379 for PIC, respectively. EAR and SAR population were not found in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P 0.05).In conclusion, AB, EAR, SAR and TG cattle breeds having A2A2 genotype commonly reared in Turkey are satisfactory and could be used in selection programs as a domestic genetic resource for A2 milk production in the future.

Purpose To determine the relationship between the genotypes of the TaqI polymorphism of VDR gene and the clinical forms of COVID-19 in Cuban patients. Methods TaqI polymorphism was determined by the PCR in 104 Cuban patients, who suffered different clinical forms of COVID-19. Results There was a greater possibility of presenting symptomatic forms [OR = 2.081, 95% CI: 0.243–17.842], even severe [OR = 1.200, 95% CI: 0.217–6.638], related to the tt genotype. Conclusion There are signs of association between the risk of developing COVID-19 and the genotypes of the TaqI polymorphism of the VDR gene in the studied Cuban patients.

This study aimed to assess the association between VDR polymorphisms and postural balance in physically independent elderly. 142 elderly persons were enrolled at this case-control study. In order to assess the balance, the individuals performed three 30-s trials of one-legged stance balance test on a BIOMEC400 force-platform (EMG System of Brazil, SP Ltda.), following a standardized protocol (with 30 s of rest between each trial). The main balance parameters used for analysis were: center of pressure area (COP), sway velocity (cm/s) and frequency (s) in both the antero-posterior (A/P) and the medio-lateral (M/L) axes. The VDR TaqI polymorphism analysis was by PCR-RFLP. The case group showed lower values of COP, sway velocity in A/P and M/L axes (p = 0.0007). Similar data were observed regarding frequency in A/P (p = 0.04) and M/L axes (p = 0.03). Therefore, carriers of the “C” allele have a better postural balance when compared to individuals with “T” allele.

Objective: Linkages of renin gene polymorphisms with hypertension have been implicated in several populations with contrasting results. Present study aims to assess the pattern of renin gene polymorphisms in Bangladeshi hypertensive individuals. Methodology: Introns 1, 9 of renin gene and 4063 bases upstream of promoter sequence of renin gene were amplified from the genomic DNA of the total 124 (hypertensive and normotensive) subjects using respective primers. Polymerase chain reaction-based restriction fragment length polymorphisms were performed using BglI, MboI and TaqI restriction enzymes. Results: Homozygosity was common in renin gene regarding BglI (bb=48.4%, Bb=37.9%, BB=13.7%, χ2 =1.91, P>0.05), TaqI (TT=81.5%, Tt=14.5%, tt=4.0%, χ2 =7.50, P0.05) polymorphisms among total study population. For BglI and TaqI genotype distribution, hypertensive subjects (BglI: χ2 =6.66, P0.05; TaqI: χ2=0.20, P>0.05). On the other hand, with respect to MboI polymorphisms of renin gene, only normotensive subjects deviate from the law (patients: χ2=1.28, P>0.05; vs controls: χ2=6.81, P

Xiawei Fei,1 Nannan Liu,2 Huifeng Li,1 Yanting Shen,3 Jianming Guo,1,4 Zhenqi Wu1 1Department of Urology Surgery, Qingpu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, 2Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, 3Research Center for Learning Science, Southeast University, Nanjing, 4Department of Urology Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China Objective: Many studies have investigated the association of the vitamin D receptor gene TaqI polymorphism with prostate cancer (PCa) risk. However, the evidence is inadequate to draw robust conclusions. To shed light on these inconclusive findings, we conducted a meta-analysis.Materials and methods: We searched PubMed for eligible articles. The relevant data were abstracted by two independent reviewers with the Stata 11.0 software.Results: A total of 27 studies were included. The pooled outcomes indicated that the TaqI genetic polymorphisms were significantly associated with the risk of PCa (T vs t allele: odds ratio [OR] =1.11, 95% confidence interval [CI] =1.03–1.21, P=0.008; TT vs tt: OR =1.19, 95% CI=1.01–1.42, P=0.040; TT + Tt vs tt: OR =1.18, 95% CI =1.02–1.38, P=0.031), especially in the Asian population (T vs t allele: OR =1.11, 95% CI =1.03–1.21, P=0.008; TT/Tt vs tt: OR=1.93, 95% CI =1.02–3.66, P=0.043). In the tumor stage stratified analyses, the pooled results showed no significant difference in genetic polymorphisms between the local tumor group andthe control group or between the local tumor group and the advanced tumor group. However, the genotypes TT and TT/Tt were significantly higher in the advanced PCa group compared to the control group (T vs t allele: OR =1.20, 95% CI =1.01–1.42, P=0.040; TT vs tt: OR =1.34, 95% CI =1.08–1.67, P=0.009; TT/Tt vs tt: OR =1.28, 95% CI =1.05–1.56, P=0.015).Conclusion: The vitamin D receptor gene TaqI allele polymorphism might be associated with a PCa risk, especially in Asians, which might provide new clues for the pathogenesis research and clinical diagnosis of PCa in the future. Keywords: vitamin D receptor, polymorphisms, prostate cancer, meta-analysis

Strong association of the renin Taq I polymorphism with essential hypertension in Chinese Han and Tibetan populations

Various populations have contributed to the present-day gene pool in oriental Mediterranean (Aegean Sea) and are well documented for ancient history. The primary objective of the study is to report on the analysis of the paternal component of the variation (Y chromosome haplotypes) in contemporary populations in Greece, Crete, Turkey and Cyprus. A total of 245 males who hailed from five different locations in Turkey, Greece, and the islands of Crete and Cyprus were analyzed for Y-chromosome-specific haplotypes based on p49a,f TaqI polymorphism. The main haplotype observed (21.2%) in the Greek–Turkish area is haplotype VII. The second haplotype in terms of frequency (13.5%) is haplotype VIII, which is characteristic of Semitic populations. The third (11.4%), fourth (6.9%) and fifth (5.7%) haplotypes in frequency are haplotype XI (a typical eastern European haplotype), haplotype V (the North African haplotype) and haplotype XV (the Western European haplotype), respectively. The distribution of haplotype VII is significantly heterogeneous genetically among the five localities studied, with a peak of frequency (43.8%) in Crete. It is proposed that haplotype VII reflects the ancient Minoan civilization. Haplotype VII frequencies actually known are mapped in countries surrounding the Mediterranean Sea.

We studied the distribution of Y-chromosome specific haplotypes (detected by the TaqI polymorphism of probes p49a,f) on a total of 328 Corsican males native of the regions of Ajaccio, Bastia and Corte. Three haplotypes are differential among regions: haplotype XV (A3 C1 D2 F1 I1), preponderant in the North of the island, haplotype V (A2 C0 D0 F1 I1) in the South, and haplotype XII (A3 C0 D1 F1 I0) in the highlands of the centre. Distribution of haplotypes can be explained by Corsican history and geography.

Y-linked polymorphisms were studied in a sample of 60 Polynesians, and results were compared with findings from studies on other major population groups. Three previously unreported 49a/TaqI haplotypes were observed, two of which possess a new polymorphic fragment named I2. Frequency data for the 49a/TaqI, XY275, pDP31 and Y Alu polymorphisms indicate that Polynesians have greater affinity to Caucasoids than to African populations. Similar population frequency trends were not observed for the p21A1/TaqI polymorphism, supporting the hypothesis that this polymorphism has arisen more than once.

The p21A1/TaqI polymorphism was studied in 904 individuals in 23 African population groups, encompassing the Caucasoid, Negroid, Khoisan and Pygmy populations. The frequency of the polymorphism was higher than previously reported, with the rarer allele occurring at frequencies ranging up to 0.41. No distinct trends in population frequency were observed, suggesting that the polymorphism is of little value in anthropological population studies. The existence of several TaqI mutations, in both time and position within the repeat unit, is indicated.